PULP AND PAPER DICTIONARY
http://www.paperonweb.com/dict11.htm
A
A4 (size)
A common ISO A-size of about 8 ¼ by 11 ¾ inches or 210 x 297mm. For all sizes see
International Paper and Board Sizes.
Abaca
A fiber also known as manila hemp or manila fiber, prepared from the outer sheath of the
stems of manila.
ABCD Scheme
An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of Recycled Fiber in a
paper product. The scheme grades four types of waste used in paper manufacturing, as
follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill. i.e. mill broke).
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached the consumer,
typically from the printer or converter).
C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes, offices etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of the total fiber
from any combination of the above sources, with the percentages given for each..
Abhesive
A material that resists adhesion. Abhesive coatings are applied to surfaces to prevent
sticking, etc.
Abrasion Resistance
The extent to which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.
Abrasive Papers
Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder, e.g. emery, sandpaper etc.
Absolute Humidity
The actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit weight of air, expressed in grams per
cubic meter in metric system and pounds per cubic feet in English system.
Absolute Viscosity
A characteristic of one-component liquids which have a constant ratio of shear stress over
shear rate (constant viscosity)
Absolute White
In theory a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible wavelength; in
practice a solid white with known spectral data that is used as the "reference white" for
all measurements of absolute reflectance. (When calibrating a spectrophotometer, often a
white ceramic plaque is measured and used as the absolute white reference).
Absorbency
The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.
Absorbent Core
The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products. Absorbent cores
usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose fibers (fluff pulps) and superabsorbent polymers composed of polyacrylates. Advanced cores can contain very
specialized absorbent cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers and super-absorbent polymers as
well as fluff pulps.
Absorbent Paper
Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as water and ink.
These papers are soft, loosely felted, unsized and bulky e.g. blotting paper.
Accept
Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening operation.
Acetate Pulp
A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be dissolved in acetic
acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and acetate fiber.
Accelerated Aging
Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110C in an oven or on a hot plate. The
purpose of accelerated aging is to simulate the effect of aging in the laboratory.
Accordion Fold
A term for two or more parallel folds that result in the sheet opening like a fan.
Accordion folds are used on products such as brochures and maps.
Achromatic
Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.
Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after 1 hour of refluxing in an acid detergent of
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N (Normal) sulfuric acid. ADF includes cellulose
and lignin.
Acid Free Paper
A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic substance that may affect acid
sensitive material. Acid free paper is anti rust and is used for metal wrapping.
Acid Hydrolysis
The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using acid solutions
(usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides to simple sugars..
Acid Migration
The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic or neutral-pH material.
Occurs when neutral materials are exposed to atmospheric pollutants or when two paper
materials come in contact. Acid can also migrate from adhesives, boards, endpapers,
protective tissues, paper covers, acidic art supplies, and memorabilia.
Acid Proof Paper
A paper that is not affected by acid physically or chemically. This paper is used with
substance containing acid.
Acid Sizing
Internal sizing carried out in acidic pH range (0-7). Rosin and alum sizing is acid sizing.
Activated Carbon
A highly absorbent powdered or granular carbon used for purification by adsorption.
Activated Sludge
The biomass produced by rapid oxygenation of effluent.
Active Alkali (AA)
Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping liquor.
Additives
Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to pulp to give the paper greater
smoothness, color, fibered appearance or other desirable attributes.
Absorbable Organic Halogen (AOX)
A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically bound to the soluble organic
matter in the effluent.
Aerated Lagoon
A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen) fed into an aeration
basin reduces the effluent load.
Against the Grain
Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the grain or machine direction of the
paper.
Aging
Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of paper in course of time.
Aging also causes reduction in brightness and yellowing effect.
Agitator
Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well mixed.
Air Brush Coater
A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture and spray it on
the paper.
Air Dry (AD)
Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Though the
amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the atmospheric condition of
humidity and temperature but as a convention 10% moisture is assumed in air dry
pulp/paper.
Air Drying
Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.
Air Filter Paper
A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles. (car air filter,
vacuum bag etc.)
Air Knife Coater
A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the surplus by
impinging a flat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a smooth, metered film on the
paper.
Air Mail Paper
It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper used for letters,
flyers and other printed matter to be transported by airlines.
Air Permeability
Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease with which pressurized air can flow
through a paper's thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley or the Sheffield porosity
tests, which measure the volumetric flow of air through the paper thickness.
Air Pollution
The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases, vapors and
particulate material in the atmosphere.
Albumin Paper
A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg whites) and
ammonium chloride.
Algae
Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.
Alkali Lignin
Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.
Alkali Resistance
Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to undergo a color
change when brought in contact with alkaline products such as soap and adhesives.
Alkaline Extraction
Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal before or between bleaching
stages; the stage is often enhanced with an oxidizing agent, oxygen (Eo stage), hydrogen
peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop stage).
Alkaline Papermaking
Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic fillers like calcium
carbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline paper make it a logical
choice for documents where permanence is essential.
Alkaline Pulping
Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium sulfide.
Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium sulfide it is known as
Kraft or sulfate process.
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)
ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water penetration in the case of
paper formed under neutral or alkaline conditions. ASA is especially used in cases where
full cure is desired before the size press and where it is important to maintain a high
frictional coefficient in the paper product. ASA can improve paper machine runnability
and preserve paper's dimensional stability by limiting penetration of size-press solution
into the sheet.
Alpha Cellulose
The portion of the pulp or other cellulosic material that will not dissolve in 17.5% NaOH
(Sodium Hydroxide) solution at 20oC.
Alpha Pulp
A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also called
dissolving pulp.
Alternative Fibers
Common name for non-wood or tree free fibers.
Alum
The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. It is used to adjust the
pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination with rosin size.
Aluminium Foil Lamination
The combination of thin Aluminium foil with a paper backing used as a positive moisture
barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with Aluminium foil laminated to the kraft
by means of asphalt, adhesive, or polyethylene. The Aluminum foil can also be coated
with polyethylene.
Annual Vegetable Fiber or Agricultural Residue Fiber
A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example, wheat or rice straw
or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.
Anaerobic Reactor System
An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen to break down
effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Anthra Quinone (AQ)
A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to improve pulp
yield and to increase the rate of delignification.
Anti-foam or Defoamer
Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate tendencies of the machine
white water to foam.
Anti-Oxidant Board
Boxboard chemically treated to increase the shelf life of foods containing fats and oils by
retarding rancidity of such products when packaged in cartons made of it. The treatment
does not change the appearance of the board and is non-toxic and odorless.
Anti Rust Paper
Paper containing added substances which give it the property of protecting the surfaces of
ferrous metals against rusting.
Antique Finish
A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that have a natural
rough finish.
Applicator
Means of applying the aqueous coating, sizing or coloring to the paper web.
Apparent Density
Weight (mass) per unit volume of a sheet of paper obtained by dividing the basis weight
by the Caliper (thickness).
Apparent Viscosity
A characteristic of multi-component liquids that have a variable ratio of shear stress over
shear rate (variable viscosity depending on conditions).
Approach Flow System
The stock flow system from Fan pump to headbox slice. The term approach flow system
refers specifically to the fan pump loop where in the pulp mixture is measured, diluted,
mixed with necessary additives, and finally screened and cleaned before being discharged
on to paper machine wire.
Aqueous Coating
A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is still on press ("in
line"), or after it's off press. An aqueous coating usually gives a gloss, dull, or matte
finish and helps prevent the underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coating or a
varnish, an aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making it a natural choice for
jobs that require printing addresses for mass mailings.
Archival Paper
A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting records.
Art Paper
High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth surface. The
reproduction of fine screen single- and multicolor pictures ("art on paper") requires a
paper that has an even, well closed surface and a uniform ink absorption.
Artificial Parchment
Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain chemical pulps
and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of the "smeary" grinding, the fiber
structure closes homogeneously. It is used e.g. for wrapping meat and sausages or as
corrugating medium for biscuit packaging
Ash Content
The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It is generally
expressed as percent of original test sample and represents filler content in the paper.
Aseptic Packaging
Extends the shelf life of non-refrigerated beverages and foods. Laminates and extruded
coatings applied by the customer ensure an appropriate liquid barrier. Aseptic grade
board is clay-coated on one side and is suitable for gravure, offset, and flexographic
printing.
Asphalt Laminated Paper
Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single ply by means of asphalt. This is
used as a moisture barrier; also to resist action of weak acids and alkalis.
Automatic Packaging System
Term applicable to any one of several available systems for open mouth and valve bag
packaging where bags are automatically applied to filler spout, filled, weighed, closed (if
open mouth), palletized, and shrink wrapped.
Azure
The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.
B
Back Liner
The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made out of inferior
grade pulp compared to top liner.
Backbone
The back of a bound book; also called the spine.
Backing Roll
Rubber covered roll against which the metering device such as rod or blade can press.
Backing up
Printing the reverse or back side of a sheet that has already been printed on one side.
Back Water
See White Water.
Baffle
A device which obstructs the flow of fluid, whether to aid mixing or restrict the flow rate.
Bag House
An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.
Bag Paper
Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.
Bagasse
Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.
Baggy Roll
Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or basis weight across
the width. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas by striking with a baton and
listening for variations in audible pitch.
Bale
A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp etc. Bale
dimensions and weight varies widely depending on the baling material and handling
capabilities.
Baling
Compressing and wrapping a material with wire, twine, string to form a unit which is
more readily handled, stored and transported.
Bamboo
A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking fibers.
Banknote or Currency Paper
Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high folding endurance,
permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour printing, with watermark and other
falsification safeguards such as embedded metal strip. Often contains cotton fibers.
Bark
The outer protective layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the inner bark and
the outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark that separates the outer bark from
the cambium and in a living tree is generally soft and moist. The outer bark is a layer of
dead bark that forms the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer bark is frequently dry
and corky
Barker or Debarker
An equipment used to remove bark from wood.
Barking or de-barking
Removing bark from wood.
Barograph Paper
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of the barograph
make a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils and to suit the type of barograph.
Base Paper
Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated in other ways.
Basic Dye
Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong affinity for the
surfaces of high-yield fibers. Basic dyes are economical, have high color strength but
very poor lightfastness.
Basis Weight
In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets) of
paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from category to category of the paper. Basic
size for Bond and Ledger is 20"x26", book, offset and text paper have basic size of
25"x38"). In metric system of units, basis weight is the weight in grams of a single sheet
of area one square meter. Basis weight is also called as substance and grammage in
metric system of units.
Bast Fibers
Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such as flax, gampi, hemp, jute, kozo
and mitsumata etc. Main characteristic of these fiber is long length.
Bastard Size
The non-standard sheet size of a given grade.
Batch Cooking
A chemical pulping process in which a discrete quantity of fibrous raw material is
individually process.
Beater
An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.
Beater Dye
Dye added to the beater to color the pulp.
Beater Loading
Addition of a filler to the pulp in the beater.
Beating or Refining
The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area, flexibility and
promote bonding when dried. One of the unintended effect of beating is fiber length
reduction.
Effect of Degree of Beating on Paper Properties
Properties
Increased
Apparent Density Increases
Caliper
Decreases
Compressibility
Decreases
Dimensional
Decreases
Stability
More
Formation
Uniform,
less wild
Hardness/Softness Harder
Becomes
Ink Holdout
more
Internal Bond
Increases
Strength
Porosity
Decreases
Smoothness
Increases
Decreased
Decreases
Increases
Increases
Increases
Less
Uniform,
more wild
Softer
Becomes less
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Belt Washer
Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.
Bending Resistance/Flexural Stiffness
Corrugated board's ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush resistance, relates
to the top-to-bottom compression strength and general performance of corrugated
containers.
Bible Paper
Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable for pen and ink,
because of its absorbency.
Binder
Chemicals which facilitate fiber bonding.
Binder (Coating)
A natural or synthetic compound used to adhere coating to the paper surface.
Biocide
A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in papermaking.
Biodegradable
Capable of destruction by biological action.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a receiving water,
the biodegradation of the organic matter consumes dissolved oxygen from the water. The
BOD of an effluent is an estimate of the amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5
days following its release into a receiving water; assuming a temperature of 20°C.
Biological Waste Water Treatment
A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as bacteria
Biomass
Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a sustainable basis
includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed crops,
agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, and other
waste materials including some municipal wastes. Biomass is a very heterogeneous and
chemically complex renewable resource..
Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler
Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and other solid
waste, and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called
"hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.
Bio-sludge
Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water treatment or other
biological treatment process.
Bitokoshi
Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and writing paper unique to Japan. It is a very
lightly coated paper, occupying a niche market between LWC and coated woodfree
papers. The furnish includes both chemical and mechanical pulp in variable proportions,
thus the Japan Paper Association (JPA) recognises both woodfree bitokoshi and
mechanical bitokoshi depending on the proportion of mechanical pulp in the furnish.
Black Liquor
The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the Kraft cook is
called "black" liquor.
Blackening
Defect associated with calendered paper occurring as unintended local areas of
apparently darker or grayer color due, for example, to the paper being too damp when
passed through the calender.
Blank or Black Box
A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted and scored so that,
when folded along the score lines and joined, it will take the form of a box.
Blade Coater
A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove extra color after
evenly leveling by means of a flexible steel blade.
Bleach Plant
Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached
Bleaching
A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds to the sheet's
strength and durability.
Bleaching Sequences
Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by abbreviation such as CEHH
(Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite, Hypochlorite .
Bleed
The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized paper.
Bleed (corrugation)
The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt, through the kraft plies making up
the combination.
Bleed Through
When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows through to the other side.
Blending or Mixing
Blending of different pulps in a chest to achieve quality of the final product.
Blind Drilled Roll
A matrix of small holes drilled into the soft press roll which aid the water removal
capability of that roll.
Blind Embossing
A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward without foil or ink.
Blister
Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to de-lamination of
a limited portion of paper without breaking either surface .
Blister Resistance
Resistance of paper to developing blister during printing and print drying.
Blotting Paper
An un-sized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written manuscripts,
letters and signatures.
Blow
It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to blow tank.
Blow Heat Recovery System
The system used to recover heat from the flash steam generated while digester is blown
in to blow tank.
Blow Tank
The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown from digester at the end of the
cooking cycle.
Blue Angel
It is label defined by the German Federal Environmental Agency. The Blue Angel label is
awarded to papers which do little damage to the environment. The paper is controlled in
detail: its composition, its production process and its conversion. Only papers made from
100 % post consumer waste paper are certified..
Board
Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for packaging or box
making purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than 150 g/m2 or thickness is more
than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).
Bond Paper
The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for printing bonds and
stock certificates. It is now used in referring to paper used for letterheads and many
printing purposes. Important characteristics are finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and
rigidity.
Bonding Strength
The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to hold to one
another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to hold together on the
printing press or other converting processing machines. Good bonding strength prevents
fibers from coming loose ("picking"). Bonding strength of fiber is improved by
beating/refining and/or adding bonding agent.
Bone Dry
Moisture free or zero moisture.
Book Paper
A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common A paperboard
used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.
Box
A rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its contents.
Boxboard
A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good folding properties and
used for making box and cartons.
Breaking Length
The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break under its own
weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in meters.
Breaks
Rupture of paper on the paper machine during paper making. It the paper on couch roll, it
is termed couch break. If the paper breaks in paper section, it is termed as press break. If
the paper breaks in dryer section, it is dryer breaks and so on.
Breast Roll
A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered roll located at the headbox side
of the paper machine to support the wire.
Breast Roll & Forming Board
Brightness
The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially calibrated
blue light. Not necessarily related to color or whiteness. Brightness is expressed in %.
