1
Appendix 1
Literature sources for domestic cattle (Fig. 1)
(Srivastava & Chaturvedi 1973, Metzger, Baker & Schingoethe 1976, Dehority & Mattos 1978, Nour et al. 1979, Lyle et al. 1981, Dehority,
Damron & McLaren 1983, Dennis et al. 1983, Bragg, Murphy & Davis 1986, Punia, Leibholz & Faichney 1987, Towne & Nagaraja 1989,
Towne, Nagaraja & Cochran 1989, Froetschel et al. 1990, Kreikemeier et al. 1990, Nagaraja & Towne 1990, Towne et al. 1990, Towne et
al. 1991, Nagaraja, Towne & Beharka 1992, Franzolin & Dehority 1996, Dehority, Grings & Short 1999, Hristov et al. 2001, Mohammed et
al. 2004)
Literature sources for domestic sheep (Fig. 2)
(Van der Wath & Myburgh 1941, Purser & Moir 1959, Christiansen, Woods & Burroughs 1964, Klopfenstein, Purser & Tyznik 1966, Purser
& Moir 1966, Dehority & Purser 1970, Potter & Dehority 1973, Weller & Pilgrim 1974, Czerkawski et al. 1975, Grubb & Dehority 1975,
Dehority 1978, Nour et al. 1979, Ikwuegbu & Sutton 1982, Michalowski, Harmeyer & Breves 1986, De Smet, Demeyer & Van Nevel 1992,
Odenyo, Osuji & Karanfil 1997, Enzinger & Hartfiel 1998, Dehority & Odenyo 2003)
Bragg, D. S., M. R. Murphy & C. L. Davis (1986) Effect of source of carbohydrate and
frequency of feeding on rumen parameters in dairy steers. Journal of Dairy Science,
69, 392-402.
Christiansen, W. C., W. Woods & W. Burroughs (1964) Ration characteristics influencing
rumen protozoa populations. Journal of Animal Science, 23, 984.
Czerkawski, J. W., W. W. Christie, G. Breckenridge & M. L. Hunter (1975) Changes in the
rumen metabolism of sheep given increasing amounts of linseed oil in their diet.
British Journal of Nutrition, 34, 25-44.
De Smet, S., D. I. Demeyer & C. J. Van Nevel (1992) Effect of defaunation and hay:
concentrate ratio on fermentation, fibre digestion and passage in the rumen of sheep.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 37, 333.
Dehority, B. A. & D. B. Purser (1970) Factors affecting the establishment and numbers of
holotrich protozoa in the ovine rumen. Journal of Animal Science, 30, 445-449.
Dehority, B. A. (1978) Specificity of rumen ciliate protozoa in cattle and sheep. Journal of
Protozoology, 25, 509-513.
Dehority, B. A. & W. R. Mattos (1978) Diurnal changes and effect of ration on
concentrations of the rumen ciliate Charon ventriculi. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 36, 953-958.
Dehority, B. A., W. S. Damron & J. B. McLaren (1983) Occurrence of the rumen ciliate
Oligoisotricha bubali in domestic cattle (Bos taurus). Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 45, 1394-1397.
Dehority, B. A., E. E. Grings & R. E. Short (1999) Effects of cross-inoculation from elk and
feeding pine needles on the protozoan fauna of pregnant cows: occurrence of
Parentodinium africanum in domestic U.S. cattle (Bos taurus). Journal of Eukaryotic
Microbiology, 46, 632-636.
Dehority, B. A. & A. A. Odenyo (2003) Influence of diet on the rumen protozoal fauna of
indigenous African wild ruminants. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 50, 220-223.
Dennis, S. M., M. J. Arambel, E. E. Bartley & A. D. Dayton (1983) Effect of energy
concentration and source of nitrogen on numbers and types of rumen protozoa.
Journal of Dairy Science, 66, 1248-1254.
Enzinger, W. & W. Hartfiel (1998) The effect of increased energy and protein contents in the
feed on the fermentation products, fauna and mucous membranes of the rumens of
wild ruminants (fallow deer, roe deer) in comparison to domestic ruminants
(sheep/goats). Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft, 44, 201-220.
Franzolin, R. & B. A. Dehority (1996) Effect of prolonged high-concentrate feeding on
ruminal protozoa concentrations. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 2803-2809.
Froetschel, M. A., A. C. Martin, H. E. Amos & J. J. Evans (1990) Effects of zinc sulfate
concentration and feeding frequency on ruminal protozoal numbers, fermentation
patterns and amino acid passage in steers. Journal of Animal Science, 68, 2874-2884.
2
Grubb, J. A. & B. A. Dehority (1975) Effects of an abrupt change in ration from all roughage
to high concentrate upon rumen microbial numbers in sheep. Applied Microbiology,
30, 404-412.
