‫‪1‬‬
‫המחלקה ליחסים בינלאומיים‬
‫‪ 58334‬המזה"ת ודרום מזרח אסיה‪ :‬הקונטקסט האסלאמי‬
‫תוכנית לימודים ורשימת קריאה‬
‫ד"ר גיורא אלירז‪ 2 ,‬נ"ז‪ ,‬תשס"ז (‪)2007‬‬
‫כללי‬
‫מזה מאות בשנים משפיע המזה"ת‪ ,‬בקונטקסט אסלאמי‪ ,‬על צמיחתם ועיצובם של רעיונות וזרמי מחשבה בדרום מזרח אסיה‪,‬‬
‫בעיקר במרחב המלאי‪-‬אינדונזי‪ .‬השפעה זו ניכרת במיוחד בעת החדשה‪ ,‬בשל התחזקות הזיקה בין המזה"ת למרחב המלאי‪-‬‬
‫אינדונזי‪ ,‬המשמש כבית לכמאתים וחמישים מליון מוסלמים‪.‬‬
‫הקורס המוצע יבקש להאיר על תהליך מעורר תובנות זה‪ ,‬תוך התמקדות באינדונזיה‪ ,‬אומה בעלת האוכלוסיה המוסלמית‬
‫הגדולה בעולם‪ ,‬וזאת תוך כיוון לשאלות מגוונות‪ ,‬בינהן‪ :‬דרכי העברת רעיונות והפצתם ותפקידם של מתווכי תרבות; פעולת‬
‫הגומלין בין הרעיונות המועברים לקונטקסט המקומי של דרום מזרח אסיה; הממד הגלובלי של האסלאם מול המימד המקומי‬
‫שלו; אופיו הייחודי של האסלאם בדרום מזרח אסיה; האתגר שמציב האסלאם הרדיקאלי בדרום מזרח אסיה; אסלאם‬
‫ודמוקרטיה – המקרה המיוחד של אינדונזיה; אתגר ההתבוננות באסלאם בדרום מזרח אסיה; הערך המוסף של מחקר משווה‬
‫שבוחן הן את המזרח התיכון והן את דרום מזרח אסיה‪.‬‬
‫(הערה ‪ :‬הסימן * לציון פריטי קריאה בעלי רלוונטיות גבוהה במיוחד לקורס)‬
‫דרום מזרח אסיה – מבוא‪ ,‬ממד היסטורי‬
‫כללי‬
‫‪Osborne, Milton , Southeast Asia: An Introductionry History , 6th ed., St Leonards: Allen &Unwin,‬‬
‫‪1995.‬‬
2
Tarling, Nicholas , Nations and States in Southeast Asia , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1998.
Funston, John, Government and Politics in Southeast Asia,
Emmerson, Donald K., “ ‘Southeast Asia’: What’s in a Name?”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,
vol. XV, no. 1 (1984), pp. 1-21.
‫התפשטות האסלאם בדרום מזרח אסיה‬
*Ricklefs, M. C., “Six Centuries of Islamization in Java”, in Nehemia Levtzion (ed.), Conversion to
Islam , New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.1979, pp. 100-128.
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia: Since c. 1200. Third Edition, Stanford: Stanford *
University Press, 2001, pp. 3-17 (Chapter 1: The Coming of Islam).
Jones, Russell, “Ten Conversion Myths from Indonesia”, in Nehemia Levtzion (ed.), Conversion to
Islam , New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.1979, pp. 129-158.
Drewes, G. W. J. “New Light on the Coming of Islam to Indonesia?”, in Readings on Islam in
Southeast Asia, compiled by Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique and Yasmin Hussain, Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985, pp.7-19.
Johns, A. H., “Islam in Southeast Asia”, in Mircea Eliade (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol.
7, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987, pp. 404-422.
Andaya , Barbara Watson and Yoneo Ishii, “Religious Developments in Southeast Asia, c.15001800”, in Nicholas Tarling (ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia,),Vol. One, From Early
Times to c. 1800 ,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 pp. 508-571.
Von der Mehden, Fred R., Two Worlds of Islam: Interaction between Southeast Asia and the Middle
East, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993.
3
De Graff, H. J., “South-East Asian Islam to the Eighteenth Century: The Coming of Islam”, in P. M.
Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 : The
Further Islamic Lands, Islamic society and Civilization, London: Cambridge University Press,1970,
pp.123-154.
Roff, William R., “South-East Asian Islam in the Nineteenth Century”, in P. M. Holt, Ann K. S.
Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 : The Further Islamic
Lands, Islamic society and Civilization, London: Cambridge University Press,1970, pp.155-181
Benda, Harry J., “South-East Asian Islam in the Twentieth Century”, in P. M. Holt, Ann K. S.
Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam,. Vol. 2 : The Further Islamic
Lands, Islamic society and Civilization, London: Cambridge University Press,1970, pp.182-207.
‫לשאלת טיבו של האסלאם באינדונזיה‬
*Geertz, Clifford , The Religion of Java, Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1976, pp.121-130.
Taufik, Abdullah, “Modernization in the Minangkabau World: West Sumatra in the Early Decades of the
Twentieth Century”, in Claire Holt (ed.), Culture and Politics in Indonesia , Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1972, pp. 179-245
Taufik, Abdullah, “Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau”, Indonesia, vol. II
(October 1966), 1 – 24.
Woodward, Mark W., Islam In Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1989, pp. 53-57.
‫ מבוא‬- ‫ מהמזה"ת לדרום מזרח אסיה‬,‫ בקונטקסט אסלאמי‬,‫מעבר רעיונות‬
*Eliraz, Giora, “Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: The Global and Historical Contexts”, RIMA
(Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, published in Australia), vol. 38, no. 1 (2004), pp. 123171.
4
‫מקומו של החג' בתהליך גלובליזציה של האסלאם‬
Rossler, Martin, Islamization and the Reshaping of identities in Rural South Sulawesi,
in Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich (eds.) , Islam in an Era of Nations-States: Politics and
religious renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, University of Hawai’i Press, 1997, pp. 275-306.
‫קרב והבית בסומטרה‬-‫ קריאת‬- Padri movement
*Dobbin, Christine, Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 17871847, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph Series No. 47, London and Malmo:
Curzon Press, 1983, 117-160
‫אינדוזי‬-‫הקהילה החצ'רמוית כמתווכת תרבות בין המזה"ת לעולם המלאי‬
Community and Identity in the Netherlands *Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie, The Hadrami Awakening:
East Indies, 1900-1942, Ithaca: Cornell University, 1999, pp. 71-107, 108-127
Kostiner, Joseph, “Impact of the Hadrami Emigrants in the East Indies on Islamic Modernism and
Social Change in the Hadramawi during the 20th Century”, in Raphael Israeli and Anthony H. Johns
(eds.), Islam in Asia, Vol. II : Southeast and East Asia, Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1984, pp. 206237.
*Sumit , Mandal K. “Natural Leaders of Native Muslims: Arab Ethnicity and Politics in Java under
Dutch Rule”, in Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), Hadhrami Traders, Acholars
and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s, Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 185-198
Mandel, Sumit K., “Forging a Modern Arab Identity in Java in the Early Twentieth Century”, in
Huub De Jonge and Nico Kaptein (eds.,) Transcending Borders: Arabs, Politics, Trade and Islam in
Southeast Asia , Leiden: KITLV Press: 2002, pp. 163-184
5
Peter G. Riddell, “Arab Migrants and Islamization in the Malay World during the Colonial Period”,
Indonesia and the Malay World, Vol. 29, No. 84 (2001), pp. 113-128.
‫סינגפור כצומת דרכים לתפוצת רעיונות‬
*Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, pp.
32-55.
Roff, William R., “Murder as an aid to Social History: The Arabs in Singapore in the Early
Twentieth Century”, in Huub De Jonge and Nico Kaptein (eds.,) Transcending Borders: Arabs,
Politics, Trade and Islam in Southeast Asia, Leiden: KITLV Press: 2002, pp. 91-108
*Freitag Ulrike, “Arab Merchants in Singapore: Attempt of a Collective Biography”, in Huub De
Jonge and Nico Kaptein (eds.,) Transcending Borders: Arabs, Politics, Trade and Islam in
Southeast Asia, Leiden: KITLV Press: 2002, pp. 109-141
Weyland, Petra, “International Muslim Networks and Islam in Singapore”, Sojourn, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 219254.
)Pilgrims of Knowledge ,‫אינדונזי במזה"ת (או‬-‫קהילות הלומדים מהעולם המלאי‬
*Abaza, Mona, Changing Images of Three Generations of Azharites in Indonesia, Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. Occasional Paper no. 88.