CIE Brightness: An internationally-recognised standard of paper brightness developed in
Europe by the Centre Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE).
Bristol Board
A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the middle sheets
usually of inferior grade.
Brittleness
Property of paper causing it to break while bending.
Brocade
A heavily embossed paper.
Broke
Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the specifications. It is
put back in to the pulping system.
Broke Pit
A pit below the machine in to which broke is disposed from the machine floor.
Broke Pulper
A broke pulper is used to break down the broke into a stock that can be pumped and
treated. This term can cover a wide range of machines and is often used to refer to both
stand alone broke pulpers and under the
machine (or UTM) pulpers which receive paper directly from the machine including any
trim. A stand alone broke pulper is used to process finished reels that have been rejected
or for broke that for any reason has been baled or collected away from the UTM pulpers
Brown Pulp
A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The colorbearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the pulp. The pulp is
generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
Brown Stock
The unbleached chemical pulp.
Brush Coating
A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated and smoothed
by means of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating, before drying.
Buffering
The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline substance (usually calcium
carbonate or magnesium carbonate) into the paper pulp. The buffer acts as a protection
from the acid in the paper or from pollution in the environment.
Bulk
Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.
Burnout
The loss of color during drying.
Burnt Paper
Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.
Burst
An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package.
Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll producing rupture of the
web along the machine direction.
Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that generally occurs between an area or
relatively high and low caliper extending for some distance in the machine direction; due
to non uniform nip velocities between hard and soft sections of the roll.
Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the key way, which
terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often seen on core-supported
unwinds and winders.
Burst Factor
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
Burst Index
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of test.
Burst Ratio
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and the substance of
paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined by standard methods of test.
Bursting Strength
The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure required to
burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is applied to one of its side.
C
C1S
Coated on one side of the paper.
C2S
Coated on both sides of the paper.
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources, including chalk,
limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as a filler in the
alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves several important
paper characteristics, like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also
reduces paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings.
Calender
A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines that smoothes
and shines the paper surface as sheets pass through.
Calender Blackening
Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent spots due to excessive
calender roll heat, calender pressure, poor and/or excessive and uneven moisture.
Calender Cut
Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused by wrinkles going
through the calender stack of the paper machine.
Calender Spots
Paper defect usually indicated as a transparent spot in the sheet; caused by foreign
material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into the sheet with each
revolution.
Calendering
Passing paper web through a stack of calender rolls. The main object of calendering is to
impart the desired finish to paper.
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Machine Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips formed by a set of iron
rolls.
Super-Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips formed by steel roll and a
fiber roll made of compressed fibrous material.
Gloss Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips formed by soft roll (e.g.
rubber covered) and highly smooth mirror like finish steel roll at high temperature.
Matt Calendering: Any calendering technique used to produce a smooth surface without
a considerable increase in gloss.
Friction Calendering: The calendering is achieved by speed differential between rolls.
The paper passes through one nip (2 steel rolls) or 2 nips (2 steel rolls separated by a fiber
roll) in which rolls are driven independently and speed variation may be from 10 to 30%.
Brush Calendering: The paper is pressed against a cylindrical brush by a backing roll or
by web tension. The circumferential speed of the brush is several times higher than the
web speed.
Caliper
The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in English system of
units and in millimetres in Metric system of units.
Camber
Larger diameter in the centre of a papermaking rolls (press & calender etc), compared to
the ends, to compensates the deflection of roll due to its own weight.
Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF)
It is a measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is ml CSF.
Capacity Utilization Rate
The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to design capacity. Also
in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a plant or machine is operating.
Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and having approximately
the formula (CH2O) n; includes cellulosics, starches, and sugars.
Carbon Footprint
The total set of Green House Gases (GHS) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an
individual, organization, event or product by UK Carbon Trust.
Carbon paper
A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability, free of pin holes
and with a waxy coating, that is used to produce carbon copies on typewriters or other
office equipment.
Carbonless Paper
A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting coatings to
transfer image when pressure is applied.
Cardboard
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together.
Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc.
Carton
A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer quantities of product. A carton is
not recognized as a shipping container
Cartridge paper
Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety of purposes such as envelopes;
the name comes from the original use for the paper which formed the tube section of a
shotgun shell.
Cast Coater
A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it contacts a heated drum
having a highly polished surface, which cast the coating in to an image of the smooth,
mirror-like drum surface.
Causticizing
It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor. Technically
speaking it is the process of converting sodium carbonate in to sodium hydroxide.
Cellulose
It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of repeating beta-Dglucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief structural element and major
constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.
Cellulose Fiber
An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main structural component
of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented together by lignin. In British English
Fiber is spelled as Fibre. Thermal conductivity of cellilose fiber varies from 0.034 to
0.05W/m K, making it a good insulator.
Chalking
Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the paper leaving a
dry, weak pigment layer which dusts easily.
Check or Cheque Paper
A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.
Chelating Agent
An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals in solution;
organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and DTPA.
Chelation
A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations (such as iron)
with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetracetic acid); a
reaction between a metallic ion and an organic compound that removes the metallic ion
from solution.
Chemical Ghosting
A light duplication of a printed image on the other side of the same sheet, created by
chemical reaction by the ink during the drying stages; also referred to as "gas ghosting.".
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter present in
waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic matter present. COD is
easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand).
Chemical Pulp
Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other plant material.
Chemical Recovery
It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.
Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium sulfite)
and steam before mechanical defibration.
Chest
Vessel equipped with an agitating device for storing, collecting, mixing, blending and/or
chemical treatment of pulp suspension. Chest can be horizontal and or vertical. Tower are
special type of chest generally used in bleached plant to provide retention time and to
provide down/upward flow out of pulp.
China Clay
Natural mineral, consisting essentially of hydrated silicate of alumina, used as a filler or
as a component in a coating color. (Also see clay)
Chip
Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and particle board,
and also as fuel.
Chipboard
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper,
partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.
Chipper
The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.
Chlorine Number
A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates the number of
grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified conditions.
Chromo
A term used to describe both papers and boards used for subsequent brush coating. The
various qualities are determined both by the actual grade of base material used and the
quality of the coating, which may be gummed. Coating may be applied to one or both
sides, depending on end use.
Cigarette Paper
This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to improve
glowing. It normally has approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler to control the burning
rate and match it with tobacco burning rate. Very long fiber such as jute, cotton etc is
used to achieve high strength and porosity.
Clarifier
Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.
Clay
A natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to improve a paper's
smoothness, brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for ink.
Clay Coated Boxboard
A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or both sides to obtain whiteness
and smoothness. It is characterized by brightness, resistance to fading, and excellence of
printing surface. Colored coatings may also be used and the body stock for coating may
be any variety of paperboard.
Cleaners
A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to remove grit from
thin-stock furnish by the centrifugal action of rotating liquid.
Closed Loop Recycling
When a used product is recycled in to a similar product; a recycling system in which a
particular mass of material is remanufactured into same product.
Closed System
Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated and not discharged as
effluent.
Clot
Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is harmful to the
production process and needs to be eliminated.
Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper)
Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter etc.) rather than
cultural purposes (writing, printing etc.)
Coat Weight
The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of air-dried coating on
the surface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter square.
Coated Paper
Term that applies to paper which has a special coating applied to its surface. Material
such as clay, casein, bentonite, talc, applied by means of roller or brush applicators; or
plastics applied by means of roll or extrusion coaters.
Coated White Top Liner
White liner that is coated to produce superior printability.
Coating
Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its brightness and/or
printing properties.
Coating Color
Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special additives and
water.
Coating Color Kitchen
Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed
Cobb Test
Measures paper's water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of water pick-up
per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The test duration must be specified
to properly know the absorption rate. United Nations (UN) and Code of Federal
Regulations require the 30-minute pick-up must be 155 grams per square meter or less for
containerboard used in hazardous material transport.
Cockle Finish
Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface is available in
bond papers.
Cockling
When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.
Cogeneration
It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and using low and/or
medium pressure steam in the mill process.
Cold Blow
Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters after the pulp has
been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage to the fibers.
Color-fast papers
Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under bright light.
Colored Kraft
Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment has been added.
Colored Pigments
These are water insoluble colored materials. They belongs in the category of fillers and
loading material but are colored and used in small quantity.
Pigments has no affinity to fiber and must be used in conjunction with alum or a cationic
retention aid in order to retain them.
Combined Deinking
Deinking process combining flotation and washing.
Compression Strength (CD or MD)
Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount of force needed to crush
paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold and support the paper specimen so as
to emulate its position and orientation in the walls of a corrugated container. Due to the
corrugated board making process, paper must support compressive loads orthogonal to
their grain (a CD orientation). The test is unidirectional so the paper orientation during
testing must be known.
Coniferous Trees
Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g. pine, spruce etc.
Consistency
The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.
Consistency Regulator
A device or instrument used to regulate the consistency of the pulp on-line. Regulator
works only in reducing the consistency i.e. add water, but can't remove water or thicken.
Construction Paper
Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing, industrial, pipe
covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.
Containerboard
The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating material and chipboard) used to
manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard. The raw materials used to make
containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber, recycled fiber or a combination of both.
Continuous Pulping
Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.
Contraries
Unsuitable material found in wastepaper which must be removed from the pulp before
making it into paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.
Contrast
The degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme lights and
darks give an image high contrast. An image with a narrow tonal range has lower contrast.
Converting
The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the finished paper and
paperboard so that it can be made into end-user products.
Cooking
Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and temperature to soften
and or remove lignin to separate fibers.
Cooking Liquor
Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g. cooking liquor in
kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.
Cooling Cylinders or Cooling Drums
Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after dryers is passed to
cool the paper before calendering..
Copier Paper or Laser Paper
Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used for copying
correspondence and documents. For detailed characteristics of copier/Laser paper, please
visit Paper Needs of Xerographic Machines (A Summary) by Chuck Green
Copper Number
It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper in grams reduced to
cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.
Cord
Pulpwood volume measurement indicating a pile measuring 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft, equaling
128 ft³ (3.62 in³). A long cord measure 4ft x 5ft x 8ft equaling 160 ft 3. Also see cunit
Core
Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.
Core Plug
Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which are driven into the ends of the
paper core of finished roll to prevent crushing of the core.
Corona Treatment
An electrostatic treatment that reduces the surface tension of a substrate (e.g., a
polycoated substrate) to ensure adhesion of ink and glue.
The Corona treatment involves high voltage, high frequency electricity discharged from
an electrode when it pours through the polycoated board increases the surface energy of
the board to better receive inks or glue.
Corrugated Board
Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating machine. When this
corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of board, it becomes single-faced
corrugated board; if pasted on both sides, it becomes double-faced corrugated board or
corrugated (shipping) containerboard.
Open Face
Single Face
Double Wall
Single Wall
Triple Wall
Corrugated Container
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
Corrugated Medium or Media
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated container, which cushions the product from
shock during shipment (see flute). Media can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled
fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.
Corrugator
Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to the medium and affixes sheets of
linerboard to form corrugated board .
Cotton Fiber
Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable fibers known to man.
Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and hold up better under repeated
handling and variant environmental conditions than paper made from wood pulp.
Generally, given reasonable care, one can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of
cotton contained in the sheet. Typically cotton fiber papers are made of either all cotton
fiber (100% cotton) or a blend of cotton and wood pulp.
Cotton "fibers" are made from unicellular hairs that grow out from the surface of the seed
immediately after fertilization. The hairs are twisted into usable thread which is tough
and strong. Cotton hairs (lint) of tetraploid (4n) species may be up to 50 mm long. In the
cotton gin, fine brushes pull the lint off the seed by drawing it through holes too fine for
the seeds to pass. Cotton thread is spun from countless billions of microscopic hairs
covering the surface of cotton seeds, each hair up to 50 mm (2 inches) in length. The total
length of hairs in a single cotton boll (one seed capsule) may exceed 300 miles. Imagine
how many miles of cotton hairs are in a standard 500 pound bale. Cotton is the textile
produced in the largest volume worldwide. (From
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/traug99.htm )
A seed capsule
(cotton boll) from the cotton plant
Cotton Linter
The cotton fibers that adhere to the cottonseed used to produce pulp for cotton fiber
papers.
Cotton Paper or Rag Paper
Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also called rag paper.
Couch Pit or Hog Pit
This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water draining from this section, wet wire
trim and any wet broke generated due to the paper break at the wire part. Couch pit has
agitator (s).
Couch Roll
Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive for the wire, 2) Transfer the wet
sheet from wire part to press part and 3) Removes water (if suction type couch roll).
Couch roll can be solid or suction type.
Suction Couch Roll
Cover Paper
Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are converted into,
covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc. Good folding qualities, printability,
and durability characterize it.
Crack
1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer on the formation
of fissures in the surface of the coating due to printing or other converting process.
2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded along a fold line. May be
due to separation of coating or separation of fibers. More prevalent when the paper has
been over-dried. In boards it may occur along score-folds even though the scoring has
been done to minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied when coatings crack
without fiber failure during a folding operation.
Crease
1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.
2. Cross direction wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a web in the cross machine
direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.
3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction devoid of coating in the
creased area.
4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through the Calender of a
crease or of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut through when it is preferable to
call it a Calender out.
5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the machine direction. Can
occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press, winder or sheeter.
Creping
The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and softness.
Crescent Former
Sheet forming section in a tissue machine, with the pulp suspension jet-out of the
headbox flowing between a felt and a wire both moving at the same speed.
Crinkles
A defect in linerboards caused by the separation of the liner ply and/or the formation of
fissures (cracks) in the surface of the liner during creasing.
Cross-machine Direction
A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the paper machine.
Crystallization
A condition of a dried ink film, which repels another ink printed on top of it.
Cunit
A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid wood, bark
excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood. Also see Cord
Curl
Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of its directions.
For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by Chuck Green.
Customark
A customark is a watermark made with a rubber printing plate treated with a
tranparentizing solution that leaves a mark in the paper. This process produces a wire
appearance in which the mark is lighter than the surrounding paper. It can be produced in
smaller quantities and at a lower price than a genuine watermark, which requires a dandy
roll.
Cut Sheet
Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be used in printer,
photocopier, fax machines etc.
Cutter
A machine in the Finishing House of a paper mill, used for converting paper from reel to
specific sheet sizes.
Cutter Dust
Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers as it is cut by
the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet cutter.
Cutting (Refining)
A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more pieces.
Cylinder Mould or Cylinder Machine
It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered cylinders are rotated through a vat of
pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the cylinder. Cylinder machines are
used primarily to manufacture paperboard. Multi-cylinder machines produce multilayered paperboard (one layer for each cylinder).
D
Damp Streaks
Streaks caused by uneven pressing or drying during paper manufacturing.
Dampening
The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be ink repellent by
applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the Dampening system.
Dandy Roll
A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and compacts the newly
formed wet web to improve the formation and if required to impart watermark or laid
finish the paper.
Dandy Roll with Pan
Debossing
Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or plastic die to create a
depressed (debossed) image.
Deciduous Trees
Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as birch, maple etc.
Decker
A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.
Deckle
The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine. Also defied as the
wood frame resting on or hinged to the edges of the mould that defines the edges of the
sheet in handmade papermaking or strap or board on the wet end of a paper machine that
determines the width of the paper web.
Deckle Edge
The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle.
Deculator
A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock furnish by applying
vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber, usually at the outlet of cleaners.
Decurler
A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.
Defibration
Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.
