BIOLOGY / JACOBY
ANSWERS TO MID-YEAR EXAM REVIEW
THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE
1. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
2. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
3. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
4. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista (plant-like), Fungi
5. Fungi
6. Plantae, Protista (plant-like)
7. Eubacteria
8. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
9. Plantae & Animalia
10. Protista
11. Fungi
12. Plantae
13. Fungi & Animalia
14. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria & Protista
15. Eubacteria
16. Archaebacteria
17. Plantae
18. Fungi
19. Protista
20. Animalia
21. Protista
22. Fungi
23. Eubacteria & Fungi
24. Protisa & Eubacteria (autotrophic/photosynthetic)
25. Archaebacteria
26. Protista
27. Eubacteria
28. Plantae
29. Protista
30. Protista
31. Animalia
32. Plantae
33. Protista
34. Fungi
35. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
36. Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
37. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
38. Eubacteria (E. Coli dividing/reproducing)
39. Protista (amoeba)
40. Fungi
41. Animalia
42. Protista
43. Plantae
44. Animalia
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur (CHONPS)
2. carbon
3. carbon has an atomic # of 6, which means 2 electrons in its first energy orbital and 4 electrons
in its valence shell (outermost energy orbital). Having 4 electrons in its valence level means
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms/elements. This means carbon
can form bonds with itself (C) to form the backbone/skeleton of organic (C) molecules. And,
carbon can form bonds with H, O and N and S to form the large, complex organic molecules of
life (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins).
4. carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
5. the elements/atoms of life (C, H, O, N, P, S) chemically/covalently bond to form the
molecules of life (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates).
6. carbon
7. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (H, O, N)
8. covalent bonds
*water
Carbohydrates
9. sugars and starches or simple sugars and complex carbs
10. Structure: carbohydrate molecules are made up of the atoms/elements C, H and O in a ratio
of 1:2:1 (monosaccharide). The building blocks/monomers of carbohydrates are
monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides make up a disaccharide (e.g. glucose + galactose =
lactose) and many monosaccharides make up a polysaccharide (e.g. hundreds to thousands of
the monosaccharide glucose molecules make up the polysaccharide molecule of starch,
glycogen, chitin or cellulose).
11. Functions of Carbohydrates:
Mono and disaccharides (simple sugars) = immediate/quick source of cellular energy (glucose
use in cell resp.)
Polysaccharides = short-term energy storage (plants = starch; animals = glycogen); & structural
components = cell wall of plants (cellulose) & cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and
crustaceans (chitin).
12. Monosaccharides = glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides = sucrose (glucose + fructose); lactose (glucose + galactose);
maltose (glucose + glucose)
Polysaccharides = starch (thousands of glucose molecules); glycogen (thousands of glucose
molecules); cellulose (thousands of glucose molecules); chitin (thousands of glucose molecules)
13. mono and disaccharides; polysaccharides
14. monosaccharides (glucose); polysaccharides
15. many monosaccharides (glucose molecules) chemically bond to make up a single
polysaccharide molecule (starch / glycogen / cellulose / chitin). OR, many simple sugars
(glucose) join together to form a complex carbohydrate (starch / glycogen / cellulose / chitin)
16. ose
Lipids
17. Fats and oils
18. Atoms/elements: C, H and O atoms. Many carbon and hydrogen atoms with relatively few
oxygen atoms. Lipids are not polymer molecules, so they do not contain monomer molecules.
But, the building blocks for large triglyceride and phospholipid molecules are glycerol and fatty
acid molecules.
