Portál albánštiny:
External links
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A somewhat interesting propaganda site (http://www.geocities.com/protoillyrian)
English - Albanian Dictionary (http://www.argjiro.net/fjalor)
Albanian - English Dictionary (http://www.websters-onlinedictionary.org/definition/Albanian-english/): from Webster's Online
Dictionary (http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org) - the Rosetta Edition.
An overview of the Albanian language (http://albanianoverview.com/)
Albanian phrase guide (http://www.single-serving.com/Albanian/)
Ethnologue.com article on
Albanian (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_iso639.asp?code=sqi)
List of free online resources for learners (http://www.sprachprofi.de.vu/english/al.htm)
List of online Albanian-related
resources (http://www.geocities.com/language_directory/languages/albanian.htm)
Albanian World (http://www.geocities.com/cezarkurti/) Learn Albanian here
Sample of 3 different type of Albanian Language:
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Albanian (Arbëreshë) (http://www.language-museum.com/a/albanian-arbereshe.php)
Albanian (Gheg) (http://www.language-museum.com/a/albanian-gheg.php)
Albanian (Tosk) (http://www.language-museum.com/a/albanian-tosk.php)
Albanian language:
Albanian or Gjuha shqipe is a language spoken by more then six million inhabitants
of the western Balkan peninsula (Albania, Serbia and Montenegro, Macedonia,
Greece) in the south-eastern Europe (Albanians) and by a small number of people in
Calabria, southern Italy.
Albanian (Gjuha shqipe)
Spoken in:
Albania, Serbia and Montenegro,
Republic of Macedonia, Greece,
Turkey, Italy, and other countries
Region:
Eastern Europe
Total speakers: 8 million
Ranking:
Not in top 100
Genetic
classification:
Indo-European
Albanian
Official status
Official
language of:
Albania, Serbia and Montenegro,
Republic of Macedonia
Regulated by:
Language codes
ISO 639-1
sq
ISO 639-2
sqi
SIL
ALS, ALN, AAE, AAT
See also: Language - List of languages
History
The oldest known Albanian printed book, Meshari
[1] (http://www.albanianliterature.com/html/authors/prose/buzuku.html) or missal, was
written by Gjon Buzuku, a Catholic cleric, in 1555. The first Albanian school is
believed to have been opened by Franciscans in 1638 in Pdhanë.
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Classification
Albanian was proved to be an Indo-European language in the 1850s. The Albanian
language is on its own branch of the Indo-European language family. Some suggest
that Albanian may be the survival of an Illyrian language once spoken in the
southwestern Balkans, though the major support for this are a few possible
correspondances between Albanian and Illyrian. Others suggest Albanian may be
related more to the ancient Dacian language once spoken in Moesia and Dacia. It is
unclear whether Dacian and Illyrian were on different branches of the Indo-European
family, but most scholars consider that they were.
Albanian is divided into four dialects, grouped into two dialect groups as follows:
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Gheg Albanian
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Tosk group
o Arbëreshë Albanian
o Arvanatika Albanian
o Tosk Albanian
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Albanology
Some eminent scholars in the field of Albanian language have been Johann Georg
von Hahn, Franz Bopp, Gustav Meyer, Norbert Jokl, Eqrem Çabej, Stuart Edward
Mann, Carlo Tagliavini, Wacław Cimochowski, Eric Pratt Hamp, Agnija Desnickaja
and Gjovalin Shkurtaj who is probably the most distinguished socio-linguist in Albania
today. He is the head of the Department of Linguistics at Tirana University.
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Geographic distribution
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Dialects
There are two principal dialects of limited mutual intelligibility: Tosk and Gheg. The
geographical border of the two dialects has traditionally been the Shkumbini River in
Albania, with Gheg being spoken north of the river, and Tosk south of the river. The
two dialects have phonological as well as lexicological differences.
Tosk is spoken in southern and central Albania, by the Arbëreshë of Italy, among the
Albanian minority of Greece: the Çam and the Arvanites, and in small communities of
Albanian immigrants in Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, and United States.