*Roff, William R., “Indonesian and Malay Students in Cairo in the 1920’s”, Indonesia, Cornell
Modern Indonesia Project, no. 9, 1970, pp. 73-87.
Abaza. Mona, “Some Research Notes on Living Conditions and Perceptions Among Indonesians
Students in Cairo”, Journal of Southeast Asia Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1991), pp. 347-360
Abaza, Mona, , “Indonesian Azharites, fifteen years later”, Sojourn, vol. 18, no. 1 (2003), pp. 139153.
6
*Azyumardi Azra. The Transmission of Islamic Reformism to Indonesia: Networks of Middle
Eastern and Malay-Indonesian ‘Ulama’ in theSeventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Honolulu:
ALLEN & UNWIN and University of Hawaii Press, 2004.
*Laffan, Michael, "An Indonesian Community in Cairo: Continuity and Change in a Cosmopolitan
Islamic Milieu", Indonesia, 77 (April 2004), pp. 1-26.
‫אמאם (סינגפור) – עיתונות בראשית המאה העשרים כאפיק לזרימת רעיונות‬-‫מנאר (קהיר) ואל‬-‫אל‬
*Azra, Azyumardi, “The Transmission of al-Manar’s Reformism to the Malay-Indonesian World: The Cases
of al-Iman and al-Munir”, Studia Islamika, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1999), pp. 75-100.
Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, pp.
32-39.
‫השלטון הקולוניאלי והאסלאם‬
*Gonge, Huub de., “ Dutch Colonial Policy pertaining to Hadrami Immigrants” in Ulrike Freitag
and William G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), Hadhrami Traders, Acholars and Statesmen in the Indian
Ocean, 1750s-1960s, Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 94-111.
van Dijk, C., “Colonial Fears, 1890-1918: Pan-Islamism and the Germano-Indian Plot, in Huub De
Jonge and Nico Kaptein (eds.,) Transcending Borders: Arabs, Politics, Trade and Islam in
Southeast Asia, Leiden: KITLEV Press: 2002, pp. 53-89
*Laffan, Michael Francis, A watchful eye" ; the Meccan plot of 1881 and changing Dutch
perceptions of Islam in Indonesia : In: Archipel 63 (20020, pp. 79-108.
*Laffan, M. F., Islamic Nationhood and Colonial Indonesia: The Umma Below the Winds. London
and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, pp. 47-76 (Chapter 3: The Hijazi Experience and Direct
Colonial Heart of the Ecumene).
7
Kartini, Raden Adjeng, Letters of a Javanese Princess, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1964.
‫אינדונזי‬-‫ או מורשת מחמד עבדה בעולם המלאי‬,‫המודרניזם האסלאמי בדרום מזרח אסיה‬
*Roff, William R., “Kaum Muda - Kaum Tua: Innovation and Reaction Amongst the Malays, 19001941”, in K.G. Tregonning (ed.), Papers on Malayan History, Singapore: Journal South-east Asian
History, 1962 , pp. 162-192.
*Eliraz, Giora, “The Islamic Reformist Movement in the Malayo- Indonesian World in the First
Four Decades of the Twentieth century: Insights Gained from a Comparative Look at Egypt” , Studia
Islamika, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( 2002), pp. 47-87.
Noer, Deliar, The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia , 1900-1942, Oxford: Oxford
University, 1978.
John R. Bowen, “Modern Intentions: Reshaping Subjectivities in an Indonesian Muslim Society”, in
Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich (eds.), Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and
Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, University of Hawai’i Press, 1997, pp. 157-181
*Geertz, Clifford , The Religion of Java, Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1976, pp. 148-161
Roff, William R., The Origins of Malay Nationalism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, pp.
56-90.
Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie, “ Islamic Modernism in Colonial Java : The al-Irshad Movement” in Ulrike
Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), Hadhrami Traders, Acholars and Statesmen in the
Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s, Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 230-248.
*Scupin, Raymond, “Islamic Reformism in Thailand”, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 68, Part 2
(July 1980), pp. 1-10.