Deflaker
Deflaker mechanically treat the fiber flakes and bundles of fibers in the stock in order
that they are broken down into individual fibers in a suspension if possible. This is done
for a number of reasons and in a number of positions within the system. It can be
installed to reduce remaining flakes after a pulper, in the broke system to reduce flakes
going back to the machine from the broke pulpers and can also be used in the final stages
of a screening system in a recycled fiber line to treat the concentrated rejects and the
flakes contained within it.
Degree of Polymerization (DP)
As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each cellulose
molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED viscosity test.
Deinked Pulp (DIP)
Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper
Deinking
The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities from waste
paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.
Deinking Cell
A vessel or chest used to treat recycled paper with chemical to remove ink.
Delamination
The separation of the layers of a multiplex paper/paperboard.
Delignification
The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during the chemical
pulping process.
Deliquescent
Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture from the surrounding atmosphere
to revert it to a liquid form. Examples of deliquescent include calcium chloride and
ammonium nitrate.
Densitometer
A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the density of photographic images or
of colors. Used in quality control to accurately determine the consistency of color
throughout the run.
Deresination
Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by storage or using
bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.
Digester
The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are cooked with
chemical to separate fiber by dissolving lignin.
Digital Printing
1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital data from prepress systems.
2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other images carriers that do
not require intermediate films.
3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions directly on the
substrate without the need for intermediate films or plates
A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or single color, used for
short-run variable information and on-demand book publishing.
B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or four color process
printing, used for making one or several copies of spot or four color process subjects.
C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic, magnetographic, monographic, field
effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For One-colour, four color process or up to
six-color printing. Used for some degree of variable information, on-demand. Examples
of use are direct mail, temporary product labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the
like.
Dimensional Stability
The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance of paper to
dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative humidity. Dimensional
stability is essential for keeping forms in registration during printing and keeping sheets
from jamming or wrinkling on press or in laser printers.
For more details on Dimensional Stability, please read Dimensional Stability Notes by
Chuck Green
Dioxin
A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex process, where
chlorine combines with other additives during bleaching..
Direct Cooking
Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam directly into the
digester.
Direct Dye
Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to remain on a fiber
surface without need of a fixative. Direct dyes have moderate lightfastness but duller
shades
Directionality
Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in paper e.g. CD or
MD.
Dirt
Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which contrast in color
to the remainder of the sheet.
Dirt Count
The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both virgin sheets and
recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled paper usually has a slightly higher dirt
count than virgin paper. However, it rarely affects recycled paper's quality and use.
Dispersion
Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual ink particles are dispersed into
tiny bits that are usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching the fibers helps to remove the last
of the inks and improve paper brightness.
Dispersants
Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided particles to come
apart and remain separate from each other in suspension.
Displacement Washing
An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor from a pulp bed
in order to improve the washing; enables washing with reduced amount of water.
Dissolving Pulp
A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose derivatives including
rayon and acetate.
Doctor Blade
Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length to keep it clean.
Blades are also used for creping.
Document Paper
Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but may also
contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents that have to be
preserved for a longer period.
Double Coating
Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.
Down Cycling
Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and become
contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the original product which
went to form the waste; the progressive deterioration of fibers means that there is a limit
to the number of times they can be recycled, thus the term down cycling is used as a more
accurate description of recycling.
Drainage or Dewatering
Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.
Draw
Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.
Dregs
The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing process.
Drum Reel
The reel drum (also called a "pope reel") is motor driven under sufficient load to ensure
adequate tension on the sheet coming from the calendars. The web wraps around the reel
drum and feeds into the nip formed between the drum and the collecting reel.
Drum Washer
One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for dewatering and
displacement.
Dry Coating
Coating method in which a binder is applied to the paper surface followed by dry coating
pigment.
Dry End
That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized, calendered and
reeled.
Dry Line
The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming section where the
appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly. Before the dry line the furnish has
a glossy, wet appearance. After the dry line the wet web appears dull. The optical change
is related to the effect of fibers poking through the air-water interface. On a well-adjusted
paper machine the dry line ought to be straight. Increased refining and lower freeness of
the pulp tend to move the dry line in the direction of the couch. Chemicals that promote
drainage tend to move the dry line in the direction of the slice.
Dry Offset
Uses a rotary letterpress plate on an offset press. Because the image is relief, the method
requires no dampening. Image is transferred to a rubber blanket, then to paper.
Dryer Felt
A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section of a paper
machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web against the surface of the dryer
cylinder.
Dryer Cylinders & Dryer Felt
Dryer Screen
A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open area to provide easy
escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation. Dryer screens are used in the later part
of dryer section where paper is >60% dry to avoid any screen impression.
Drying
This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of the paper formed on wire. After
pressing the moisture content of the web is apprx. 40-45%. The remaining water (up to
95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This is done by moving the web around a
series of steam heated iron drums in the dry end of the paper machine.
Duplex Bag
Two-ply bags.
Duplex Board
Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and joined
together at wire part.
Duplex Paper
Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and joined together
at wire part.
Dust
Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes sticks to the
printing blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper surface.
Dye
A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a certain range of
wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears colored. Dye can be basic, acidic
or direct.
E
Edge Crush Resistance
The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined board is a primary factor in
predicting the compression strength of the completed box. When using certain
specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum edge crush values must be certified.
Edge Cutter
Device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the wire and which
divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may be removed, generally at
the couch. In this way they control the width of the web going forward from the wire part
and give it comparatively clean edges.
Effective Alkali
Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.
Effluent
Waste backwater and rejects from which fiber is recovered prior to discharge from the
mill.
Electrical Grade Paper
Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins and made from
unbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must neither contain fillers nor
conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used
on rotor and stator to avoid any metal contamination. Cable papers, that are wound
around line wires in a spiral-like fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a
particularly high strength in machine direction. Electrical grade papers include cable
papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.
Electric Resistivity
Resistivity characterizes how a sheet of paper accepts and holds a charge. Since the
electrostatic processes uses an electrical charge to form the print image, the electrical
properties of the sheet are important to the overall imaging process.
Electronic Printing
Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods that create images
using electrostatic charges rather than a printing plate.
Electro photography
A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically charged particles to
create images - e.g., photocopiers and laser printers.
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Used to clean up flue and process gases. Removes 99.5-99.8% of dust particles emitted
from recovery boilers, lime kilns and bark-fired boilers.
Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)
ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide rather than
elemental chlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates the discharge of
detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp manufacturing facilities.
Elongation
A property of paper that allows it to stretch.
Embossing
Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or plastic die, creating a raised
(embossed) image.
Emulsion Coating
Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.
Enamel
A general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight than coated
publication (magazine) paper but a lower basis weight and caliper than coated cover
paper.
Engine Sizing
Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added in Engine or
Beater.
English Finish
A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper. It is soft, dull and pliable.
Normally used for letterpress printed magazines.
Engraving
A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates. Made from steel or copper,
engraved plates cost more than plates used in most other printing processes, such as
lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate while the printing press exerts force
on the paper, pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters
and images on the front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering
effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process called thermography.
Entrained Air
Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1 mm) to move
along with the fibers.
Envelop Paper
The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on high-speed
envelop machine.
Environmentally Preferable Paper (EPP)
EPP should have at least two of the following three characteristics:
1. 30% or more Post Consumer Recycled Content
2. TCF Bleaching
3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin fiber sources.
Enzyme
A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.
Enzyme Bleaching
Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp is treated
with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached without chlorine
chemicals.
Equilibrium Moisture Content
The moisture content of a paper that has reached a balance with the atmosphere
surrounding it, i.e. in a condition in which it will neither give up nor absorb moisture
Equivalent Black Area
Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white background of the
TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual impression on its background
as does the dirt speck on the particular background in which it is embedded.
Esparto
A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink receptive sheet.
Ethers Pulp
Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in sodium hydroxide
initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or chlorides like ethylene oxide or
methyl chloride to form an organic polymer called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose,
hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for
thickening of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of
other applications.
Extended Cooking
Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need for bleaching
chemicals.
Extensible Kraft
Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately 6%) more in MD and
tears less easily than regular Kraft paper.
External Fibrillation
A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer layer of a fiber.
Extractives
Any number of different compounds in biomass that are not an integral part of the
cellular structure. The compounds can be extracted from wood by means of polar and
non-polar solvents including hot or cold water, ether , benzene, methanol, or other
solvents that do not degrade the biomass structure. The types of extractives found in
biomass samples are entirely dependent upon the sample itself
Extruded Coating
Coating applied to paper or board using an extruder.
F
Fabric Press
Paper machine wet press that uses a special multiple weave fabric belt sandwiched
between the regular felt and the rubber covered roll, increasing the capacity to receive
and remove water from the nip between the rolls.
Falling Film Evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a non-volatile
solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the heat exchange surface by
gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a bundle of plates, lamellas or tubes;
commonly used in pulp mills and chemical recovery process.
Fan-out
A dimensional change in paper associated with its passage through a printing unit. In web
offset printing it is the increase in web width after each blanket impression.
Fan Pump
A high flow rate, low head pump used to pump diluted stock to paper machine headbox.
Fanfold
Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which is folded
longitudinally.
Feathering
The tendency of liquid ink to spread along the paper fibers so that the image produced
does not have sharp, clean edges.
Felt
A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls on the paper
machine.
Felt Finish
Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper machine, using woven
wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to create a similar texture in the finish
sheets.
Felt Mark
Imprint left on the paper by one or more of the felts used in making the paper. The mark
may be wanted or unwanted and special effects can be introduced in this way.
Felt Side
The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine. The "top side"
or felt side is preferred for printing because it retains more fillers.
Fiber or Fibre
The slender, thread-like cellulose structures that forms the main part of tree trunk and
from separated and suitably treated, cohere to form a sheet of paper.
Softwood Fiber
Fiber Internal
Structure
Fiber Axis Ratio
Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.
Fiber Coarseness
Weight per unit length of fiber.
Fiber Cut
A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge of the web, caused by a fiber
imbedded in the web of paper.
Fiber Debris
Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the fiber.
Fiber Floc
Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor formation.
Fiber Orientation
Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet.
Fiberboard
Board made from defibrated wood chips, used as a building board.
Fibrillation
A structural change occurring in the walls of chemical pulp fibers during beating.
Fibrillae or Fibrils
String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the beating process.
They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being manufactured.
Filler
Any inorganic substance added to the pulp during manufacturing of paper. Most of fillers
are cheaper than fibers and so fillers are added to reduce the overall cost of paper. Fillers
are also used to improve optical and other printability related properties. Fillers improve
opacity and brightness. Fillers reduce strength properties of paper.
Properties
Increased
Decreased
Brightness
Increase
Decrease
Bursting Strength
Decrease
Increase
Caliper
Decrease
Increase
Dimensional
Increase
Decrease
Stability
Folding Endurance Decrease
Increase
Ink absorbency
Gets more
Gets less
(Uncoated paper)
uniform
uniform
Internal Bond
Decrease
Increase
Strength
Opacity
Increase
Decrease
Picking Resistance
Rattle
Smoothness
Stiffness
Tearing Resistance
Tensile Strength
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Increase
Filter Paper
Unsized paper made from chemical pulp, in some cases also with an admixture of rags,
sometimes with a wet strength finish. Filtration rate and selectivity, which are both
dependent on the number and the size of the pores, can be controlled by specific grinding
of the pulps and creping.
Filtrate
The effluent from the washing or filtering process.
Fines
Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by classification.
Fine Papers
Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including offset, bond, duplicating and
photocopying.
Finish
The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either on-machine or off-machine
papermaking processes. Popular text and cover finishes include smooth, vellum, felt, laid,
and linen.
Finishing
The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper rolls or trimming, cutting,
counting and packing of paper sheets from parent roll.
Finishing Broke
Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.
First Pass Retention
First-pass retention gives a practical indication of the efficiency by which fine materials
are retained in a web of paper as it is being formed. First-pass retention values can be
calculated from just two consistency measurements, the headbox consistency, and the
white water consistency. There is a very wide diversity of first-pass retention on different
paper machines, from less than 50% to almost 100%. The key rules that papermakers
follow are that (a) first-pass retention should have a steady value, and (b) that value
should be high enough to avoid operational problems or an excessively two-sided sheet.
Some operational problems that can be caused by low values of first-pass retention are
increased frequency of deposit problems, filling of wet-press felts, poor drainage, and
unsteady drainage rates and sheet moistures.
Fish Eye
A paper defect appearing as glazed, translucent spot caused by slime, fiber bundles,
and/or improperly prepared chemical additives in the stock.
Flag
A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to mark a splice in a
roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.
Flame Resistant
Treatment applied to kraft paper to make it resistant to catching on fire (not fire proof—
will char but not burst into flame).
Flat Crush of Corrugated Board
A laboratory test (Tappi T808 or T825) of a single wall combined board specimen to
measure its resistance to crushing forces from conversion and handling. Test can also be
an indicator of flute formation and the presence of crushed or leaning flutes.
Flashing
Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the reduction of pressure below
the vapor pressure of the liquid. Flashing occurs in blow tank during blowing.
Fly Leaf/Shaving
Trim scrap from printing operation.
Flexography
A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or photopolymer plates.
Flexural Rigidity
The measurement of a combined board resistance to flexing. Combined with ECT box
perimeter and flute type, it is key to predicting box compression resistance or static load
resistance (Tappi T566).
Flotation Cell
Main equipment of Flotation Deinking, Large number of tiny air bubbles are injected
into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach themselves to these bubbles and float to
the surface where it is skimmed off and removed.
Flotation Deinking
Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the de-inking process.
Flotation Dryer
Non contacting dryer used in pulp drying or coating applications, drying is achieved by
passing sheet between two dryer hoods where hot dry air is impinged onto the sheet and
the moisture is evaporated and removed by an air system.
Flowspreader
Front end of the paper machine whose objective is to distribute the papermaking fiver
uniformly across the machine from back to front.
Fluff Pulp
A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp, usually bleached,
used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed pads and hygienic personal
products. Also known as "fluffing" or "comminution" pulp
Fluorescent Dye
A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness of the paper. It may give a
slight blue or green cast to the sheet.
Fluorescent Inks
Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally, they are brighter and more opaque
than traditional inks, but they are not color fast, so they will fade in bright light over time.
Their metallic content will also affect dot gain and trapping.
Fluorescent Whitening Agent
Also referred to as an "optical brightener." A chemical compound when expose to a light
containing an ultraviolet component will absorb and re-emit light in the blue spectrum or
in other words fluoresce. FWA's will enhance brightness and blueness quality of white
paper.
Flute
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. Flutes are categorized by the
size of the wave. A, B, C, E and F are common flute types, along with a variety of much
larger flutes and smaller flutes.
Fluted Edge Crush
Measures the edgewise compression strength of corrugating medium using a fluted test
specimen per Tappi T824.
Flute (A,B,C,E,F&G)
These letters define the type of corrugated material in terms of the number of
corrugations per unit length and the height of the corrugations - specifically these are:
Corrugations per
Height of
Flute
metre
corrugation (mm)
A
B
C
E
F
G
105 - 125
150 - 185
120 - 145
290 - 320
410 - 420
550 - 560
4.5 - 4.7
2.1 - 2.9
3.5 - 3.7
1.1 - 1.2
0.7 - 0.8
0.5 - 0.6
Fluting
Waves or corrugation in heat-set web offset prints that runs in the press direction.
Foamboard
C1S paperboard designed for lamination to a foam backing for point-of-purchase displays,
posters, and signs.
Foil or Hydrafoil
The flat strip used to support wire. Only the leading edge of the wire touches the foil. Foil
helps in removing water by creating gentle suction and also doctor the water removed in
previous section.
Folding
Doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another. Folding stresses the
paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold, heavy papers like cover stocks and Bristol
need to be scored before they're folded.