19. triglycerides = long-term energy storage; insulation; cushion and protection
Phospholipids = main structural component of plasma membrane; builds cell membranes
Waxes = waterproof coverings; prevent dehydration
Steroids = a. sex hormones = development and maintenance of reproductive systems;
b. cholesterol = structural component of animal cell membranes
20. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
21. phospholipids
22. waxes
23. triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
24. phospholipids
25. insoluble in water; nonpolar, water-fearing, hydrophobic
Proteins
26. do everything molecules; the term protein means first place
27. each protein molecule consists of many amino acids; there are 20 different amino acids that
can join together in many different ways to make up the many different proteins
28. Atoms/elements: C, H, O, N
Structure = protein molecules are long chains of amino acids twisted and folded into a threedimensional shape. Each long chain of amino acids is a polypeptide molecule/chain in which the
amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds.
29. amino acids; peptide bonds; a polypeptide chain/molecule; twisted; 3-D; one; more
30. shape
31. maintenance, growth and repair of cells; maintain the daily activities/functions of cells
32.
1) enzymes = catalyze/speed up chemical reactions; determine which chemical reactions occur;
e.g. lactase, protease, lipase, sucrase, starch synthetase, amylase
2) structural = make up structural component of skin, hair, nails, fur, horns, bones, claws; e.g.
keratin, collagen
3) pigment = absorb, reflect and transmit ultraviolet radiation (light); e.g. chlorophyll, melanin,
hemoglobin
4) contractile = movement; e.g. actin and myosin protein filaments in muscle
5) transport = move substances; e.g. carrier, channel and pump transport membrane proteins
and hemoglobin
6) hormonal = chemical messengers that coordinate activities in the body; cell to cell signaling;
e.g. human growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine/adrenaline
7) signaling = cell to cell communication; e.g. receptor membrane proteins, neurotransmitters
(neuron to neuron communication)
8) defensive = fight off pathogens (harmful, disease-causing microorganisms); e.g. antibodies
9) storage = store amino acids for growth and development; e.g. egg whites, nuts
Nucleic acids
33. informational polymers
34. Atoms/elements = C, H, O, N, P
Structure = a nucleic acid is a large polymer molecule made of monomer molecules called
nucleotides; DNA = two strands of nucleotides; RNA = one strand of nucleotides
35. store and transmit genetic information; DNA = store genetic information; RNA = transmit
genetic information
36. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA = ribonucleic acid
Name that Organic Molecule
37. lipids
38. carbohydrates
39. nucleic acids
40. proteins
41. carbohydrates
42. carbohydrates
43. lipids
44. proteins
45. nucleic acids
46. carbohydrates
47. proteins
48. nucleic acids
49. lipids
50. all organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids), but carbs and lipids are
made up of ONLY C, H and O
51. proteins and nucleic acids, but proteins are made up of ONLY C, H, O and N
52. nucleic acids
53. lipids, specifically triglycerides (saturated and unsaturated fats)
54. carbohydrates, specifically simple sugars (mono and disaccharides)
55. proteins
56. carbohydrates, specifically complex carbs (polysaccharides)
57. glucose; monosaccharide; simple sugar; carbohydrate molecule
58. a = glucose; b = fructose; c = a sucrose molecule; d = a maltose molecule;
e = disaccharide; simple sugars; carbohydrates
58. a = glucose; b = glycogen; c = cellulose; d = starch; e = chitin;
f = polysaccharides; complex carbs; carbohydrates
59. a = glycerol molecule; b = 3 fatty acid molecules/hydrocarbon molecules;
c = saturated fatty acid; d = saturated fatty acid; e = unsaturated fatty acid molecule;
f = triglyceride; fat; lipid
60. a = glycerol molecule; b = fatty acid or hydrocarbon molecule
70. triglyceride; saturated fat; lipid
71. a = phosphate molecule/head with glycerol; b = 2 fatty acid molecules/tails;
c = phospholipid; lipid
72. a = 4 amino acid molecules; b = peptide bonds; c = polypeptide molecule;
c = amino acid molecules; d = polypeptide molecule; e = folds and twists;
f = 3-D protein; g = 1 polypeptide molecule/chain; h = 1 polypeptide molecule
73. a = nucleotide molecule; b = DNA; nucleic acid
74. a = nucleotide; b = RNA; nucleic acid
75. nucleotide molecule; monomer; building block
Enzymes
76. proteins
77. anything that speeds up a chemical reaction (stirring/mixing, heat, etc.)