Gheg (or Geg) is spoken in northern Albania and by the Albanians of Serbia and
Montenegro (Southern Montenegro and Southern Serbia), the UN protectorate of
Kosovo, as well as those of the Republic of Macedonia.
Since after World War II there have been efforts to standardize on one dialect called
Standard or Literary Albanian that borrows most heavily from the Tosk dialect (at the
behest of the Dictator Enver Hoxha, himself a Tosk speaker). Two books that were
published in the 1970s, Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe and Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuhës
shqipe, contained prescribed orthographical rules and dictionary definitions
respectively.
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Official status
Albanian, in the Tosk dialect, is the official language of Albania. Albanian is also one
of the official languages of Kosovo, and of the Republic of Macedonia.
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Sounds
letter
IPA - example
letter
IPA - example
a
a - Spanish la
n
n - gun
b
b - burn
nj
ɲ - Spanish niña
c
ts - hats
o
ɔ - four
ç
tʃ - church
p
p - opera
d
d - dance
q
c - Close to hit you
dh
ð - this
r
ɾ - Spanish pero
e
ɛ - let
rr
r - Spanish perro
ë
ə - allowed (ë is a schwa)
s
s - save
f
f - fight
sh
ʃ - shun
g
g - gun
t
t - tell
gj
J - Close to did you
th
θ - thought
h
h - hope
u
u - doom
i
i - eat
v
v - victory
j
j - year
x
dz - adze
k
k - king
xh
dʒ - jungle
l
l - lee
y
y - French du jour
ll
lˠ - tell
z
z - zone
m
m - mother
zh
ʒ - vision
Note: all sounds in words used for comparison are those of the English language
unless otherwise noted.
Hear the pronunciation (146KB Ogg file)
Albanians transliterate foreign words in their own way, even from the Latin alphabet;
thus Josh McDowell is transliterated Xhosh Mekdauëll. Each sound is approximated
by one or more of the 36 letters of the alphabet, therefore words are spelled as they
sound.
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Vowels
The Albanian alphabet has seven vowels: A, E, Ë, I, O, U, Y.
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Albanian alphabet
This article is about the alphabet of the Albanian language. See Albanian alphabet (Caucasian) for the
other one.
The Albanian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, and it consists of 36 letters:
Letters: A B C Ç D Dh E Ë F G Gj H I J K L Ll M N Nj O P Q R Rr S Sh T Th U V X Xh Y Z Zh
IPA: a b ts tʃ d ð ɛ ə f g ɲ h i j k l ɫ m n ɳ ɔ p c ɾ r s ʃ t θ u v dz dʒ y z ʒ
Note: The vowels are shown in bold. Listen to the pronunciation of the letters (150 kB
Ogg Vorbis file). See Wikipedia:How to play Ogg files for help with Ogg Vorbis files.
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History
The Albanian alphabet was the result of an evolutionary process of several different
versions. The first major attempt at forming an Albanian alphabet was made by Naum
Veqilharxhi in 1824 who wanted Albanians to have their own alphabet and not be
influences by Greek and Arabic ones. He formed a 33-letter alphabet from Latin
alphabets and called it Evetor. This alphabet was mainly used in southern Albania.
Other variants of the time included a Catholic alphabet used by Arbëreshë (ItaloAlbanians), an Arabic one favored by the pashas, and the Istanbul one created by
Sami Frashëri based on the Latin script with certain Greek characters. The latter
became widely used as it was also adopted by the Istanbul Society for the Printing of
Albanian Writings, which in 1879 printed Alfabetare, the first abecedarium. Another
variant similar to the Istanbul one, Bashkimi, was developed by the Albanian literary
society Bashkimi (The Union) in Shkodër with the help of Catholic clergy and
Franciscans that aimed to be simpler. Yet another version, Agimi, was developed by
another literary society called Agimi (The Dawn) and spearheaded by Ndre Mjeda in
1901.