Folding Boxboard
Single or multi-layer paperboard made from primary and/or secondary fibers, sometimes
with a coated front, used to make consumer packaging (cartons).
Folding Strength or Folding Endurance
Folding strength is most important in currency paper. Multiple fold strength is also
important for paper used in books, maps, and pamphlets. It's far less important in onefold greeting cards or envelopes, where fold cracking is the vital consideration. Folding
endurance or strength is measured and reported in numbers.
Formation
The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more uniform and tightly bound the
fibers, the better the sheet will print and look. Close Formation - Uniform distribution of
fibers. Cloudy formation: A spotty, non-uniform dispersion of fibers, the opposite of
close formation.
Forming Board
Forming Board is the leading forming unit under the fabric closest to the slice. The stock
jet velocity, the impingement angle and the position of the impingement onto the forming
board will determine the water removal and the activity produced at this point. Modern
Forming Boards are stepped to create activity at high speeds – this greatly enhances the
formation.
Fountain Roller
The roller on a printing machine which initiates the supply of moisture to the damping
system.
Four-color Printing Process
A printing method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and black to
simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a color image. Reproducing a fourcolor image begins with separating the image into four different halftones by using color
filters of the opposite (or negative) color. For instance, a red filter is used to capture the
cyan halftone, a blue filter is used to capture the yellow halftone, and a green filter is
used to capture the magenta halftone. Because a printing press can't change the tone
intensity of ink, four-color process relies on a trick of the eye to mimic light and dark
areas.
Each halftone separation is printed with its process color (cyan, magenta, yellow, and
black). When we look at the final result, our eyes blend the dots to recreate the
continuous tones and variety of colors we see in a color photograph, painting, or drawing.
Fourdrinier
Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine is structured on a
continuously moving wire belt on to which a watery slurry of pulp is spread. As the wire
moves, the water is drained off and pressed out, and the paper is then dried.
Free Stock
Unrefined stock. Stock that, when drained under gravity, parts easily with the water of
suspension
Freeness
A term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. The opposite of
freeness is slowness. Freeness or slowness is the function of beating or refining. Freeness
and slowness reported in ml CSF and degree SR respectively are also the measurement of
degree of refining or beating.
Freesheet
Paper that is free of mechanical wood pulp, which is true of virtually all fine printing
papers.
French Fold
A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then horizontally to produce a
four-page folder.
Fully Bleached Pulp
Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 60 ISO).
Furnish
A blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other materials that are fed to the wet end of
the paper machine.
Fuzz
Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper, caused by excessive suction,
insufficient beating or lack of surface sizing. Lint appears in much the same manner but
is not attached to the surface.
G
Gatefold
Two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the end flaps folding inward.
Ghosting
Variation in ink gloss, density or color that are not part of the original design, but appear
as a repeat or ghost image associated with another area of the copy.
Glassine Paper
A translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp and subsequently
supercalendered.
Glazed Paper
Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during the process of
manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various methods such as friction glazing,
calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee drier.
Gloss
The property that's responsible for a paper's shiny or lustrous appearance; also the
measure of a sheet's surface reflectivity. Gloss is often associated with quality: higher
quality coated papers exhibit higher gloss.
Gloss Mottle
Blotchiness or non-uniformity in the paper's gloss (unprinted or printed). Typically only
visible at certain viewing angles. Usually attributable to poor formation and heavy
calendering.
Grade
Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade. Different grades are
distinguished from each other on the basis of their content, appearance, manufacturing
history, and/or their end use.
Grain
The direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As the pulp slurry moves
forward on the papermaking machine's formation wires, the fibers tend to align
themselves in the direction of movement. Binding books parallel to the grain allows for a
smoother fold then working across the grain. Grain direction of sheet fed papers is
usually indicated by underlining the number, e.g., 23" X -35". On a web press, the grain
direction should run along the length of the paper web.
Grain Long
Grain running lengthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grain Short
Grain running widthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grammage
Weight in grams of one square meter of paper or board (g/m2); also basis weight.
Gravure
A printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image carriers. The image carrier,
which is flat or cylindrical, moves through an ink pool. A blade scrapes excess ink off the
plane of the plate, leaving ink in the recessed wells. A second cylinder presses the paper
onto the plates, where it picks up ink from the wells. The high speed of gravure presses
and the durability of the metal intaglio plates make gravure an economical printing
method suitable for large print runs (more than two million copies).
Gravure Paper
Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good wettability of
gravure inks.
Gray Board
A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without screenings
and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in thickness less then 1 mm.
Greaseproof Paper
A protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps, which are highly hydrated
in order that the resulting paper may be resistant to oil and grease.
Greenfield Mill
Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.
Green House Gases
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to
global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
ozone, and water vapor.
Green Liquor
The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the recovery furnace is dissolved in
water is called "green" liquor.
Green Paper
Immature paper which has not been conditioned or had the opportunity to mature
naturally.
Grinder
A machine in which logs are defibrated against a revolving grindstone.
Groundwood Papers
A general term applied to a variety of papers made with substantial proportions of
mechanical wood pulp together with bleached or unbleached chemical wood pulps
(generally sulfite), or a combination of these, and used mainly for printing and converting
purposes.
Groundwood Pulps
A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a rough surfaced roll rotating at
very high speed) coarse wood pulp used in newsprint and other low cost book grades
where it contributes bulk, opacity, and compressibility. Groundwood pulp is economical
since all the wood is used; however, it contains impurities that can cause discoloration
and weakening of the paper.
Guar Gum
A natural polymer that is used as a dry-strength additive, often as a cationic derivative.
Guillotine
A machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works the same way the original French
guillotine worked. A cutting blade moves between two upright guides and slices the
paper uniformly as it moves downward.
Gurley Porosity
A method to measure the air permeability of paper by TAPPI method T536. See "Air
permeability."
H
H Factor
It is the area under the curve when relative reaction rate is plotted against cooking time.
Half Fold
The half fold is commonly used for brochures and greeting cards. For cover weight paper,
a score is usually required to produce a smooth folded edge. For picture of this type and
other fold please visit http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Half + Letter Fold
This fold is perfect for newsletters. An 11" x 17" sheet folded this way has only one open
side and fits into a #10 envelope. The newsletter looks good and is easy to handle. For
picture of this type and other fold please visit http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/FoldsIS.pdf
Half Tone
Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of varying sizes in one color.
Handmade Paper
A sheet of paper, made individually by hand, using a mould and deckle.
Hard Cook
Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.
Hard Pulp
Chemical pulp with a high lignin content.
Hard Sized Paper
Paper treated with high degree of internal sizing.
Hardwood
Wood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad leaves. Trees grown in tropical
climates are generally hardwood. Hardwood grows faster than softwood but have shorter
fibers compared to softwood.
Head Box or Flow Box or Breast Box
The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a uniform dispersion
of fibers in water at the proper speed through the slice opening to the paper machine wire.
Heart Wood
The dark colored , center of a tree trunk, consisting of dormant wood.
Heat Set Web
An offset printing process done on a web of paper supplied in a roll. The term heat set
originates from the inks used in the process. They contain high amounts of solvent
flashed off in ovens to dry at very high speeds. Web presses perfect or print both sides of
the sheet simultaneously.
Heat Transfer Paper
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).
Hemicellulose
A constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a polysaccharide, but less complex and
easily hydrolysable.
Herbaceous Plants
Non-woody species of vegetation, usually of low lignin content such as grasses.
Hickey
An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page. Hickeys are caused by paper or
pressroom dust, dirt, or pick out on the printing blanket, all of which prevent the ink from
adhering to the paper surface.
High Finish
Smooth finish applied to paper to improve the printing surface.
Hold Out
Resistance of paper surfaces to the absorption of ink. High Hold Out offers higher
resistance to ink absorption. Regular Hold Out allows greater ink absorption.
Holocellulose
The total carbohydrate fraction of wood — cellulose plus hemicellulose.
Hologravure
Printining process by which great continuous 3D depth is achieved using textures and
patterns.
Hood
A hood covering the paper machine drying section and designed for moist air removal.
Hot Melt
A type of glue or adhesive applied while hot/warm.
Hot Groundwood Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with steam.
Hydration
The prolonged beating or refining of cellulose pulp in water to reduce it to a semigelatinous mass.
Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The method considerably reduces the
need for chlorine-containing chemicals in the final bleaching of chemical pulps.
Hydrophilic
Having strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic
Lacking affinity for water.
Hydropulper
An equipment used to slush broke/paper in to pulp.
Hygroscopic
Having the property to absorb water vapor from the surrounding atmosphere. Most of the
papers (except glassine, greaseproof or wet strength etc.) are hygroscopic in nature.
I
Imbibition
The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a corresponding increase in volume.
Impregnation
Process of treating a sheet of paper with a chemical or wax so that the treatment
penetrates into the paper.
Impression Cylinder
The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds paper while an inked image from
the blanket is pressed upon it.
Impression Watermark
Semi-genuine watermark made in the paper machine press section using engraved rolls
while the web is still wet.
Index Paper
A stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high bulk but low weight of this
paper makes it a popular choice for business reply cards.
Industrial Papers
A very general term, which is used to indicate papers manufactured for industrial uses as
opposed to cultural purposes. Thus, building papers, insulating papers, wrapping papers,
packaging papers, etc. would be considered industrial papers.
Infra Red Drying
Electric or gas infra red dryers used to initially achieve immobilization of the fluid
coating and commence the drying process.
Ink
Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives formulated to reduce
smudging, picking and other printing problems associated with ink. The choice of ink
depends on the type of paper and printing process.
Ink Absorption
A paper's capacity to accept or absorb ink.
Ink Coverage
The portion of the total surface area of the paper which is covered by ink. The portion of
the coverage usually is expressed in terms of percent of ink coverage.
Ink Holdout
The way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper. Strong ink holdout results in a
sharp, bright image.
Ink Jet Printing
Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto the paper
surface.
Ink Tack
The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as the force required to split an ink
film.
Insect Resistant
Paper treated with insecticide compounds to make it resistant to insect attack.
Insider Liner
The liner bonded to the medium at the single facer. Called inside liner because it is the
inside facing of a corrugated box. Also called the single face liner.
Insulating Board
A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other vegetable
fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such a way as to contain a large
quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It is made either by cementing together several thin
layers or forming a non-laminated layer of the required thickness. It is used in plain or
decorative finishes for interior walls and ceilings in thickness of 0.5 and 1 inch (in some
cases up to 3 inches) and also as a water-repellent finish for house sheathing. Desirable
properties are low thermal conductivity, moisture resistance, fire resistance, permanency,
vermin and insect resistance, and structural strength. No single material combines all
these properties but all should be permanent and should be treated to resist moisture
absorption.
Intaglio
A method of printing in which an image or letter is cut into the surface of wood or metal,
creating tiny wells. Printing ink sits in these wells, and the paper is pressed onto the plate
and into the wells, picking up the ink.
1. Gravure is considered an intaglio printing process.
2. In papermaking, watermarking from countersunk depressions in the dandy roll to
provide a whiter or denser design instead of increased transparency.
Integrated mill
A mill which starts with logs or wood chips and first produces wood pulp which it then
processes to make paper or board.
Intermittent Board Machine
A machine for producing sheets of thick board by winding the web formed on a
Fourdrinier wire or cylinder mould (s) around a making roll to form a sheet consisting of
several layers. When the thickness is sufficient the layers are cut, so forming a sheet
which is removed from the machine for drying and any further processing.
Internal Bonding Strength
Determines how strongly the coating is fused to the body stock. Caused by long periods
of hydration, paper with high internal bonding strength resists picking during the printing
process
Internal Fibrillation
Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.
Internal Sizing
Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water suspension of pulp fibers in the
papermaking process. Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.
International Paper and Board Sizes
Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric countries. ISO standards are based on
a rectangle whose sides have a ratio of one to the square root of 2 (1.414). No matter how
many times a sheet of these proportions is halved, each will retain the same constant
proportions. There are three ISO series A, B, and C.
The A Series: The A series is for general printed matter including stationary and
publications.
SIZE Millimeters
4A0 1682 x 2378
2A0 1189 x 1682
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74
The B series: The B series is about half way between two A sizes. It is intended as an
alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters and wall charts.
SIZE Millimeter
B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500
B4 250 X 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 44
B10 31 x 44
The C series: The C series is used for folders, post cards and envelopes. C series envelope
is suitable to insert A series sizes.
SIZE Millimeter
C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917
C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114
C8 57 x 81
RA Series Formats
RA0 860 x 1220
RA1 610 x 860
RA2 430 x 610
RA3 305 x 430
RA4 215 x 305
SRA Series Formats
SRA0 900 x 1280
SRA1 640 x 900
SRA2 450 x 640
SRA3 320 x 450
SRA4 225 x 320
Envelopes
DL 110 x 220
C6 114 x 162
C5 162 x 229
C4 229 x 458
C3 324 x 458
ISO Brightness
The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457 nanometers under
standard conditions.
Ivory Board
High-quality board made in white or colors with a bright, clear appearance, particularly
used for visiting cards and similar high-class printed work. Original Ivory Board was and
still is made in Holland, although the grade is made in many countries.
J
Jet to Wire Speed Ratio
Papermakers adjust the jet-to-wire speed ratio to fine-tune the paper structure. The "jet" is
the narrow stream of dilute stock that comes out of the headbox slice opening. The "wire"
is the continuous belt of forming fabric. Often it is possible to improve the uniformity of
paper by running jet-to-wire speed ratio as one. "Rushing the sheet" means that the jet
speed is higher than the wire speed. "Dragging the sheet" means that the wire speed is
higher than the jet speed. Especially in the case of dragging, increasing values of jet-towire speed ratio tend to align fibers in the machine direction. For square sheet (paper
which has same strength properties in CD and MD), jet to wire ratio should be kept as
close to one as possible.
Job Lot
Out of specification, defective or discontinued types of paper made in small quantities for
special orders and sometimes sold at lower than regular prices.
Jog
To shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the edges line up.
Finisher jog the paper to remove any improperly cut sheet. Printers jog the paper to get
rid of any dust or particles and to ensure proper feeding into the press.
Jumbo Roll
A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine winder spool as
distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound on cores.
K
Kaolin
White clay used as an additive and filler in paper and coating made up chiefly of minerals
of the kaolinite type.
Kappa Number
A term used to define the degree of delignification. Modified permanganate test value of
pulp which has been corrected to 50 percent consumption of the chemical. Kappa number
has the advantage of a linear relationship with lignin content over a wide range. Kappa
Number x 0.15% = % lignin in pulp
Kenaf
An annual agricultural plant, native of India, which has along fiber in the bark that, is
suitable for papermaking.
Dry Kenaf Stalks
Kiss Impression
The lightest impression (anilox and plate to substrate) possible to properly reproduce the
image on paper.
Knotter
Vibratory screens used for separating knots, uncooked chips and shives from the pulp at
the blow tank.
Knotter Pulp
Pulp made from the rejects from chemical pulp screening.
Kozo
The most common fiber used in Japanese papermaking, it comes from the mulberry tree.
It is a long, tough fiber that produces strong absorbent sheets.
Kraft Bag Paper
A paper made of sulfate pulp and used in the manufacture of paper bags. It normally has
a greater bulk and a rougher surface than the usual kraft wrapping paper.
Kraft Paper
A paper of high strength made from sulfate pulp. Kraft papers vary from unbleached
Kraft used for wrapping purposes to fully bleached Kraft used for strong Bond and
Ledger papers.
Kraft Pulp
Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood by the sulfate process (q.v.). Originally
a strong, unbleached coniferous pulp for packaging papers, kraft pulp has now spread
into the realms of bleached pulps from both coniferous and deciduous woods for printing
papers.