‫מלזיה‬
8
)‫אסלאם ושאלת הזהות הפוליטית בתקופה הקולוניאלית (מליה‬
*Milner, Anthony, The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya: Contesting Nationalism and the
Expansion of the Public Sphere, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 10-30, 137-166
Milner, A. C., “Islam and Malay Kingship”, in Ahmad Ibrahim, Sharon Siddique and Yasmin
Hussain (eds.), Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia , Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, 1985, pp. 25-35
Milner, A. C, “Islam and the Muslim State”, in M. B. Hooker (ed.), Islam in South-East Asia , leiden: E. J.
Brill, 1983, pp. 23-49
‫"התעוררות" האסלאמית – המקרה המלזי‬
*Samsul A.B. “Identity Construction, Nation formation, and Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia”, in
Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich (eds.), Islam in an Era of Nations-States: Politics and
religious renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, University of Hawai’i Press, 1997, pp. 207-227
*Nagata, Judith, “The Impact of the Islamic Revival (Dakwah) on the Religious Culture of
Malaysia” in
Southeast Asia
Bruce Matthews and Judith Nagata (eds.), Religion, Values and Development in
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Studies, 1986, pp. 37-50
Nagata, Judith, “The New Fundamentalism; Islam in Contemporary Malaysia”, Asian Thought &
Society, vol. V, no. 14 (1980), pp. 128-141
Christie, Clive J., A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism,
London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996, pp. 129-138
von der Mehden, Fred R., “Malaysian and Indonesian Islamic Movements and the Iranian
Connection”, in John L. Esposito (ed.), The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact, Miami: Florida
International University Press, 1990 , pp. 233-254.
9
*Malhi, Amtita, “ The PAS-BN Conflict in the 1990s: Islamism and Modernity”. In Hooker, Virginia
and Norani Othman, Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, 2003, pp. 236-265.
‫אסלאם ובדלנות‬
Aceh ‫המקרה של‬
*Christie, Clive J., A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and
Separatism, London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996, pp. 140-159
‫מיעוטים מוסלמיים – דרום הפיליפינים ודרום תאילנד‬
Chalk, Peter, “Militant Islamic Separatism in Southern Thailand”, in Jason F. Isaacson and Colin
Rubenstein (eds.), Islam in Asia, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, pp. 165-186.
*Chalk, Peter, “Militant Islamic Extremism in the Southern Philippines”, in Jason F. Isaacson and
Colin Rubenstein (eds.), Islam in Asia, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2002, pp. 187-222
Haemindra, Nantawan , “The Problem of the Thai-Muslims in the Four Southern Provinces of
Thailand”, Journal of the Southeast Asian Studies, Part 1, Vol. VII, no.2 (1976), pp. 199-225 part 2,
vol. VIII, no.1 (1977), pp. 85-105.
McKenna, Thomas M., “Appreciating Islam in the Muslim Philippines: Authority, experience, and
Identity in Cotabato”, in Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich (eds.) , Islam in an Era of
Nations-States: Politics and religious renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, (University of Hawai’I
Press, 1997), pp. 43-73.
Farouk, Omar, “The Origins and Evolution of Malay-Muslim Ethnic Nationalism in Southern
Thailand”, in Taufik Abdullah and Sharon Siddique (eds.), Islam and Society in Southeast Asia,
Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986 , pp 250-281
10
Majul, Ceasar Adib, “The Iranian Revolution and the Muslims in the Philippines”, in John L.
Esposito (ed.), The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact , Miami: Florida International University
Press, 1990, pp. 255-280.
*Christie, Clive J., A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and
Separatism, London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996, pp. 173-190.
Scupin, Raymond, Islam in Thailand before the Bangkok period : In: JSS -Journal of the Siam
Society, Vol. 68, No.1 (1980), pp. 55-71.
‫אסלאם ומדינה‬
*Nair, Shanti , Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy, London: Routledge1997, pp. 14-54.
*Sukma, Rizal, Islam in Indonesian Foreign Policy, London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon,
2003, pp. 9-22 (Chapter 2 – Islam, Politics, and the state in Indonesia: the Origins of the dual identity
dilemma).
(ed.), Hooker, M. B., “The State and Syariah in Indonesia, 1945-1995”, in Timothy Lindsey
Indonesia: Law and Society. Sydney: The Federation Press, 1999, pp. 97-110.
*Hooker, Virginia, “Malaysia: Still ‘Islam and Politics’ But now Enmeshed in a Global Web”, in
Hooker, Virginia and Norani Othman (eds.), Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, Singapore:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003, pp. 16-33.
