1
Supplementary information 10. Fossil distribution of Elephas spp. in south and southeast
2
Asia (based on Chakravarty 1935, 1938, Colbert 1943, Hooijer 1955, Prasad and Daniel
3
1968, Maglio 1973, Medway 1973, Joshi et al. 1978, 1981, Barry et al. 1982, Badam 1979,
4
1981, 1988, 2002, Badam et al. 1984, Kale and Rajaguru 1987, Ranga Rao et al. 1988,
5
Deraniyagala 1992, Hussain et al. 1992, Agarwal et al. 1993, Rajaguru et al. 1993, Van
6
den Bergh et al. 1996, 2001, Sonakia and Biswas 1998, Van den Bergh 1999, Corvinus and
7
Rimal 2001, Tougard 2001, Nanda 2002, in press, Basu 2004, Dennell et al. 2006,
8
Chauhan in press). Dotted lines indicate rare occurrences or fossils of doubtful age. In
9
addition to the more common species shown here, other species that have been unearthed
10
in south and southeast Asia are the dwarfed forms, E. celebensis, from the Early/Middle
11
Pleistocene of the island of Sulawesi and one location in Java, E. beyeri, from a single
12
location Luzon in the Phillipines, and E. indonesicus, from a single location Bumiayu in
13
Java, and a normal-sized species, E. platycephalus from the Early Pleistocene of the
14
Amilee Creek near Siswan (in Punjab), India. The non-Elephas proboscideans that were
15
present as part of the Pinjor Fauna in the Siwalik Hills are Anancus (=Pentalophodon)
16
sivalensis, Stegolophodon stegodontoides, and Stegodon pinjorensis. Anancus and
17
Stegolophodon are not found in the Post-Siwalik fauna of Peninsular India.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
Siwaliks
E. planifrons
E. hysudricus
E. namadicus
Myanmar
3
2
1
0 Mya
+
+
E. hysudrindicus
+
+ E. maximus
3
2
1
Thailand, China, Indochina,
P. Malaysia
0 Mya
+
No fossil
record
+
3
+
2
1
0 Mya
+
+
+
Peninsular India, Sri Lanka
+
+ No fossil
Indonesia
record
++
+
3
2
1
+
0 Mya
+
3
2
1
0 Mya
+
2
3
* The fossil record of Indonesia is largely based on that of Java as the other areas do not
4
have detailed records.
5
6
7
References:
8
1.
9
biostratigraphy of the Upper Siwalik of Samba area, Jammu foothills. J. Himalayan
10
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12
Agarwal, R. P., Nanda, A. C., Prasad, D. N. & Dey, B. K. 1993 Geology and
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2.
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