Definition of Kraft Pulping Terms
S.N. Term
1
Total Alkali
(TA)
Definition
Total of all viable sodium alkali compounds i.e.
NaOH+Na2S+Na2CO3+Na2SO4+Na2S2O3+Na2SO3 excludes NaCl
Unit
g/L
as
NaO
2
Total
Titratable
Total of NaOH+Na2S+Na2CO3
Alkali (TTA)
3
Active Alkali Total of NaOH+Na2S
4
Effective
Alkali
Total of NaOH+0.5*Na2S
5
Activity
Ratio of Active Alkali (AA) to Total Titratable Alkali (TTA)
6
Causticity
Ratio of NaOH to NaOH+Na2CO3
7
Sulfidity
Ratio of Na2S to Active Alkali (AA) or to TTA (Basis of sulfidity
should be defined accordingly)
8
9
10
Causticizing
Efficiency
(White
Liquor)
Residual
Alkali (Black
Liquor)
Reduction
Efficiency
(Green
Liquor)
g/L
as
NaO
g/L
as
NaO
g/L
as
NaO
%
% on
NaO
basis
% on
NaO
basis
Same as causticity i.e. Ratio of NaOH to NaOH+Na2CO3 however to % on
measure the true causticizing efficiency NaOH amount in green
NaO
liquor already present should be subtracted.
basis
Alkali concentration determined by acid titration.
g/L
as
NaO
Ratio of Na2S to all Na sulfur compounds (Na2S +
Na2SO4+Na2S2O3+Na2SO3).
% on
NaO
basis
Kraftliner
Paperboard of grammages of 120g and more, generally made from bleached or
unbleached sulfate pulp and used as an outer ply in corrugated board.
L
Label
A separate slip or sheet of paper affixed to a surface for identification or description. For
fiberboard boxes, includes: Full Label, Mailing or shipping Label, Spot Label and UPC
(Universal Product Code) Label.
Label Paper
Mostly one-side coated papers which must be printable in 4-colour offset and gravure
printing. These papers are usually suitable for varnishing, bronzing and punching and
sometimes also feature wet strength and alkali resistance (See "Wet strength and alkali
resistant paper") in order to en-sure the removal of the labels e.g. in the bottle rinsing
machines of breweries
Laid
A finished produced with a dandy roll having closely spaced wires.
Laid Lines
A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally associated with
spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these.
Laminated Paper
A paper built up to a desired thickness or a given desired surface by joining together two
or more webs or sheets. The papers thus joined may be alike or different; a totally
different material, such as foil, may be laminated with paper.
Laminated Linerboard
Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased structural stability.
Laminator
A machine that adheres multiple plies of paper or fiberboard. May be used to adhere full
labels to a facing, or, for enhanced structural properties, multiple facings, corrugating
mediums or sheets of combined board.
Lapping Machine
A wet machine on which folded wet pulp sheets are produced from screened pulp for
storage and/or shipment.
Laser Printing
Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a photoconductive
cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to product the electrostatic latent
image, which is developed with toners.
Latency
The curl and spiral of individual pulp fiber created during refining specially in
thermomechanical pulping process
Latency Chest
A storage chest after the second stage refining in thermo-mechanical pulping process in
which pulp is agitated and stored at a specified temperature for a predetermined time to
remove latency.
Layboy
A device at the end of cutter for jogging sheets in to a square pile.
Leachate
Water that has as a component of dissolved matter accumulated as a result of passing
through material. e.g. rain water passing through waste dump.
Lead Dryer or Baby Dryer
A small diameter dryer just after the press section.
Leaf Fibers
Papermaking fibers coming from the leaves of the plant such as hemp, manila, flax, sisal
etc.
Ledger Paper
A strong paper usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to Bond paper in its
erasure and pen writing characteristics.
Letter Fold
This common fold, used for mailings and brochures, is much like a letter folded
by hand for inserting in an envelope. The letter fold produces a self-contained unit,
easily handled by automated envelope inserters. For picture of this type and other fold
please visit http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Letter Press
A process of printing in which raised images are coated with ink and pressed directly
onto a paper or paperboard surface
Lick Coating
A light form of mineral coating, achieved by supplying the surface sizing press of the
paper making machine with coating material instead of normal surface sizing solution.
Lightfastness
The speed at which a pigment or colored paper fades in sunlight. or
How permanent a color is or how unaffected by light it is.
Light Weight Coating (LWC)
Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.
Light Weight Paper
Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m2.
Lignin
A complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers together. Lignin is
brown in color. Lignin is largely responsible for the strength and rigidity of plants, but its
presence in paper is believed to contribute to chemical degradation. To a large extent,
lignin can be removed during manufacturing.
Lignocellulose
Refers to plant materials made up primarily of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.
Like-Sided
Paper that has the same appearance and characteristics on both sides.
Lime Sludge or Sludge
Sludge of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed during preparation of white liquor in the
chemical recovery process.
Linen Finish
A finished paper that has an overall embossed pattern on the surface resembling the look
and feel of linen cloth, and one manufactured with engraved embossing rolls.
Liner
A creased fiberboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in a container and covering all side walls.
Used to provide extra stacking strength or cushioning. Also used as a short hand for
"linerboard" or facing."
Linerboard
The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated board.
Lines Per Inch (LPI)
The number of lines in an inch, as found on the screens that create halftones and fourcolor process images (for example, "printed 175-line screen"). The more lines per inch,
the more detailed the printed image will be. With the demand for computer-generated
imagery, the term "dots per inch" (which refers to the resolution of the output), is
replacing the term "lines per inch."
Lint
Loosely bonded fibers at the paper surface that attached to the plate or blanket of the
printing machine.
Litho
A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the non-image area
exist on the same plate and are separated by a chemical repulsion. Usually oil based
offset printing.
Loading
Addition of fillers
Loft Dryer
A heated room in which wet sheet of paper/paperboard are hang on poles. This old
method of drying is known as loft drying or pole drying.
Log
A piece of pulpwood length cut from trees to convenient size for storage, transportation
and handing.
Logging
The operation of harvesting trees from woodlands, processing in to barked/unbarked logs
or chips.
Long Log
A whole length pulpwood before cutting to shorter log.
Look Through
The appearance of the paper when held up to transmitted light. It discloses whether the
formation is even and uniform or lumpy and ‘wild’. For book publishing papers, a regular,
even look through is desirable, indicating a well made, uniform sheet.
Loose Winding
A paper roll winding defect caused by insufficient sheet tension during winding.
Lumen
The center void portion of a cellulose fiber.
Lump
An incomplete separation of fiber bundling or coming together of fibers and other
papermaking materials, causing raised, hard and localized spots in the sheet.
M
M Weight
The weight of one thousand sheets of paper, any size; or double the ream weight.
2
M Yield/Ton
A measure of the surface area of paper/paperboard which is obtained from a ton of paper.
Machine Chest
Usually the last large chest or tank that contains thick-stock pulp before it is made into
paper.
Machine Clothing or Paper Machine Clothing
Fabrics of various types employed on the paper machine to carry the web and perform
other functions. It includes the machine wire, dandy roll cover, press felts and dryer felts
etc., which may be composed of natural or synthetic materials.
Machine Crepe
Crepe paper produced on the paper machine, and not as a secondary option.
Machine Direction
The direction of the web through the paper machine.
Machine Finish
Finished produced on the paper as it leaves either the machine or the calender stack. For
increased printability, or smoothness when used as a liner, etc.
Machine Glazed
Machine glazed. Paper with a glossy finish on one side produced on the paper machine
by a Yankee cylinder.
Machine Speed
The rate at which paper machine runs, expressed as m/min or ft/min.
Machine Width
Width of the paper web in the paper machine.
Manifold Paper
A light weight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for airmail
correspondence.
Manila
A semi-bleached chemical sulfate paper. Not as strong as Kraft, but have better printing
qualities.
Manufacturing Order
Also known as making order. A quantity of paper manufactured to custom specifications,
such as a special weight, color, or size not available as a standard stocking item.
Market Pulp
Pulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper. Usually dried to
reduce freight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).
Marbling
Addition of strongly stained fibers to the stock to give the paper a marbled appearance.
Matte Finish
A dull, clay-coated paper without gloss or luster.
Maximum Trimmed Width
The greatest width of usable paper that is possible to make on a given paper making
machine, i.e. the full width less the necessary trim to give clean edges. There is 3-10%
width shrinkage (depending on freeness of stock) in dryers. It is not possible to specify
sizes which, in aggregate, exceed this width.
Mechanical Paper
This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The shares of chemical and mechanical
pulp vary depending on the application. Highly mechanical papers such as newsprint tend
to yellow more rapidly if exposed to light and oxygen than woodfree papers so that they
are mainly used for short-lived products. In printing papers the mechanical pulp improves
opacity.
Mechanical Pulp
Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for
newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade printing papers.
Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
A composite panel made from wood fibers and resin and formed under pressure and heat.
MDF has a smooth surface and good machinability, and is used for furniture, cabinetry
and millwork.
Mesh
Count of wires per inch for metal and/or plastic screen used in paper mill.
Metamerism
The tendency of color to appear different under different light sources such as fluorescent
or natural sunlight.
MG Machine
A paper machine incorporating a Yankee or a MG drying cylinder in the drying section to
produce MG paper.
Micro Crystalline Cellulose Pulp
Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical applications,
particularly in construction of tablets and other non-capsular pills.
Mil
One thousandth of an inch.
Mill
The physical site where paper is manufactured; also refers to a company that
manufactures paper.
Mill Broke
Paper generated at the paper mill prior to completion of the manufacturing process. Wet
mill broke originates at the wet end of the papermaking machine, while dry mill broke
comes from the dry end of the papermaking machine.
Millboard
A thick, dense, homogeneous board, for book production, made generally from
wastepaper, on a special board making machine one sheet at a time. Used in binding case
bound books, ledgers etc. as binders’ boards.
Mineral Filler
Materials such as chalk and china clay that are added to paper in order to change its
density or improve its surface and optical properties.
Mixed Office Waste
Wastepaper generated from offices, such as letters, memos, invoices, etc. which are
collected and sorted for paper qualities. This is the major source of post consumer fiber.
Modified Starch
Papermaking starch that has been processed generally by oxidation, to achieve lower
viscosity or chemical characteristics which are beneficial in use as an additive in
papermaking.
Moisture Content
The amount of moisture or water in a sheet of paper, expressed in percent. 6 to 7% is
desirable.
Moisture Resistant
Paper Treated with asphalt, wax, plastic, etc. to control penetration of moisture.
Molding Pulp
Pulp, which is used for producing pulp-based or fibrous products by pressing; example
products: egg packages, trays and boxes for fruits and vegetables.
Mordant
Chemical added to pulp to improve the fixation of dyes to the fiber.
Mottle
A random non-uniformity in the visual density, color or gloss of a printed area; also
known as orange peel, back-trap mottle, wet-trap mottle, pigment flocculation, striations,
etc.
Mottling Fiber
Heavily dyed fibers added to a different color stock furnish to produce characteristic
surface effects.
Mullen
Measurement of the force required, in pounds per square inch, to rupture a sheet of kraft
paper. Also known as bursting strength.
Multi-stage Cooking
Chemical pulping process in which the alkalinity of the cooking liquor is varied by
charging the alkali in several stages.
Multiply Board Machine
A machine in which a number of plies of paper can be combined together in the wet state
to produce thick paperboard..
Multiply Paper Making Process
A paper/board making process in which different layers of fibers are deposited one over
the other to form the sheet. The multiply process is used to make the optimum use of
various type of fibers available. It is also used to make heavy basis weight papers.
N
Native Lignin
The lignin as it exists in the lignocellulosic complex before separation.
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after one hour of refluxing in a neutral detergent
consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate and EDTA at pH 7. NDF includes hemicellulose,
cellulose, and lignin.
Newsprint
A paper manufactured mostly from mechanical pulps specifically for the printing of
newspaper.
Nip
Point where two rolls on the paper machine come in contact.
Nitration Pulps
High purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of chemical derivatives
called cellulose nitrates. Cellulose nitrates are used in applications ranging from solvents
to smokeless (gunpowder) propellants.
Non Wood Fibers
Papermaking fibers derived from plants other than trees such as cotton, hemp, bagasse,
jute, bamboo or straws.
Nonwoven
Fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical,
heat or solvent treatment.
O
Odd Lot
Off standard paper. Also the term used for side rolls or sheet left after cutting standard
size/order.
Off-machine Coating
Coating of paper on a separate coating machine.
Off-machine Creping
A method whereby paper is creped in a separate operation rather than by the paper
machine's Yankee cylinder.
Offset Paper
Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily suited for offset
printing. Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by strength, dimensional stability,
lack of curl and freedom from foreign surface material. Finish can be vellum or smooth.
Offset Printing
Also know as web offset or lithography. Offers highest degree of precision, clarity, and
quality.
Old Corrugated Container (OCC)
Brown boxes that have been used for their intended purpose, then collected for recycling.
On Machine Coating
Application of coating to the paper off the paper machine, or as a separate operation to
the papermaking.
Optical Brightener
Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness; the dye absorbs
ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual spectrum.
Opacity
That properties of paper which minimizes the "show-through" of printing from the
backside or the next sheet. The higher the opacity the less likely that the printing on one
side will be visible from the other side.
Open End Envelope
An envelope that opens on the short dimension.
Optical Brightness
Optical brighteners or fluorescent dyes are extensively used to make high, bright blue white papers. They absorb invisible ultraviolet light and convert to visible light, falling
into the blue to violet portion of the spectrum, which is then reflected back to our eyes.
Optical Whitener
A dye that is added to the fiber stock or applied to the paper surface at the size press to
enhance its brightness.
Orange Peel
A type of sheet surface that looks like orange.
Organosolv Pulping
Pulping method using organic solvent, e.g. organic acid or alcohol, as
delignification/cooking chemical.
Out of Square
Paper which is trimmed improperly so the corners are not true 90 degrees. This will result
in difficulty when the presser does not have a good guide edge to work from for accurate
register.
Out Turn Sheet
A sheet of paper, taken during manufacture, serving as a reference for the mill or client.
Oven Dry Moisture Content
The percentage loss in weight of a paper specimen when dried to constant weight in an
oven maintained at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.
Oxygen Bleaching
A process in which pulp is initially treated with oxygen followed by 4-5 bleaching stages.
Oxygen Delignification
A process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove lignin from
brown stock.
Ozone (O3)
A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone Bleaching
A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft pulping and
oxygen delignification processing.
P
Packaging Paper
A paper or paperboard used for wrapping or packing good.
Pallet
A platform with a slatted bottom, used to hold and ship cartons of paper stacked on top of
each other.
A standard amount of paper that fits on a wooden pallet. In cut-size sheets, a pallet equals
40 cartons.
Paper
A homogeneous sheet formed by irregularly intervening cellulose fibers.
Paperboard
A heavy weight, thick, rigid and single or multi-layer sheet. What differentiates
paperboard from paper is the weight of the sheet. If paperboard is very heavy it is called
Board. Paper heavier than 150 gram per meter square are normally called Paperboard
and paperboard heavier than 500 gram per meter square are called board.