‫ – כוחו המקרין של מלחמת ג'האד באי ג'אווה‬Dar al-Islam ‫תנועת‬
*van Dijk, C., Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam Indonesia , The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1971, pp. 69-126
‫האסלאם הרדיקלי‬
11
*van Bruinessen, Martin, “Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in post-Suharto Indonesia”, South East
Asia Research, Vol. 10, No. 2 (July 2002), pp. 117-154
Nair, Shanti , Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy, London: Routledge1997, pp. 129-170
Abaza, Mona, “ The Discourse on Islamic Fundamentalism in the Middle East and Southeast Asia: A
Critical Perspective”, Sojour, vol. 6, no. 2 (1991), pp. 201-239.
*Eliraz, Giora, Islam in Indonesia: Modernism, Radicalism and the Middle East Dimension,
Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2004.
*Hasan, Noorhaidi, Faith and politics: the rise of the Laskar Jihad in the era of transition in Indonesia
: In: Indonesia, Vol. 73 (April 2002), pp. 149-169.
*Hefner, W. Robert, ““Civic Pluralism Denied ? Jihadi Radicals the New Media in Post-Suharto
Indonesia”. In New Media in the Muslim World, edited by Dale F . Eickelman. 2nd edition. Indiana
University Press, 2003.
Greg Barton, Indonesia's Struggle: Jemaah Islamiyah And the Soul of Islam.
University of
Washington Press, 2005
‫מגדר ואסלאם‬
*Stivens, Malia, “(Re)Framing Women’s Rights Claims in Malaysia”, in Hooker, Virginia and
Norani Othman (eds.), Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, 2003, pp. 126-146.
*Hooker M. B, Indonesia Islam: Social Change Through Contemporary fatawa, Crows Nest and
Honolulu: ALLEN & UNWIN and University of Hawaii Press, 2003, pp. 122-156 (Chapter 3 –
Women: Status and Obligation).
12
Butt, Simon, “Polygamy and Mixed Marriage in Indonesia: The Application of the Marriage Law in
the Courts”, in Timothy Lindsey, (ed.), Indonesia: Law and Society. Sydney: The Federation Press,
1999 , pp. 122-144.
*Anwar, Zainah, “ Whose Islam? Sisters in Islam and the Struggle for Women’s Rights”, in Robert
W. Hefner (ed.), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore,
and Indonesia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001, pp. 227-252.
*Dzuhayatini, Siti Ruhaini, “ Gender and Pluralism in Indonesia”, in Robert W. Hefner (ed.), The
Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia,
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001, pp. 253-267.
*Bowen, John R., Islam, Law and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 200-228 (Chapter 9: Gender Equality in the
Family ?).
Brenner Suzanne Brenner, S. Reconstructing Self and Society: Javanese Muslim Women and 'the
Veil', in American Ethnologist 23 (1996), pp. 673-697 (see on-line at JSTOR – through
www.mslib.huji.ac.il/cdtab.html)
‫ליברליזם אסלאמי – בשורה מחדשת מתוך הקונטקסט המקומי‬
*Woodward, Mark R., “Conversations with Abdurrahman Wahid”, in R. Woodward (ed.), Toward
a New Pardigm: Recent Developments in Indonesian Islamic Thought , Tempe: Program for
Southeast Asian Studies, 1996, pp. 133-153
*Madjid, Nurcholish, “In Search of Islamic Roots for Modern Pluralism: The Indonesian
Experiences” , in Mark R. Woodward (ed.), Toward a New Pardigm: Recent Developments in
Indonesian Islamic Thought, Tempe: Arizona State University. Program for Southeast Asian Studies,
1996, pp. 89-116.
13
Madjid, Nurcholish, “The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought and Reinvigorating Religious
Understanding”, in Charles Kurzman (ed.), Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook , New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988, pp. 284-294.
*Effendy, Bahatir, Islam and the State in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, 2003, pp. 65-123 (Chapter 3 and 4).
‫מבט מסכם‬
*Robert W. Hefner, “Islam in an Era of Nations-States: Politics and religious renewal in Muslim
Southeast Asia”, in Robert W. Hefner and Patricia Horvatich (eds.), Islam in an Era of NationsStates: Politics and religious renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, University of Hawai’I Press, 1997,
pp. 3-40.