Hristov, A. N., M. Ivan, L. M. Rode & T. A. McAllister (2001) Fermentation characteristics
and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed medium- or high-concentrate
barley-based diets. Journal of Animal Science, 79, 515-524.
Ikwuegbu, O. A. & J. D. Sutton (1982) The effect of varying the amount of linseed oil
supplementation on rumen metabolism in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 48, 365375.
Klopfenstein, T. J., D. B. Purser & W. J. Tyznik (1966) Effects of defaunation on feed
digestibility rumen metabolism and blood metabolites. Journal of Animal Science, 25,
765-773.
Kreikemeier, K. K., D. L. Harmon, R. T. Brandt, Jr., T. G. Nagaraja & R. C. Cochran (1990)
Steam-rolled wheat diets for finishing cattle: effects of dietary roughage and feed
intake on finishing steer performance and ruminal metabolism. Journal of Animal
Science, 68, 2130-2141.
Lyle, R. R., R. R. Johnson, J. V. Wilhite & W. R. Backus (1981) Ruminal characteristics in
steers as affected by adaption from forage to all-concentrate diets. Journal of Animal
Science, 53, 1383-1390.
Metzger, V. L., R. J. Baker & D. J. Schingoethe (1976) Responses of rumen microflora to
high-concentrate low-roughage diets containing whey products. Journal of Dairy
Science, 59, 1769-1775.
Michalowski, T., J. Harmeyer & G. Breves (1986) The passage of protozoa from the reticulorumen through the omasum of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 56, 625-634.
Mohammed, N., N. Ajisaka, Z. A. Lila, K. Hara, K. Mikuni, K. Hara, S. Kanda & H. Itabashi
(2004) Effect of Japanese horseradish oil on methane production and ruminal
fermentation in vitro and in steers. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 1839-1846.
Nagaraja, T. G. & G. Towne, (1990) Ciliated protozoa in relation to ruminal acidosis and
lactic acid metabolism. In: The rumen ecosystem. The microbial metabolism and its
regulation: 187-194. S. Hoshino, R. Onodera, H. Minato & H. Itabashi (Eds.). Japan
Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo.
Nagaraja, T. G., G. Towne & A. A. Beharka (1992) Moderation of ruminal fermentation by
ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, 58, 2410-2414.
Nour, A. M., A. R. Abou Akkada, K. el-Shazly, M. A. Naga, B. E. Borhami & M. A. Abaza
(1979) Effect of increased levels of urea in the diet on ruminal protozoal counts in
four ruminant species. Journal of Animal Science, 49, 1300-1305.
Odenyo, A. A., P. O. Osuji & O. Karanfil (1997) Effect of multipurpose tree (MPT)
supplements on rumen ciliate protozoa. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 67,
169-180.
Potter, E. L. & B. A. Dehority (1973) Effects of changes in feed level, starvation, and level of
feed after starvation upon the concentration of rumen protozoa in the ovine. Applied
Microbiology, 26, 692-698.
Punia, B. S., J. Leibholz & G. J. Faichney (1987) The role of rumen protozoa in the utilization
of paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) hay by cattle. British Journal of Nutrition, 57, 395406.
Purser, D. B. & R. J. Moir (1959) Ruminal flora studies in the sheep. IX. The effect of pH on
the ciliate population of the rumen in vivo. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research, 10, 555-564.
Purser, D. B. & R. J. Moir (1966) Dietary effects upon concentrations of protozoa in the
rumen. Journal of Animal Science, 25, 668-674.
3
Srivastava, R. V. N. & M. L. Chaturvedi (1973) Studies on the rumen microbes of cattle and
buffalo. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 43, 615-617.
Towne, G. & T. G. Nagaraja (1989) Occurrence and diurnal population fluctuations of the
ruminal protozoan Microcetus lappus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55,
91-94.
Towne, G., T. G. Nagaraja & R. C. Cochran (1989) Ruminal microbial populations and
fermentation characteristics in bison and cattle fed high- and low-quality forage.
Microbial Ecology, 17, 311-316.
Towne, G., T. G. Nagaraja, R. T. Brandt, Jr. & K. E. Kemp (1990) Ruminal ciliated protozoa
in cattle fed finishing diets with or without supplemental fat. Journal of Animal
Science, 68, 2150-2155.
Towne, G., T. G. Nagaraja, R. T. Brandt, Jr. & S. M. Gramlich (1991) Effects of
supplemental tallow on rumen ciliated protozoa in feedlot cattle. Archiv für
Tierernährung, 41, 203-207.
Van der Wath, J. G. & S. J. Myburgh (1941) Studies on the alimentary tract of merino sheep
in South Africa. VI.- The role of infusoria in ruminal digestion with some remarks on
ruminal bacteria. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry,
17, 61.
Weller, R. A. & A. F. Pilgrim (1974) Passage of protozoa and volatile fatty acids from the
rumen of the sheep and from a continuous in vitro fermentation system. British
Journal of Nutrition, 32, 341-351.