Papermaking
Invented in China by T'sai Lun some 2,000 years ago, papermaking still follows the same
basic procedures. Today wood chips are cooked with chemicals to release cellulose fibers
and dissolve lignin, then washed to remove impurities. Most printing papers are then
bleached to lighten the color of the pulp. Pulp is mechanically and chemically treated to
impart certain desired characteristics such as strength, smoothness and sizing. Large
quantity of water is added to uniformly distribution of fibers and additives. The resulting
slurry, which is 99 to 99.5% water, is cascaded onto the continuously moving forming
fabric of the Fourdrinier paper machine. Side-to-side shaking distributes the slurry,
forming a tangled web of fiber as the water drains off. A wire mesh roll called a dandy
roll, moves over the surface to modulate the turbulence and smooth the topside of the
paper. A felt blanket absorbs more water from the paper and sends the sheet on through a
channel of hot metal drums that dry and press the paper at the same time to give it a more
even-sided finish. At this point the paper is fully dry and ready for off-machine processes
such as coating, embossed finishes and supercalendering.
Paper Cut
The excruciating, often unforeseeable, and usually invisible-to-the-naked-eye cut
received when skin slides along the edge of a piece of paper at just the wrong angle.
Paper-ink Affinity
The tendency for paper and ink to attract and stay attracted to each other. This keeps the
ink on the paper and off the reader's hands or the next sheet. An incompatibility between
ink and paper can cause printing problems.
Paper Surface Efficiency (printing)
Measure of the printability of a sheet of paper which is dependent upon the amount of ink
the paper absorbs, the smoothness of its surface, and the evenness of its caliper.
Papeterie
A paper used for greeting cards, stationery, etc…which is distinctive from regular stock
in that special watermarks and embossing may be used.
Papyrus
The Egyptians used this aquatic plant to create a writing sheet by peeling apart the plant's
tissue-thin layers and stacking them in overlapping, crosshatched pieces to form a sheet.
Despite giving us the word "paper," papyrus is not a true paper. To view a picture of
papyrus plant click here.
Parchment
Animal skins or linings stretched and prepared as writing/painting surfaces. Produces a
smooth, buttery surface.
Parchmentization
Method of treating a paper sheet with sulfuric acid to make it greaseproof.
Particulate
Airborne solid impurities such as those present in gaseous emissions (sodium sulfate,
lime, calcium carbonate, soot).
Peel Strength
The amount of normal force required to delaminate a multiply paper. Strength measured
by TAPPI useful method UM808 or other similar methods.
Permeability
Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous substance such as
paper or fabric.
Perfecting Press
A printing press that simultaneously prints both sides of a sheet of paper as it passes
through the press. On other presses, printing both sides means running the sheet through
the press to print one side, allowing the ink to dry, turning the paper over, and then
running the sheet through the press again to print the other side.
Permanent Paper
A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over and extended time
(several hundred years). This paper is generally acid-free with alkaline reserve and a
reasonably high initial strength.
Permanence
The degree to which paper resists deterioration over time. There is an international norm
which applies to woodfree papers. The ISO 9706 international norm defines the
conditions for producing "permanent" papers. A paper which fulfils these criteria can be
stocked for many years under archival conditions (temperate medium and protected from
light).
Furthermore there is also the German DIN 6738 norm which can be applied to all papers.
Under the DIN 6738 norm, longevity is classified under the following categories :




CL 24-85 : these papers can be described as ageing-resistant,
CL 12-80 : the lifespan of these papers is of several centuries,
CL 6-70 : the lifespan of these papers is of at least 100 years,
CL 6-40 : the lifespan of these papers is of at least 50 years.
However in the German introduction to the ISO 9706 norm, there is a clear restriction
concerning the DIN 6738 norm : "The task of archives, libraries, museums and other
collections is to conserve documents on a long lasting basis". That is why printers and
editors should take care to respect the requirements of the ISO 9706 norm. DIN 6738 is
valid for books which will predictably be destroyed after use.
Permanganate Number (K Number)
Chemical test performed on pulp to determine the degree of delignification.
Permeability
Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous substance such as
paper or fabric.
Pernicious Contraries
Any material present in waste paper that is difficult to see or detect and which might be
detrimental to the paper being manufactured from the wastepaper or which might either
damage paper making equipment or render repulping difficult
Peroxide Bleaching or Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove lignin; reduces or
avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.
pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)
A measure of the acidity (or alkalinity) of a solution. Range from 0-14 with 7 being
neutral, less than 7 being acid; higher than 7 being alkaline.
Photodegradable
A material which undergoes destruction of its chemical structure when exposed to light.
Typically, the materials become brittle with time and fragment into small pieces or
powder.
Photographic Paper
The base paper used for the production of photographic papers is a dimensionally stable,
chemically neutral chemical pulp paper with wet strength properties, that must be free
from contaminants. Today papers are coated on both sides with a thin polyethylene film.
The cooking prevents chemicals and water entering the paper during development. This
also permits shorter rinsing and drying cycles.
Pick Out
A problem on press caused by unevenly sealed paper, or paper with low bonding strength.
The ink "picks" off weak areas of the paper, lifting coating from a coated stock or lifting
fibers from an uncoated stock, and transferring them to the printing blanket.
These fibers will eventually be transferred back onto the sheets being printed, causing
inking and surface inconsistencies.
Pick Resistance
The ability of paper fibers to hold together during the printing process.
Pick Up Roll
Roll, which lifts the wet paper or paperboard off the wire to transfer to press.
Picking (Papermaking)
To transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part. If the sheet moves unsupported is
called "poor man pick up". If a solid/suction roll is used to lick/pick the sheet, it is
referred as closed transfer.
Picking (Printing)
The problem of ink picking off paper fibers during printing. This may be an indication of
a paper with low bonding strength or the use of an ink with too much tack for the paper it
is printed on.
Pigment
An ingredient added to pulp to increase the brightness and opacity of white paper or dye
the pulp to create a colored sheet. Pigments have very high lightfastness and
bleedfastness.
Pigmentizing
Coating of paper with a chemical agent (pigment) to reduce surface porosity and increase
opacity.
Pin Holes
Imperfections in paper which appear as minute holes upon looking through the sheet.
They originate from foreign particles, which are pressed through the sheet.
Piping
Defect in reels, consisting of ridges running around the circumference, due to moisture
take-up by the surface layers or uneven binding or hard and soft spots.
Pitch
Resinous material present in wood (mainly softwood) that carry over into the pulping and
papermaking system to form insoluble deposits.
Polymer
Organic chemical compounds consisting of repeating structural units. Cellulose is a
polymer.
Ply
The separate webs, which make up the sheet formed on a multi-cylinder machine. Each
cylinder adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other, the plies adhering firmly
upon drying.
Point
A unit of paper or paperboard thickness measuring one-thousandth of an inch.
Polymer
A chemical term for several classes of organic or carbon containing chemicals where a
monomer or single chemical molecule is connected to itself in repeating units to form a
chemical "chain." An example of a polymer is cellulose, a repeating chain of glucose
(sugar). Other examples are polyesters, nylons, viscose, lyocell, polyolefins and
polystyrenes.
Porosity
The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important factor in ink
penetration.
Postcard Board
Postcard board is either slightly mechanical or woodfree and calendered.
Post-Consumer Waste Paper
Waste paper materials recovered after being used by consumers.
Poster Paper
Poster paper is a highly mechanical, highly filled, mostly coloured paper that has been
made weather resistant by sizing.
Precision Sheeting
Converting rolls of paper into finished sheet sizes in a single operation.
Pre-Consumer Waste Paper
Paper recovered after the papermaking process, but before used by a consumer.
Press
A combination of two or more rolls used to press out water from wet paper web.
Following are some of the types of the press.
1. Plain Press or Solid Press
This is the simplest and the oldest type of press which is now a days rarely used except
on very slow speed machine. The solid press consist of two solid rolls covered with
rubber and or granite. The top roll is somewhat offset for the squeezed out water to flow
by gravity.
2. Suction Press
In this type of press, one roll is drilled and shell of the drilled roll rotates over a suction
box. The squeezed water is sucked out through the felt.
3. Grooved Press
In this type of press, one roll is grooved. The squeezed water is hold in the groves and
removed by doctoring or sucking out on the return run of the roll.
4. Smoothing Press
A plain roll press just before the dryer section start, used to smoothen the paper surface.
Press Part or Press Section
The section of the paper machine which contains press (es). It is usually located between
wire part and dryer part.
Pressure Sensitive Coated Paper
Paper coated with a self-adhesive material which in dry form (solvent free) is
permanently tacky at room temperature. A bond with the receiving surface may be
formed by the application of pressure (e.g. by the finger or hand). A permanent adhesive
is characterized by relatively high ultimate adhesion and a removable adhesive by low
ultimate adhesion. Until the time of application, the adhesive surface should be covered
by a suitable release coated paper.
Pressurized Groundwood Pulp (PGW)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating logs with steam before defibration against a
grindstone under externally applied pressure.
Printability
The overall performance of the paper on press.
Printing
The transfer of ink onto paper or other materials to reproduce words and images.
Pulp
A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.
Pulp
Pulp Board
Also known as Printers’ Board, this grade is made from a single web of pulp on a paper
making machine, and is produced in various substances. Used for index cards and other
general products, these boards may be white or colored.
Pulper
Unit for defibrating (slushing) pulps and paper machine broke, usually at the wet end of
the paper machine.
Pulping
Pulping is the process by which plant material (wood, grass, straw etc.) is reduced to a
fibrous mass. It is achieved by rupturing bonds within plant structure. It can be
accomplished mechanically, thermally, chemically or some combinations of these
treatments. Following table provides pulp yield and relative strength achieved using
various pulping methods.
Yield of
Relative
Relative
Classification Process
Pulp
Strength (SW) Strength (HW)
Stone Groundwood (SGW)
Mechanical
90-95%
5
3
Pulping
Refiner Mechanical Pulping
90-95%
5-6
3
(RMP)
Thermo Mechanical Pulping
90%
6-7
**
(TMP)
ChemiChemi-groundwood Pulping
85-90%
*
5-6
mechanical
Cold Soda Pulping
85-90%
*
5-6
Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical
Semi-chemical
65-80%
*
5-6
(NSSC) Pulping
High Yield Sulfite Pulping
55-75%
7
6
High Yield Kraft Pulping
50-70%
7
6
Chemical
Kraft Pulping
40-50%
10
7-8
Sulfite Pulping
45-55%
9
7
Soda Pulping
45-55%
*
7-8
* Process not used for Softwood (SW). ** Process not used for Hardwood (HW).
Puncture Resistance
The puncture resistance of combined board indicates the ability of the finished container
to withstand external and internal point pressure forces and to protect the product during
rough handling.
R
Rag
The term “rag” is often used interchangeably with “cotton fiber content” and harkens to a
period of time when paper was actually made using cotton rags which were cleaned and
then broken down into fibers which were then used to manufacture paper. In a sense it
could be stated that the fine paper business has been engaged in recycling materials for
production since its very beginning. Today paper is no longer made from rags and the
term “rag” is falling in disfavor by the industry in lieu of the phrase “cotton fiber content”.
Rag Paper
Today rag paper is mostly made from vegetable fibers consisting of cellulose, such as
cotton, linen, hemp and ramie. Rags are the most precious raw material for the
papermaker. Rag papers and rag-containing papers with admixtures of chemical pulp are
used for banknotes, deeds, documents, books of account, maps and copperplate
engravings and as elegant writing papers. They are also used for special technical
applications.
Rag Pulp
Papermaking pulp made from textile waste, cotton, hemp or flax.
Ragger Rope
A rope used to remove contraries from the pulper.
Rattle
That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which is responsible for
noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.
Ream
500 Sheets of paper.
Recovered Paper
Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper can be collected
from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging, unsold newspapers...) or from
household collections (old newspapers and magazines, household packaging).
Recovered Paper Grades
Recovered paper sorted by types in order to be recycled by paper mills. Specific grades
are used by paper mills, in order to produce different types of paper and boards.
Recovery Boiler
Boiler used to burn black liquor from chemical pulping for recovery of inorganic
chemicals as well as for energy production.
Recovery Rate (Paper)
Amount of paper recovered as a percentage of amount of paper consumed.
Recovery Rate (Chemical)
Amount of chemical recovered in chemical recovery process as a percentage of chemical
used in pulping. Chemical loss is compensated my make up chemicals.
Rectifier Roll or Holey Roll
Hollow perforated roll in headbox used for even out the flow of fibers and prevent
settling of fibers in headbox by providing gentle agitation.
Recycled Fiber
Fiber obtained from recovered paper; also secondary fiber (cf. virgin fiber).
Recycled Fiber Pulp
Pulp produced from recovered paper to be used in papermaking.
Recycling
Use of recovered waste paper and board by paper mills to produce paper and boards.
Reed
General name of various perennial plants; e.g. common reed, reed canary grass, giant
reed; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.
Reel
A continuous sheet of paper wound on a core.
Refiner
An equipment used to give mechanical treatment to the fibers.
Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by passing wood chips between the plates of a refiner.
Refiner Sawdust Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced from sawmill dust.
Refining
See Beating.
Reflectivity
Ability of paper or board to reflect light; a measure of gloss.
Refractiveness
A measure of how much a sheet of paper deflects the light that hits it. The more light a
sheet deflects, the greater its refractiveness, allowing a printed image to be more brilliant
and detailed.
Registration
Putting two or more images together so that they are exactly aligned and the resulting
image is sharp.
Reinforcement
Method for strengthening paper with an insert or surface layer of glass or other synthetic
fiber or metal .
Reinforcement Pulp
Softwood chemical pulp added to give paper greater strength and to improve runnability
on the paper machine or printing press.
Reject
Material removed and discarded during the cleaning and screening of pulp/stock.
Release Paper
Release paper is used to prevent the sticking of glue, paste or other adhesive substances.
Coating paper with silicone yields papers with a surface that prevents adhesion of most
substances. Application: cover material for self-adhesive papers or films, e.g. in label
production.
Relief
A method for printing ink on paper, using type or images that rise above the surface of
the printing plate. Ink sits on top of these raised surfaces, and as the paper is pressed onto
them it picks up ink. Letterpress, flexography, and rubber stamps all use relief plates. In
letterpress, intense pressure can cause images to be slightly debossed or depressed below
the surface of the paper.
Residual Fibers
Fibers derived from sawmills scraps, plywood plants and other timber management
activities.
Resilience
A paper's ability to return to its original form after being stretched, bent or compressed
during the printing and bindery process.
Retention
The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished paper expressed as a
percentage that added to the furnish before sheet formation. Retention can occur by
various mechanisms. The simplest of these is mechanical sieving by the forming fabric.
Once a fiber mat begins to form, the mat itself usually can act as a much more effective
and finer sieve than the forming fabric. But even then, particles less than about 10
micrometers in size are not effectively retained by sieving. Rather, retention of fine
particles requires the action of colloidal forces, including polymeric bridging or a charged
patch mechanism. Retention aid chemicals can be effective either by attaching fine
particles to fiber fines or fibers or by agglomerating them so that they can be sieved more
effectively.
Retention Aid
Chemical additives, especially high molecular weight copolymers of acrylamide,
designed to increase the retention efficiency of fine materials during paper formation.
Rewinder
Equipment which slits and rewinds paper webs into smaller rolls.
Rice Paper
A common misnomer applied to lightweight Oriental papers. Rice alone cannot produce a
sheet of paper. Rice or wheat straw is used occasionally mixed with other fibers in paper
making. The name may be derived from the rice size (starch) once used in Japanese
papermaking
Ridges
Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around the circumference of
the roll.
Ring Crush Test (RCT)
A test method for measuring the edgewise crush resistance by forming the paper into a
cylinder and applying a crushing force to the edge. (TAPPI T818)
Rising Film Evaporator
A type of tubular heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows upward on the heat exchange surface;
vaporization ' of the volatile solvent reduces the density of the mixture and causes the
vapour-liquid mixture to rise; commonly used in pulp mills but less common in new
installations.