78. catalyze/speed up chemical reaction; determine which chemical reactions occur
79. organic or biological catalysts
80. the energy needed to START a chemical reaction
81. enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
(less energy  less time)
82. enzymes
83. substrates
84. chemical bonds; products
85. speed up; catalyze
86. active site
87. each enzyme acts on only one substrate – this means the enzyme lactase that breaks down
lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose, cannot and will not produce (synthesize) lactose
from glucose and galactose (that requires a different enzyme)
88. nothing; an enzyme is unused and unchanged during a chemical reaction and is ready to
catalyze the next reaction
89. ase
90. temperature and pH
91. optimal
92. 37oC ; 98.6oF
93. 7 ; 2
94. the protein/enzyme denatures
95. changes the shape of the enzyme; once the shape of the protein enzyme is altered, the
substrate cannot fit the active site of the enzyme and enzyme activity is stopped
96. induced-fit theory
97. induced-fit enzyme theory=active site/enzyme can slightly change shape to fit the substrate;
lock and key enzyme theory=substrate fits enzyme like puzzle piece and enzyme does not change
shape.
98.
99. a=substrate; b=denatured enzyme; c=altered active site; d=substrate; active site; denatured
100. extreme temperature or pH
101. low; slow/inactive; increase; increase; optimal; increase; decrease; extreme; denatures;
stopped
X = as temp increases, enzyme activity and the rate of the reaction increases
Y = as temp increases past the optimal temp, the rate of the reaction and enzyme activity
decreases
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
1. prokaryote / prokaryotic cell & eukaryote / eukaryotic cell
2. All cells have DNA (& RNA to transmit genetic information), cytoplasm, plasma membrane
and ribosomes
3. Prokaryotes: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, less DNA (one DNA molecule),
make up only unicellular bacteria, simple and small
Eukrayotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, more DNA (many DNA molecules), make up
unicellular protists and fungi and multicellular protists, fungi, plants and animals
4. Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole, are square or rectangular,
perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, store energy as starch, and do not have
centrioles.
Animal cells do not have cell wall, do not have chloroplast, have many small vacuoles, may be
any shape, only perform cellular respiration, store energy as glycogen, and have centrioles.
5. Please keep in mind, multicellular organisms (as opposed to unicellular organisms) have
specialized cells that perform specific functions. Unicellular organisms only have one cell to
perform all the functions of life.
5. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES & ORGANELLES
 Nucleus = contains DNA and RNA (genetic info) to make proteins; DNA in the form of
chromatin and chromosomes; contains nucleolus; directs all activities of the cell
 Nuclear envelope: IS the nucleus; surrounds DNA; double layer of phospholipids; contains
nuclear pores
 Nucleolus: makes ribosomes; dark, dense structure visible in nucleus
 Plasma membrane: flexible structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell; shape
 Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions; consists of cytosol (fluid) and organelles (tiny
structures that have a characteristic structure/shape and function, and perform the functions
of the cell)
 Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration; makes ATP; powerhouse of the cell; energy
organelle; abundant in active cells such as muscle cells; all euk. cells have mighty
mitochondria
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout cell;
involved in protein synthesis; abundant in cells that make proteins (pancreatic – insulin);
network of membranous tubules that contain ribosomes
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: highway of the cell; transport materials throughout cell; lipid
synthesis; detoxify poisons like drugs and alcohol; abundant in cells that make lipids - cells
of gonads (ovaries and testes) – sex hormones; liver cells to detoxify; network of
membranous tubules that do not have ribosomes
 Golgi apparatus/body/complex: sort, modify, package and distribute molecules (proteins and
lipids) from the ER (rough and smooth); post office of the cell; secrete/release molecules in
vesicles
 Cytoskeleton: network of microtubules and microfilaments that are involved in cell
movement and cell structure; provide internal structure and support (just like your skeleton);
provide tracks on which organelles can move within the cell – cytoplasmic streaming
 Lysosome: sacs of digestive enzymes; digest/breakdown organic molecules, worn-out
organelles and whole cells (bacteria); abundant in white blood cells to break down bacteria
and viruses