In November 1908, an alphabet Congress was held in Monastir. It aimed to unify
Albanians behind one alphabet and some prominent delegates included Midhat
Frashëri, Sotir Peçi, Shahin Kolonja, and Gjergj D. Kyrias. There was much debate
and the contending alphabets were Istanbul, Bashkimi, and Agimi. However, the
Congress was unable to make a clear decision and opted for a compromise solution
of using both the widely used Istanbul one and a new Latin one.
During 1909 and 1910 there were movements by Young Turks supporters to adopt
an Arabic script alphabet as they considered the Latin script to be against religious
law and Islam. In Korçë and Gjirokastër demonstrations took place favoring the Latin
alphabet, whereas in Elbasan a demonstration for the Arabic alphabet took place led
by Muslim clerics (hoxhas) that told Muslims they would be infidels if they used the
Latin script.
In 1911, the Young Turks dropped their opposition to the Latin script and finally the
adoption of a revised Bashkimi alphabet that is still used today took place. Both
Ghegs in the northern Albania and Tosks in the south adoptedl the alphabet though
their respective dialects of Albanian differ somewhat.
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Reference
The history of the Albanian alphabet is based on the article by Van Christo
[1] (http://www.frosina.org/speeches/albalphabet.shtml) and it is used with
permission.
Consonants
There are also 29 consonants: B, C, Ç, D, Dh, F, G, Gj, H, J, K, L, Ll, M, N, Nj, P, Q,
R, Rr, S, Sh, T, Th, V, X, Xh, Z, Zh.
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Vocabulary
Albanian split from the Proto-Indo-European language about 4000 years ago and
most of the basic words are derived directly from it. Some of these words have
cognates in Romanian and it is believed by some that the language spoken by the
Dacians before the romanization was a language related to proto-Albanian.
Major influences over Albanian were ancient Greek and with the expansion of the
Roman Empire, Latin, more specifically, the Balkan Latin, which was also the
ancestor of Romanian. Examples of words borrowed from Latin: qytet < civitas (city),
qiell < caelum (sky), mik < amicus (friend).
After the Slavs arrived in the Balkans, another source of Albanian vocabulary were
the Slavic languages, especially Bulgarian. Like for all Balkan languages, the rise of
the Ottoman Empire meant an influx of Turkish words.
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Writing system
The Albanian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters
ë, ç, and nine digraphs to account for certain sounds in pronunciations. Until 1908,
when the Latin alphabet was introduced in Albanian, the Greek alphabet, Cyrillic
alphabet, and the Ottoman Turkish version of the Arabic alphabet had been used to
write Albanian.
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Examples
Albanian
hello
shqip
tungjatjeta
/ʃkʲip/
/tun gʲat jɛ ta/
(shkEEp)
(tUhn-ngIAt-IEta)
listen
listen
good-bye
mirupafshim
/mi ru paf ʃim/ (mEEr-Uh-pA-fshEEm) listen
please
ju lutem
/ju lu tɛm/
(iU LU-tehm)
listen
thank you
faleminderit
/fa ɫɛ min dɛ rit/ (fAh-leh-mEE-nde-rEEt) listen
that one
atë
/a tə/
(ATEH)
listen
how much?
sa është?
/sa əʃ tə/
(sAh ush-te)
listen
English
anglisht
/an gliʃt/
(ahn-GLEE-sht)
listen
yes
po
/po/
(POE)
listen
no
jo
/jo/
(IOH)
listen
sorry
më fal
/mə fal/
(mUh FAL)
listen
I don't understand
nuk kuptoj
/nuk kup toj/
(nUhk KUP-toi)
listen
where's the bathroom? ku është banjoja? /ku əʃ tə ba ɲo ja/ (kuh ush-tEh bA-nio-jA) listen
generic toast
gëzuar
/gə zu ar/
(gUh-zuh-ar)
listen
Do you speak English? flisni Anglisht? /flis ni an gliʃt/ (flee-snEE ahn-GLEE-sht) listen
Note: All the sounds above are in the Ogg Vorbis format.
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See also
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Albanian proverbs
Common phrases
Tongue-twisters
Language families and languages
Numbers in various languages
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Použitý zdroj: Encyklopedie Wikipedia