Rod Coater
In rod coater, the rod is the metering device, which controls how much wet coating is
allowed to leave the coating station. Typically thirty times more will be applied compared
to the actual target coat weight.
Roe Number
Measure of the amount of chlorine required for bleaching pulp.
Roll Coating
A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently smoothed by means of
reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated surface.
Roofing Paper
Board that is impregnated with tar, bitumen and/or natural asphalt.
Rosin
Rosin, a natural resin from pine trees in combination with alum, is used for internal sizing
of paper in acidic paper making. The chemical formula of rosin is C19H29COOH.
Rosin Size
Partially or completely saponified (neutralized) rosin. The chemical formula of rosin is
C19H29CONa.
Rotogravure
The opposite of letterpress printing in that the design areas are recessed into the plate
instead of being a relief. It is web-fed and prints thin, quick drying ink to produce
multiple colors. Used in corrugated packaging.
Rough
Heavily textured surfaces produced by minimal pressing after sheet formation.
Rough Finish
Paper having an exceptionally rough or coarse textured surface.
Runnability
The ease with which a paper moves through a printing press or converting machine. This
is primarily determined by the paper's strength, tear resistance, dimensional stability,
bonding strength and water resistance
S
Sack
The term is used interchangeably with the word "bag" applied to a non-rigid container
made from paper or other flexible material.
Safety Paper
Papers with a special protection against abusive imitation. The safeguards used during the
production of the paper - some of them chemicals are secret.
Salt Cake
Or sodium sulfate added to the black liquor to compensate for the soda loss.
Sanitary Papers
The group of sanitary papers includes cellulose wadding, tissue and crepe paper, made
from waste paper and/or chemical pulp - also with admixtures of mechanical pulp. As a
consequence of the importance of tissue today, this name is now used internationally as a
collective term for sanitary papers. These grades are used to make toilet paper and
numerous other sanitary products such as handkerchiefs, kitchen wipes, towels and
cosmetic tissues.
Sanitary Tissue Paper
Tissue is a sanitary paper made from chemical or waste paper pulp, sometimes with the
admixture of mechanical pulp. It has a closed structure and is only slightly creped. It is so
thin that it is hardly used in a single layer. Depending on the requirements the number of
layers is multiplied. Creping is made at a dryness content of more than 90 %. The dry
creping (unlike with sanitary crepe papers) and the low grammage of a single tissue layer
result in a high softness of the tissue products. For consumer products it is normally
combined in two or more layers. The flexible and highly absorbent product [is mainly
produced from chemical pulp and/or DIP - sometimes also with admixture of
groundwood pulp] can also be provided with wet strength. Applications: facial tissues,
paper handkerchiefs, napkins, kitchen rolls, paper towels, toilet paper.
Sap Wood
The fluid part of the tree that moves up from the roots through the outer portion of the
trunk and branches and contributes to its growth.
Satin Finish
A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.
Save-All
Equipment used to reclaim fibers from white water.
Saw Dust
Fine wood particles created when sawing wood; used as biofuel, pulping raw material,
panel board production, animal litter etc.
Scaling
To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding easier.
Score
To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding easier.
Scott Bond
An internal bond test that measures the force needed to separate fibers within a single ply
by TAPPI method.
Screen
Device used to remove large solids particles such as fiber bundles and flakes from stock.
In good old days screen used to be open type and could deal with thin stock only. Modern
screen are closed (pressurized) and can handle low, medium and even high consistency
stock. Perforation in screen basket can be circular, counter shrink or slotted. The screen
used just before headbox not only remove large particles but also align fibers in the
direction of stock flow.
Scuff Resistance
Linerboard's ability to resist abrasion in the shipping environment may affect external
appearance.
Seam
The means of joining the two ends of the fabric together.
Secondary Fibers
Fibers recovered from waste paper and utilized in making paper or paperboard.
Security paper
Paper which includes identification features such as metallic strips and watermarks to
assist in detecting fraud and to prevent counterfeiting.
Self Adhesive paper
Used essentially for labeling purposes, this grade has a self-adhesive coating on one side
and a surface suitable for printing on the other. The adhesive is protected by a laminate
which enables the sheet to be fed through printers or printing machines, the laminate
subsequently being stripped when the label is applied
Semi-Alkaline Pulp (SAP)
Sulfite pulp cooked at slightly alkaline pH (normal sulfite pulp is cooked at acid pH).
SAP is superior in strength to normal sulfite pulp. Used mainly in printing papers.
Semi-Bleached Pulp
Pulp bleached to a brightness somewhere between that of unbleached and fully bleached
pulp.
Semi-chemical Pulp
Pulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.
Sett
A number of units or bales picked up at the same time by crane or truck.
Shade
The color depth and hue in comparison to papers that are the same color; also used to
describe the color achieved by adding dye to pulp slurry. There is a wide shade variety in
white papers, as well as in colored papers.
Shadow Mark
A defect in paper appearance which looks like the drilling pattern in a suction roll. It is
due to opacity effects caused by areas of vacuum and pressure as the wet web passes over
a suction roll.
Shake
The device to shake the wire at the breast roll end from side to side.
Sheffield Porosity
A test used to measure the smoothness of paper by measuring the rate of air flow over the
surface of the sheet. The lower the number, the smoother the sheet.
Sheeter or Cutter
Machine for cutting the paper web into sheets.
Shives
Small bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely during pulping.
Show Through
The degree to which a printed film is visible through paper due to the low opacity of the
paper.
The undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can be seen
through the sheet under normal lighting conditions. The more opaque a sheet, the less the
show-through.
Showers
Water jets or sprays used throughout the pulp and paper mills to wash wire mesh screen,
forming wires, press felts, pulp mat, to dilute pulp etc.
High Pressure Showers A shower consisting of numerous needle jet nozzles along its
length at a pressure of up to 300 psi.
Lubrication Showers A shower consisting of fan nozzles along its length to provide full
coverage of the felts surface with water. This lubricates the felt as it passes over the
suction boxes.
Oscillation Showers The movement from side to side of the shower bar to ensure full
coverage of the felts surface by the water jets.
Side Run
(1) A narrow reel removed from a web during processing, the width of which is
less than the size ordered, but is large enough to permit its use for purposes other
than re-pulping.
(2) An additional part of an order placed in order to better utilize the maximum
trimmed machine width of the making machine.
Size Press
Section of paper machine where surface treatments are applied to the sheet of paper to
give it special qualities. Normally comprised of a pair of rolls towards the end of the
dryer train between which the dry or partially dry web is passed, and into the nip of
which a liquid, usually starch, is applied to impart strength to the sheet. Sometimes a
chemical may be added to produce a water-resistant sheet
Sized Paper
Sizing reduces the water absorbency of the paper and thus creates the condition for the
writability with ink. Sized paper is also used for many other purposes (printing, coating,
gluing, etc.), and the sizing agents must fulfill a wide range of tasks. For instance, they
control the water absorbency and increase the ability to retain water and ink (pick
resistance).
Sizing
The treatment of paper which gives it resistance to the penetration of liquids (particularly
water) or vapors. Sizing improves ink holdout.
Slice
Outlet from the head box through which the pulp suspension is fed into the forming
section.
Slide Resistance
The ability of containers to resist sliding in unit loads can be predicted for the coefficient
of friction of the combined board. A low coefficient demonstrates containers slipping
from the load.
Slimes
Fungus or other bacteriological growth. If not controlled in papermaking system, may
cause process and quality problems.
Slime Holes
A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material around the edges. Caused
by a lump of slime which has formed in stock system from the growth microorganisms,
then becoming detached and flowing onto the paper machine wire with the fiber to form a
non-fibrous area.
Slitter
Rotary knife used to slit or trim a paper web into specified width.
Slitting
Dividing a web of paper in the lengthwise direction into two or more narrower webs.
Slowness
Measure of pulp drainage. Has an inverse relationship to freeness.
Sludge
The waste material left over after pulping and deinking. Although some sludge is
produced in the virgin papermaking process, far more is produced in the deinking
(recycling) process. Recycling breaks recovered paper down into fibers, which are sent to
the paper machine for new production, and other materials, which drop into the sludge.
These "other materials" include clay coatings, fillers from the previous paper, paper clips
and staples, fibers too short to be made into paper, ink if it wasn't skimmed off in the
deinking process, and any "junk" that crept into the wastepaper bales.
Smelt
Inorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery furnace.
Smooth Finish
A highly calendered or machine-finished sheet.
Smoothness
The surface uniformity of paper. Sheets that are flat and even provide better ink dot
formation and sharper images.
Soda Pulping
An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulfur- free sodium hydroxide as cooking
liquor.
Soft Cook
Over-cooked pulp.
Soft Nip Calendar
A machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition rolls; it is
designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender, with much of the production
advantage of being on machine, but without the severe operating difficulties of an onmachine Supercalender.
Softwood
Woods obtained from coniferous trees. Generally grown in cold climates. Softwood
grows slower than hardwood but have longer fibers compared to hardwood.
Solid Fiberboard
Collective term for all solid board grades.
Specialty Paper
The group of specialty papers comprises numerous paper grades, each characterized by
particular properties. These properties often require special raw materials.
Specialty Pulp
Chemical pulps used for purposes other than ordinary papermaking (e.g. in textile
production)
Specific Energy (Refining)
Energy applied per unit weight on oven dry basis (KWH/MT) during refining.
Specific Surface (Fiber)
Fiber surface area per unit weight (OD basis)
Specific Surface Load (Refining)
Specific edge load divided by refiner bar width factor (Watt-Sec/m2)
Speck
A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance to the surrounding paper.
Spent Liquor
Liquor recovered from cooked pulp.
Splice
Formed by overlapping webs and joining with a strip of double-faced adhesive tape. Used
for lighter-weight grades of paper.
Spread Coating
A method of coating a web of paper by means of a vertical plate restraining a pond of
viscous coating material, for example resins, plastics or adhesives, which is drawn
through an adjustable gap between the plate and the paper by the forward movement of
the web over a horizontal support
Stampers
The wooden hammers used in a watermill to pulp rags in order to separate the fibers.
Standard Test Conditions
Atmospheric conditions of temperature and humidity in which laboratories agree to
conduct tests, eliminating those variables in comparing results.
Starch
A natural product from corn, potatoes, tapioca, etc., and used for dry strength. Cationic
starch is added at the paper machine wet end.
Starch is a free flowing white powder. Typically, starch used in the paper industry is
extracted from maize kernels, wheat or potatoes; in rare cases, tapioca or rice can be the
source. Starches from the different plants each have a characteristic granule size and
shape.
Potato starch is often referred to as farina, and maize starch is sometimes called corn.
Native starch is sometimes called pearl starch.
Steam Finishing or Steam Calendering
A way of treating paper before calendering to improve its density and surface smoothness
Steaming
Wood chips are often treated with steam prior to pulping; used in thermo-mechanical
pulping. Also injection of steam in direct or indirect cooking digester for chip packing
and or cooking.
Stencil
A sheet of plastic, paper, or other material with letters or an image cut out of it. When
placed on a surface and inked, it reproduces the cut-away images onto the material
behind it.
Stickies
Sticky materials in recycled papermaking pulp, often resulting from pressure-sensitive
labels.
Stiffness
The ability of paper or paperboard to resist an applied bending force and to support its
own weight while being handled. A sheet that is too limp can cause feeding and transport
problems in copiers and printers. An adequate degree of stiffness is important to avoid
distortion of the paper due to the pull of ink during offset printing. Stiffness is critical to
many converting operations for forms and envelope grades.
Stock
A term used to define pulp after mechanical (refining or beating) and /or chemical
treatment (sizing, loading, dying etc.) in the paper making process. A pulp ready to make
paper.
Stock Preparation
Collective term for all treatment necessary for the preparation of the stock before it
reaches the paper machine.
Straw Pulp
Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is cooked by soda process.
Strawboard
Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture of these.
Stretch
The maximum tensile strain developed in paper before rupture. The stretch or percentage
elongation is expressed as a percentage.
Strike-through
The penetration of ink through paper.
Substrate
The base material on which a substance (such as ink, adhesive, coating) is applied.
Suction Box (Vacuum Box)
Device that removes water from the paper machine by a suction action located beneath
the wire at the wet end.
Sulfate Pulping
Alkaline process of cooking pulp.
Sulfite Pulping
Acid process of cooking pulp
Supercalender
A stack of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls at the end of the paper machine which
is used to increase a sheet's gloss and smoothness.
Supercalendering
Treatment of paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve smoothness and gloss.
Surface-Sized
Paper that has been treated with starch or other sizing material at the size press of the
paper machine. This term is used interchangeably with the term "tub-sized", although
tub-size more properly refers to surface sizing applied as a separate operation where the
paper is immersed in a tub of sizing (starch or glue), after which it passes between
squeeze rolls and is air dried.
Surface Roughness
For coated boards, Parker Print Surf (PPS) roughness tester is used where the test result is
expressed as an average of the surface profiles in micrometers (mm) low results show
smooth surface while high results indicate poor surface.
For coated board, Bendtsen method readings given as total leakage of air in ml/min.
Smoother surface has lower readings
Surface Smoothness
The smoothness of the linerboard surface may affect printing quality because slight
depressions may not receive complete ink coverage. Surface smoothness may also affect
the coefficient of friction, gloss and coating absorption.
Surface Strength Test
The method consists of printing a strip of paper in a print tester at an accelerating rate.
The method is preferable to Wax Pick.
Swelling
An increase in volume of fiber due to the absorption of liquid.
Synthetic Fiber Paper
Papers made from synthetic fibers such as polyamide and polyester, from viscose staple
fiber or sometimes also with fillers. The fibers are mainly held together by binders. The
durable synthetic fiber papers are used for maps and highly important documents such as
driving licenses or vehicle registration books.
T
T4S
Abbreviation indicating that the paper has been guillotine trimmed on all four sides.
Literal translation: trimmed four sides.
Table Roll
The small diameter rolls used to support the wire.
Tack or Stickiness
Tack is a critical property of the ink used in lithography. Because the ink sits on a flat
surface, it needs internal cohesion; in other words, it needs to stick to itself so that it
doesn't run all over the plate. However, too much tack can cause it to pull the paper apart.
When printing two or more ink colors in line, the ink tack and sequence must be adjusted
in order for the inks to adhere to each other as well as to the paper.
Tag Paper
A heavy utility grade of paper used to print tags, such as the store tags on clothing. Tag
paper must be strong and durable, yet have good affinity for printing inks.
Talc
Mineral used in papermaking as a filler and coating pigment.
Tear Index
Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight.
Tear Resistance
The mean force required to continue the tearing of paper from an initial cut under
standardized conditions.
Tear Strength
A measure of how likely a paper will continue to tear once started. Tear strength will
differ with and against the grain.
Tensile Energy Absorption (TEA)
It is the work done when a paper specimen is stressed to rupture in tension under
prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of tensile strength over the range of
tensile strain from 0 to maximum.
Tensile Index
Tensile index = tensile strength (N/m) /basis weight (g/m2).
Tensile Strength
A measure of how likely a paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends. This is very
important when running through high-speed web presses.
Testliner
Mainly produced from waste paper used as even facing for corrugated board or as liner of
solid board. They are often produced as duplex (two-layer) paper. The grammage is
higher than 125 gsm.
Text Paper
Text papers are defined as fine, high quality uncoated papers. Typically, they are made in
various colors, with numerous textures and a variety of surface finishes. Text papers are
made from high-grade bleached wood pulp, cotton fibers, or tree-free pulp such as
bamboo. Recycled sheets include high quality recycled waste paper and post-consumer
waste pulp, in addition to bleached wood pulp, tree-free pulp or cotton fibers.