 Centriole: involved in animal cell division; made of a ring of microtubules; not present in
plant cells
 Flagellum: one or two, long, tail-like cytoplasmic extension of the plasma membrane made
of microtubule; aids in cell movement; present in euglena and some prokaryotes (E. coli)
 Cilium: many, short, hair-like cytoplasmic extensions made of microtubules; aids in cell
movement; present in paramecia
 Pseudopod: “false-foot”; cytoplasmic extensions made of microfilaments that slide past each
other; aids in cell movement in amoeba; allows white blood cells to engulf prey (bacteria,
viruses and other harmful, pathogenic microorganisms)
 Vesicle: bubble-wrapped packages; form from smooth and rough ER and Golgi apparatus;
transports cell products safely throughout the cell and through the plasma membrane



Vacuole: storage of waste, water and molecules; made by plasma membrane; fluid-filled
membrane-bound sacs; one, large central in plant cells; many small in animal cells
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis; only present in autotrophs/producers such as plants,
algae/seaweed, and photosynthetic bacteria; makes glucose; contains protein molecule
chlorophyll
Cell wall: protect, support and give structure to plant cells; made of tough, structural
polysaccharide (carb.) such as cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi; NOT flexible like
plasma membrane because it is made of tough polysaccharides
6. DNA  RNA  ribosomes  RER  vesicle  Golgi app  vesicle other part of cell or
out of cell
7. PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES
 Nucleoid: store genetic information for bacteria; region of free-floating DNA; not
surrounded by a nucleus/nuclear membrane
 Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
 Cytoplasm: site of many chemical reactions
 Plamsa membrane: regulates the passage of materials into and out of cell; inside the cell
wall; surrounds cytoplasm
 Cell wall: provides structure, support and protection; made of peptidoglycan in Eubacteria
(kingdom) & Bacteria (domain); lies outside of plasma membrane
 Capsule: extra protection; lies outside cell wall of some bacteria; not all bacteria have a
capsule
 Pili: short extensions of plasma membrane that allow bacteria to adhere/stick/attach to a
surface, such as other bacteria and/or their host (like your throat cells – streptococcus)
 Flagellum: long, whip-like tail extension of the plasma membrane that allows
locomotion/movement of bacteria
8 (1). Prokaryote or bacterium or E. coli:
A=cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=ribosome; D=cytoplasm; E=pili;
F=nucleoid (DNA); G=flagellum; H=capsule
8 (2). Eukaryotic Plant Cell:
A= cell wall; B=plasma membrane; C=Golgi app.; D=chloroplast; E=mitochondria;
F=cytoplasm; G=large, central vacuole; H=rough ER; I=nucleus; J=nucleolus; K=smooth ER;
L=attached ribosome; M=free ribosome; N=vesicle
8 (3). Eukaryotic Animal Cell:
A=mitochondria; B=Golgi app.; C=nucleolus; D=nucleus; E=attached ribosome; F=centrioles;
G=cytoskeleton; H=cytoplasm; I=free ribosome; J=plasma membrane; K=microtubules;
L=microfilaments; M=smooth ER; N=rough ER; O=vesicle; P=vacuole or lysosome;
Q=flagellum; R=cilium
THE PLASMA MEMBRANE & CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1. phospholipids; proteins
2. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded in the phospholipids (some proteins have
carbohydrate chains and animal cell plasma membranes have cholesterol embedded within the
fatty acid tails of the phospholipids)
3. cellular transport; regulate what enters and leaves the cell
4. selectively permeable or semipermeable
5. enzyme = catalyze chemical rxns; receptor = cell signaling;
recognition/identification/glycoprotein = cell to cell recognition; transport = move large, polar,
charged substances across the cell
6. carrier, channel and pumps
7. A = signaling molecule (hormone); B = receptor protein
8. A = lipid bilayer/plasma membrane; B = receptor or enzyme; C = carbohydrate chain; D =
transport protein; E = receptor or enzyme; F = recognition/identification/glycoprotein;
G = polar, hydrophilic phosphate head; H = nonpolar zone; nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid
tails; i = water inside (cytoplasm); j = water outside
9. the difference in concentration (amount of solutes) between the solutions inside and outside
the cell or across the plasma membrane
10. active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances across the p.m., whereas passive
transport does not require energy
11. simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
12. no cellular energy (ATP) needed to move substances down/with the concentration gradient
from high to low in two directions (into AND out of the cell)
13. active transport (via protein pumps); endocytosis; exocytosis
14. require cellular energy in the form of ATP to move substances EITHER into or out of cell.
