Contents
David N. Cole
Stephen F. McCool
Page
Wilderness Visitors, Experiences, and Visitor Management ............................ 1
1. Overviews ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Edwin E. Krumpe
The Role of Science in Wilderness Planning—A Stateof-Knowledge Review .................................................................................. 5
Robert E. Manning
David W. Lime
Defining and Managing the Quality of Wilderness
Recreation Experiences ............................................................................ 13
Alan E. Watson
Wilderness Use in the Year 2000: Societal Changes That
Influence Human Relationships With Wilderness ..................................... 53
2. Wilderness Visitors ................................................................................................................................. 61
Jeffrey R. Behan
Merton T. Richards
Martha E. Lee
How do Visitor Density and Anthropogenic Change in
Frontcountry Wilderness Settings Affect Recreation Benefits?
Gordon R. Cessford
Noise Impact Issues on the Great Walks of New Zealand ............................. 69
Neal A. Christensen
David N. Cole
Leave-No-Trace Practices: Behaviors and Preferences of
Wilderness Visitors Regarding Use of Cookstoves and
Camping Away From Lakes ...................................................................... 77
Mae A. Davenport
Wayne A. Freimund
William T. Borrie
Robert E. Manning
William A. Valliere
Benjamin Wang
Examining Winter Visitor Use in Yellowstone National Park .......................... 86
Chad P. Dawson
Alan E. Watson
Measures of Wilderness Trip Satisfaction and User
Perceptions of Crowding ........................................................................... 93
Randy Gimblett
Terry Daniel
Michael J. Meitner
An Individual-Based Modeling Approach to Simulating Recreation
Use in Wilderness Settings ....................................................................... 99
Alan R. Graefe
Brijesh Thapa
John J. Confer
James D. Absher
Relationships Between Trip Motivations and Selected
Variables Among Allegheny National Forest Visitors .............................. 107
Troy Hall
David Cole
An Expanded Perspective on Displacement: A Longitudinal
Study of Visitors to Two Wildernesses in the Cascade
Mountains of Oregon ............................................................................... 113
............. 63
Karen S. Hockett
Troy E. Hall
Visitors’ Knowledge of Federal Wilderness: Implications for
Wilderness User Research and Management ........................................ 122
Amy F. Hoss
Mark W. Brunson
Meanings and Implications of Acceptability Judgments
for Wilderness Use Impacts .................................................................... 128
Kristopher J. Lah
Developing Social Standards for Wilderness Encounters in
Mount Rainier National Park: Manager-Defined Versus
Visitor-Defined Standards ....................................................................... 134
Steven R. Martin
Donations as an Alternative to Wilderness User Fees—The Case
of the Desolation Wilderness................................................................... 142
Meghan K. Papenfuse
Joseph W. Roggenbuck
Troy E. Hall
The Rise of the Day Visitor in Wilderness: Should Managers
be Concerned? ........................................................................................ 148
Chad D. Pierskalla
Park:
Dorothy H. Anderson
David W. Lime
Examining Leisure Event Opportunities of Isle Royale National
Ingrid Schneider
Response to Conflict Among Wilderness Visitors ........................................ 160
Ingrid Schneider
Christopher LaPointe
Sharon Stievater
Perceptions of and Preferences for Fee Program Dollar
Utilization Among Wilderness Visitors ..................................................... 164
Rudy Schuster
William Hammitt
Effective Coping Strategies in Stressful Outdoor Recreation
Situations: Conflict on the Ocoee River .................................................. 167
Paul Twardock
Christopher Monz
Recreational Kayak Visitor Use, Distribution, and Financial
Value of Beaches in Western Prince William Sound, Alaska,
Between 1987 and 1998 ......................................................................... 175
Cynthia A. Warzecha
David W. Lime
Jerrilyn L. Thompson
Visitors’ Relationship to the Resource: Comparing Place
Attachment in Wildland and Developed Settings .................................... 181
Bridging the Gap Between Social Process and Spatial Form ................. 155
3. Information and Education ................................................................................................................... 185
Chuck Burgess
Wilderness on the Internet: Identifying Wilderness
Information Domains ............................................................................... 187
John J. Confer
Andrew J. Mowen
Alan R. Graefe
James D. Absher
Magazines as Wilderness Information Sources: Assessing
Users’ General Wilderness Knowledge and Specific
Leave No Trace Knowledge .................................................................... 193
James A. Harding
William T. Borrie
David N. Cole
Factors That Limit Compliance With Low-Impact Recommendations .......... 198
William W. Hendricks
Attitudes Toward Roles in a Wilderness Education Program ....................... 203
Stephen F. McCool
David N. Cole
Communicating Minimum Impact Behavior With Trailside Bulletin
Boards: Visitor Characteristics Associated With Effectiveness .............. 208
Roy Ramthun
Lynda Kersey
Jim Rogers
William Stewart
David Cole
Robert Manning
William Valliere
Jonathan Taylor
Martha Lee
Information Collection Styles of Wilderness Users: A Market
Segmentation Approach .......................................................................... 217
Preparing for a Day Hike at Grand Canyon: What Information
Is Useful?................................................................................................. 221
4. Visitor Management .............................................................................................................................. 227
Joe L. Ashor
Monitoring Social Indicators in the Bear Trap Canyon
Wilderness 1988–1998 ............................................................................ 229
John B. Davis
Mark Lindvall
Standards of Quality for River Use Within the Fort Niobrara
Wilderness Area ...................................................................................... 232
Linda Merigliano
Bryan Smith
Keeping Wilderness Wild: Increasing Effectiveness With
Limited Resources ................................................................................... 236
John A. Sacklin
Kristin L. Legg
M. Sarah Creachbaum
Clifford L. Hawkes
George Helfrich
Winter Visitor Use Planning in Yellowstone and Grand Teton
National Parks ......................................................................................... 243
5. Dialogue Session Summaries .............................................................................................................. 251
Kari Gunderson
Christopher V. Barns
William W. Hendricks
Leo H. McAvoy
Wilderness Education: An Updated Review of the Literature
and New Directions for Research and Practice ...................................... 253
John L. Heywood
Current Approaches to Norms Research ..................................................... 260
Christopher Monz
Joseph Roggenbuck
David Cole
Richard Brame
Andrew Yoder
Wilderness Party Size Regulations: Implications for Management
and a Decisionmaking Framework .......................................................... 265