Thermal Paper
Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be produced by the
application of heat.
Thermal Transfer Printing
Printing whereby a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper using inks with
sublimable dispersed dyes.
Thermo Mechanical Pulping (TMP)
Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood chips under pressure prior to and during
refining, producing a higher yield and stronger pulp than regular stone groundwood or
regular refiner wood pulp.
Thin Paper
Includes carbonizing, cigarette, bible, air mail and similar papers.
Thinning
A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow the remaining
trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at an even rate.
Tint
To vary a color by adding white. Also, a very light or delicate variation of a color.
Tissue
A low weights and thin sheet. Normally a paper sheet weighing less than 40 gram per
meter square is called tissue.
At-Home products: Also known as Consumer Products, these are the tissue products
you purchase in the grocery store and convenience store for use in your home and include
toilet paper and facial tissue, napkins and paper towels, and other special sanitary papers.
Away-from-Home products: Also known as Commercial & Industrial Tissue, these are
the products that serve markets such as hospitals, restaurants, businesses, institutions, and
janitorial supply firms.
Specialty: These types of tissue papers are often high-end, decorative papers that are
glazed, unglazed, or creped, and include wrapping tissue for gifts and dry cleaning, as
well as crepe paper for decorating.
Facial tissue: The class of soft, absorbent papers in the sanitary tissue group. Originally
used for removal of creams, oil, and so on, from the skin, it is now used in large volume
for packaged facial tissue, toilet paper, paper napkins, professional towels, industrial
wipes, and for hospital items. Most facial tissue is made of bleached sulfite or sulfate
pulp, sometimes mixed with bleached and mechanical pulp, on a single-cylinder or
Fourdrinier machine. Desirable characteristics are softness, strength, and freedom from
lint.
Titanium Dioxide
An opaque and expensive compound used as a white pigment and opacifier in
papermaking. Elemental titanium is a lustrous, lightweight, white metal with exceptional
strength.
Tolerance
Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.
Ton on Tonne
Metric ton or Metric Tonne is equal to 1000 Kgs. or 2240 lbs. English tons are as defined.
Long Ton = 2240 lbs is similar to metric ton. Standard English ton is 2200 lbs. Short ton
is 2000 lbs.
Top Side
Side of the paper opposite to the wire side.
Total Alkali
NaOH + Na2S + Na2CO3 + 0.5*Na2SO3 all expressed as Na2O in alkaline pulping liquor.
Totally Chlorine Free (TCF)
Totally chlorine free applies to virgin fiber papers that are unbleached or processed with a
sequence that includes no chlorine or chlorine derivatives. (Also see ECF)
Translucency
The ability to transmit light without being transparent.
Translucent Drawing Paper
A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent for an image on it to be
reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for a design to be traced on it from
an original placed beneath it. Such processes include blueprint and diazo.
Transparency
Ability of paper to allow light rays to pass through so that objects behind it can be clearly
seen.
Transparent Paper
Extended and particularly careful grinding of high quality fibers (hard chemical pulps,
rags) yields a raw material permitting the production of transparent paper.
Treated Paper
Papers which have functional characteristics added through special treatment. Among the
most common are insect resistant, mold resistant, clay coated, and flame retardant.
Trim
To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in the web or sheet.
Tub Sizing
The operation of surface sizing paper by passing it through a bath of a suitable solution
such as gelatin.
Tube Digester
Single or multi-tube continuous digester; used mainly in nonwood pulping and sawdust
pulping purposes; horizontal tubes.
Twin-wire Machine
A papermaking machine with two continuous forming wires, rather than just one. Twinwires were designed to create a less two-sided paper than paper manufactured on a
Fourdrinier paper machine.
Other techniques for reducing two-sidedness have since been developed, enabling paper
manufacturers to create paper on single-wire machines with little side-to-side variation.
Two Parallel Fold
An excellent fold for legal size (or larger) pieces that are to be mailed. A legal sheet (8.5"
x 14") is folded to 3.5" x 8.5". A 9" x 16" sheet produces a 4" x 9", four panel brochure.
Note: A perforation added at one of the folds can create a three panel brochure with
detachable reply card. For picture of this type and other fold please visit
http://www.bradenprint.com/pdf/Folds-IS.pdf
Two-Sidedness
The property denoting a difference in appearance and printability between its top (felt)
and wire sides.
U
Union Kraft
A packaging material comprising two layers of Kraft paper bonded together by means of
a laminate that is resistant to the transmission of water in liquid or vapor form. E.g.
bitumen or plastic.
Unglazed Paper
Un-calendered paper.
Un-sized Paper
A paper which has not been sized.
Urban Forest
A description of towns and cities which are the source of wastepaper as one of the raw
materials used for paper making.
Urban Wood
Used pallets, wooden shipping crates and clean construction wood diverted from the
waste stream and chipped for use in making particleboard and medium density board.
UV Coating
A very glossy, slick coating applied to the printed paper surface and dried on press with
ultraviolet (UV) light. UV coating can cause slight variations in match colors, so consult
an ink manufacturer or printer for best results.
UV Ink
An ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet light while still on press. Fast
UV drying eliminates the need to wait for the first side to dry before printing the second
side.
V
V Fold
V-fold has one fold which creates two panels.
Vacuum Box
See Suction Box
Vacuum Pickup
Transfer of paper from wire to press felt using a perforated vacuum roll.
Vapor Phase Pulping
Cooking impregnated chips predominately in a vapor phase.
Vaporproof Paper
Paper or paperboard that has been chemically treated or laminated with vapor barrier so
that it will resist the passage of gases or vapor through it. It is typically used for food
packaging.
Vat Machine
A paper or board making machine comprising one open ended cylinder, or more than one
open ended cylinder in series, covered with fine mesh wire, which revolves in a vat of
stock. Water draining through the wire leaves a mat of fibers on its surface and the
ultimate thickness of the product may be determined by the number of cylinders used.
The resultant web is removed from the last cylinder and then passed through
conventional pressing and drying sections.
Vat Paper
Paper made, usually one sheet at a time by dipping special wire screen molds in vats of
pulp stock and allowing water to drain away by gravity.
Vehicle
The liquid part of the ink, giving it the flow properties that enable it to be applied to a
surface.
Vegetable Parchment
Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulfuric acid, a continuous texture. It offers high
resistance to disintegration by water and grease.
Veining
Uneven coloring of pulp.
Vellum Paper
(1) Paper finish that exhibits a toothy surface similar to eggshell or antique and is
relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
(2) A high-grade paper made to resemble parchments originally made from calf’s skin.
(3) Social and personal stationery is often called vellum.
Vented Nip Press
A radial groove bottom press roll whose purpose is to reduce the fluid pressure gradient
within the nip of the press by providing an area to escape for the water pressed out of
paper and felt. Blind drilled roll also used for same purpose.
Verdol Paper
A high strength rigid paperboard or pressboard made typically from jute fibers. It is also
known as jacquard board.
Virgin Fiber
Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other products.
Virgin forest
Forest in its natural state, untouched by man.
Viscose Pulp
Dissolving pulp intended for the manufacture of viscose.
Viscosity (ink)
A measurement of the fluidity of ink. A higher viscosity is the thicker, and the lower
viscosity is thinner.
Vulcanizing
A process to convert paper and paperboard in to a dense, hard, high strength paper by
treating it with Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) which gelatinizes the
surface cellulose.
W
Wadding
Single or multi-ply, loosely matted fiber sheet made from chemical pulp. Used in
packaging, thermal and acoustical applications and as a cushioning medium.
Wall Paper
A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.
Warp
The machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen etc.) See also weft
Washing
A process of separating spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp fibers.
Wash Press
One type of pulp washer; uses pressing action for dewatering and displacement.
Washi
Japanese handmade paper. For more detail, please visit
Washing Deinking
Deinking in which solid particles are separated on the basis of their size by washing. Also
see Flotation Deinking and Combination Deinking.
Water-Color Paper
A medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting with water
based colors.
Waste Paper
All kind of used paper or paper discarded or not considered fit for a particular use.
Water Finished Paper
A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam during
calendering.
Water Resistant Paper
Paper which has been impregnated, coated or laminated to resist the penetration of water.
Water Retention Value (WRV)
The water retention value test provides an indication of fibers' ability to take up water and
swell. The WRV is also highly correlated to the bonding ability of kraft fibers.
Water Vapor Transmission
The rate of water vapor transmission through containerboard indicates the ability of the
finished container to protect its contents from undesirable effects of high humidly or
moisture loss of the product.
Waterleaf
A paper with little or no sizing, like blotter, making it very absorbent If dampening is
desired, this paper can be sprayed with an atomizer.
Watermark
The image impressed into the formation of paper by the dandy roll on the wet end of the
paper machine; can be seen by holding the watermarked sheet up to the light. Can be
either a wire mark or a shaded image.
Waviness
A form of paper curl resulting when the sheet edges in the pile absorb moisture that the
center of the pile cannot absorb; or the sheet edges surrendering moisture while the center
remains moist.
Wavy Edges
Warping effect in paper that is the result of the edges of the sheet having picked up
moisture and expanded. Will normally happen only in a pile that prevents the center of
the sheets from picking up the same amount of moisture and leveling out or cockling. It is
usually a warm weather problem caused by improper balance between moisture content
of the paper or too high humidity in the air.
Wax Pick
A process that measures the ability of inks to pick fibers or particles from the surface of
paper as a manner of testing the surface strength of paper stocks.
Waxed Paper
Nearly woodfree papers that are impregnated with paraffin, wax or wax/paraffin/plastic
mixtures. With the appropriate saturation agent and process the product may be tailored
for specific applications, e.g. packaging of bread or sweets or wrapping razor blades.
Waxing
Coating or impregnating of paper or board with paraffin or wax.
Web
Term used for the full width of the paper sheet in the process of being formed, pressed,
dried, finished and/or converted.
Web Break
A tear in a web during the printing process.
Weft
The cross machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen etc.). See
also warp
Wet Break
A paper break at the wet end (on wire or press) during papermaking process.
Wet End
First part of the paper machine consisting of wire part and press part.
Wet End Chemical Additives
Chemical additives added with the stock at the wet end. Following are some of the wet
end additives.
Additives
Application
Acids and bases
To control pH
Control pH
Improves Retention
Alum
Attach additives on fibers
Part of Rosin-alum sizing
Coloring chemical (dyes &
Impart desired color
pigments)
Defoamers
Kill/control foam to improve drainage & retention
Drainage Aids
Improve drainage (water removal) at wire/press.
Dry Strength Additives
Improves burst, tensile, pick resistance etc.
(Starches, Gum)
Fiber Deflocculants
Reduce fiber flocculation and thus improve formation
Filler (clay, CaCO3, TiO2
Improve opacity, printing, surface smoothness etc.
etc.)
Optical Brighteners
Improve optical brightness
Pitch Control
Prevent deposition & accumulation of pitch
Retention Aids
Sizing Chemical
( rosin, ASA etc.)
Slimicides
Specialty Chemicals
Wet Strength Resin
Improves retention of fibers and fillers
To control liquid (water, ink etc.) penetration
Control slime growth and other organisms
Corrosion Inhibitors
Flame Proofing
Anti-tarnish
To impart wet strength to such papers as coffee filter
Wet Lap Machine
Paper machine consisting essentially of a wire covered cylinder rotating in a vat of pulp
stock on which a mat of varying thickness is formed by drainage. These mats are
removed either intermittently in thick sheets called laps, or continuously.
Wet Strength Paper
A chemically treated paper strong enough to withstand tear, rupture or falling apart when
saturated with water.
Wet Tensile Strength
The measure of the force necessary to break a one inch strip if paper after it has been
immersed in water.
Wetting Agent
Substance that increases the wettability of a surface for a liquid.
White Liquor
White liquor is the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfide used as the
cooking liquor in Kraft pulping.
White Top Liner
A two-ply sheet comprised of one bleached and one unbleached layer.
White Water
The filtrate from the wet end of the paper machine.
White Water System
Flow circuit for paper machine white water (includes pipes, storage tanks, cleaning
equipment, water from forming section and return feed). Click to see Picture 1 2
Whiteness
Whiteness of pulp and paper is generally indicated by its brightness, which is the
reflectance of a wavelength of blue light. So-called white papers have a definite hue.
Most are made with a blue white tint.
Whole Tree Chip
Wood chips produced by chipping whole trees, usually in the forest. Thus the chips
contain both bark and wood. They are frequently produced from the low-quality trees or
from tops, limbs, and other logging residues.
Wicking
The bleeding of ink from the ink jet printing process into unwanted areas of the paper,
causing a blurring effect of the printed character or image.
Winder, Rewinder
Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs, which are then
wound to reels; also slitter-winder
Winding
Operation whereby a web of paper or board is wound into one or more reels.
Wire or Machine Wire
The moving "screen" at the wet end of a paper machine where the sheet is formed.
Wire Guide Roll
The small diameter roll used for guiding (keeping on track) the wire. One end of the roll
is adjusted to compensate any misalignment.
Wire Return Roll (s)
The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of the wire.
Wire Mark
On the bottom or wire side of the paper, these are impressed traces of the machine wire.
Wire Side
The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from the felt or top side;
usually not as smooth as the felt or topside.
Wire Tension Roll
The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of the wire to
adjust the tension of the wire.
Wood-Free
Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.
Wood Free Paper
Paper made without mechanical wood pulp.
Wood Pulp
Mechanical or chemical pulp made from wood (cf. Non-wood pulp).
Wove
The Paper having a uniform surface and no discernible marks. Soft, smooth finish, most
widely used writing, printing, book and envelope paper. Relatively low opacity,
brightness and bulk.
Wrapper
The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes with treatment for
moisture barrier properties, which are used to protect the roll or pile form damage.
Wrinkle
Blade Wrinkle: Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated surface, essentially in
the machine direction.
Winder Wrinkle: Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused by hard sport in the
reel.
Writing Paper
Uncoated paper that is suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The writing must
neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always fully sized and also suitable for
printing. It can be woodfree or mechanical, depending on the intended purpose. The
admixture of fillers makes it less translucent.
X
Xerography
The printing process used by photocopying machines. Electric charge creates the image
on an eloctro-photographic surface that works as a plate. This surface is cleared after
each copy is made, and used over again for the next copy. For detailed characteristics
paper requirement of Xerographic Machine, please visit Paper Needs of Xerographic
Machines (A Summary) by Chuck Green
Xylan
A type of hemi-cellulose in wood. Yellow, water-soluble, gummy polysaccharide found
in plant (e.g. hardwood or cereal straws) cell walls; main structural components are
xylose and other pentoses; yields xylose and other pentoses upon hydrolysis.
Xylanase
Enzyme used for hydrolysis of xylan in pulp bleaching.
Y
Yankee Machine
A type of Fourdrinier paper machine employing a single dryer of large circumference
with highly polished surface.
Yellowing
Or brightness reversion is the discoloration of white paper primarily due to aging.
Yield
Ratio of product output and raw material input, expressed in percentage.
Z
Z-Direction
The direction perpendicular to the plane of a sheet of paper.
Z-Direction Tensile Strength
The tensile strength measured in Z-direction.
Zero (Effluent) Discharge
No effluent discharge from pulp & papermaking plant.
Z-Fold
A paper fold represented by back and forth folds into three panels.
Zig Zag Folding
Folding used with continuous forms with alternating position (head and foot). Commonly
used to convert roll paper to easily managed flat-back.