15. osmosis moves water across the membrane; simple diffusion moves small, nonpolar
substances (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across the membrane.
16. simple diffusion moves substances directly through the phospholipids; facilitated diffusion
moves substances through transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins)
17. endocytosis moves large substances INTO the cell and exocytosis moves large substances
OUT OF the cell.
18. pinocytosis: cell drinking; moves thick liquids (whole solutions) into the cell
phagocytosis: cell eating; moves large solid particles into the cell – whole cells (bacteria), large
macromolecules
19. phagocytosis (endocytosis)
20. osmosis
21. turgor pressure
22. hypotonic = less solutes (watery); hypertonic = more solutes (thick); isotonic = equal
concentrations of solutions across the membrane
23. pure or distilled or fresh water
24. salt water (ocean)
25. hypotonic; turgid
26. isotonic
27. Complete the charts below:
PASSIVE TRANSPORT – NO ENERGY
Method of
Cellular
Transport
Substances
Moved Across
Membrane
Membrane
Structure
Substances
Pass Through
Active
(energy) or
Passive (no
energy)
High to Low
(down/with
concentration
gradient) or
Low to High
(up/against the
c.g.)
One Direction
or
Two Directions
(in and/or out)
Simple
Diffusion
Small,
nonpolar
Phospholipids
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
O2 & CO2
Osmosis
Water
Phospholipids
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
Facilitated
Diffusion
Large, polar,
charged
Glucose
(carrier)
No energy
Down/with
Two (in and
out)
Glucose
(sugars), ions
Ions
(channel)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT – ENERGY (ATP)
Method of
Cellular
Transport
Substances
Moved Across
Membrane
Membrane
Structure
Substances
Pass Through
Active
(energy) or
Passive (no
energy)
High to Low
(down/with
concentration
gradient) or
Low to High
(up/against the
c.g.)
One Direction
or
Two Directions
(in and/or out)
Active
Transport via
Protein Pumps
Na+
Pump
ATP (energy)
Up/against
1 = out
K+
Pump
ATP (energy)
Up/Against
1 = in
pl. mem.
moves to
surround and
engulf large
substances
ATP (energy)
Neither;
requires ATP
to move the
membrane
1 = in
Pl. mem.
moves to open
and let large
substances out
ATP (energy)
Neither;
requires ATP
to move the
membrane
1 = out
Endocytosis
(pinocytosis &
phagocytosis)
Exocytosis
Pino = thick
liquids (entire
solutions – not
just the water
part of a soln.)
Phago = large
solids (whole
cells and
proteins)
Large particles
= cell products
and waste
28.
The Effect of Osmosis on Cells
Animal Cell
(Red Blood Cell)
Plant Cell
Hypertonic Solution
(salt water)
Isotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
(distilled or fresh
water)
* Water moves out of
cell.
* Cell will shrink or
shrivel.
* Water moves in and
out of cell equally.
* Cell does not change
size.
* Cell is normal.
* Water moves into cell.
* Cell will swell or
burst.
* Process is called
cytolysis.
* Water moves out of
cell.
* Cell will shrink,
shrivel and die.
* Process is called
plasmolysis.
* Cell is called
plasmolyzed.
* Water moves into and
out of cell equally.
* Cell does not change
size.
* Cell is called flaccid.
* Water moves into cell.
* Cell swells/expands,
but does NOT burst due
to cell wall.
* Cell is called turgid or
normal.
29. a = simple diffusion or osmosis; b = facilitated diffusion; c = passive transport;
d = active transport via protein pump; e = cellular transport
1. endocytosis; 2 = exocytosis; 3 = food or cell/bacteria; 4 = vacuole; 5 = plasma membrane; f
(by the way) = waste
ENERGY & THE CELL – PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1.
 Purpose of photosynthesis: make glucose; store energy in glucose; convert light energy to
chemical energy (glucose).
 Purpose of cellular respiration: make ATP; store energy in ATP; break down food molecules
to release energy and use that energy to make and store energy in ATP.
 Equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (light)  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Equation for cell. resp: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (stored as ATP & released
as heat)
 Equation in words – photosynthesis: six molecules of carbon dioxide combine with six
molecules of water and light energy from the sun to produce one molecule of glucose and six
molecules of oxygen.
 Equation in words – cell. resp.: six molecules of oxygen combine with one molecule of
glucose to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water and energy is
stored as ATP and released as heat.
 Reactants of photosynthesis: carbon dioxide and water
 Reactants of cell. resp.: glucose and oxygen
 Products of photosynthesis: glucose and oxygen
 Products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, ATP
 Stored products of photo: glucose
 Stored products of cell. resp.: ATP
 Released waste products of photo: oxygen
 Released waste products of cell. resp.: carbon dioxide, water, heat energy
 Site of photo (organelle): chloroplast
 Site of cell. resp. (organelle): mitochondria
 Organisms that perform photo: autotrophs/producers
 Organisms that perform cell. resp.: all eukaryotic organisms (plants, animals, fungi, protists)
2. the sun
3. eat food to obtain glucose; breathe air to obtain oxygen; eat and breathe to make ATP (energy
for cellular work).
4. autotrophs/producers
5. left
6. right
7. chemical bonds
8. chemical
9. organic molecules and glucose
10. ATP
11. Energy is changed or transferred or converted or transformed; Atoms are rearranged
12. glucose (organic molecules or food); ATP; stored
13. light; chemical
14. the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants of cell. resp. the
products of cell. resp. (carbon dioxide and water) are the reactants of photo.
15. glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
16. sun

glucose
photosynthesis

ATP
cell. resp.

heat energy
cellular work
17. chlorophyll; no
18a. light; chlorophyll; chloroplast
b. water; H; O
c. carbon dioxide; glucose (sugars); stored
d. oxygen
19a. oxygen; glucose; chemical bonds
b. 1) energy
b. 2) C, H, O
c. rearranged; water; carbon dioxide
d. ATP; ADP; P; heat
20. A = adenine; B = ribose; C = 3 phosphate molecules; D = adenosine; E = high energy bond;
F = one ATP molecule
21. phosphate molecule
22. ADP
23. a = light energy from the sun; b = chloroplast; c = chlorophyll; d = photosynthesis;
e = oxygen; f = glucose; g = oxygen; h = mitochondria performs cell. resp.;
i = heat energy & ATP; j = carbon dioxide; k = water
24. aerobic or cellular respiration
25. anaerobic respiration or fermentation
26. lactic acid fermentation; products = lactic acid and ATP
alcoholic fermentation; products = ethanol alcohol, carbon dioxide and ATP
27a. many chemical steps / chemical rxns. are involved in producing the final products in a
biochemical/metabolic pathway
b. 1 = lactic acid fermentation; 2 = alcoholic fermentation; 3 = aerobic/cellular respiration
c. C
d. A & B
e. B
f. A
g. glucose to ATP; oxygen
h. C
i. A & B
j. C