RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FAR EAST BRANCH
FAR EAST GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FOR 2008-2010
A new genetic type of the complex precious-metal mineralization in graphitic crystalline
schists and gneisses
Relation of precious
metals with graphitic
rocks widespread in
the Far East of Russia
Abundant inclusions
of native metals and
intermetallides found
in graphite
Mechanism of metal
concentration in
graphite
Influence of structural
state and temperature
of carbonaceous
matter on gold and
platinum
concentration proved
experimentally
Cause of complication
of chemical analysis in
detection and
determination of
platinum contents in
graphite
A new genetic type of the complex precious metal
mineralization
was distinguished due to revealing the relation of precious metals with rock
graphitization associated with regressive metamorphism of the RipheanCambrian complexes of Khanka (Primorye) and Bureya (Priamurye)
terranes (Khanchuk et a. // Geokhimiya (Geochemistry).2010. N 2. P. 115125).
Abundant inclusions of native metals and intermetalides were found in
graphite: Au, Pt, PdAu, Cu, CuSnFe, CuSn. We concluded that precious
metals in the Ussuriisk series of Khanka terrane have a fluid-magmatic
source (Khanchuk et al. // Geokhimiya (Geochemistry). 2010. N 2. P. 115125.)
In the process of synthesis of graphite through asphaltene thermolysis
(500oC, 1 kbar) two mechanisms of metal concentration were defined. The
first one includes hemosorption forming metal-organic clusters, and the
second one is the filling of pores and channels in the interplanar space of
graphite with origination of spheroidal and globular separations of metals
(Plyusnina et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad. Sci.), 2009. V.
425. N 1. P. 94-97; Plyusnina et al.// Litosfera (Lithosphere), 2011. N 5. P.
90-95.)
The first experimental modeling of gold and platinum hemosorption on
bitumoides at 20-500o and 1 kbar allowed us to establish a high sorption
capacity of kerogen of 2700 g/t for Au and 1000 g/t for Pt at 500 oC.
Influence of a structural state and temperature of carbonaceous matter on
the metal concentration was proved. (Plyusnina et al.// Geokhimiya
(Geochemistry). 2004. N 6. P. 864-873; Plusnina et al. // Applied
Geochemistry. 2000. V. 15. P. 777-784.)
Quantum-chemical calculations of interaction of C 16H26 graphens,
modeling the graphite structure, and clusters of precious metals showed
that the platinum nanoclusters form relatively stronger relations with
graphite than gold and silver do. This complicates the chemical analysis of
platinum content and plagues its detection in graphite of the metamorphic
complexes of Khanka terrane (Primorye), containing higher concentrations
of precious metals. (Medkov et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian
Acad. Sci.). 2010. V. 434, N 4. P. 518-521.)
Conditions of origination and development of ore-forming
systems and causes of their differentiated productivity
Synthesis of metallic
platinum with the
method of the
provoked instability of
hydrothermal systems
Synthesis of
nanocrystalline
Synthesis of metallic platinum at low temperature (200-300oC) was first
performed with an original method of the provoked instability of
hydrothermal systems when the fluctuations of physicochemical
parameters initiate the processes of self-regulation and transition of the
systems into a new state (Plyusnina et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports of
Russian Acad. Sci.). 2008. V. 419, N 5. P. 677-680.)
platinum in Mn-H2OCl-Pt system
Natural gold
nanopipes
Quantitative
characteristics of
influence of
metasomatic
processes in ophiolite
complexes on gold
mass transportation
Synthesis of nanocrystalline platinum was done in the Mn-H2O-Cl-Pt
system at 200-300oC and 1 kbar through crystallization of unbalanced Mn
hydroxides and cooperative synergetic effect (Plyusnina et al.// Zhurnal
neorganicheskoi khimii (Journal of Inorganic Chemistry), 2011. V. 56. N 9.
P. 1430-1434.)
Natural gold nanopipes have been first discovered in the world. Data
obtained on the formation of natural nanofeatures will serve to create the
technology of the artificial nanopipe synthesis, one of the most promising
directions in the nanomaterial field. (Molchanov et al.// Doklady RAN
(Reports of Russian Acad.Sci.). 2009. V.428, N 5. P. 659-662).
Quantitative data on the influence of metasomatic processes in the
ophiolite complexes on gold mass transportation have been first obtained.
It was established that the interaction of hydrothermal solutions with
epidote propylites and epidote-hedenbergite skarns contributes to the
neutralization of the originally acid solutions and initiates gold
precipitation when its concentration reaches threshold. The presence of
sulfides in these rocks results in essential increase of the gold solubility
threshold favoring its redeposition and transportation by ore-bearing
solutions. (Plyusnina et al. // Geokhimiya (Geochemistry). 2009. N 9.
P.988-995).
Original methods of matter investigation
Methods of detection
of low contents of
platinum group
metals in
carbonaceous
formations
Physicochemical
basics elaborated for
extraction of useful
components from
graphite-bearing
rocks
Technology proposed
for processing the
placer dump complex
Principally new
methods developed
for measuring the
argon isotopes in
helium current for
potassium-argon
geochronology
Original technique of detection of low contents of the platinum group
metals (PGM) in the carbonaceous sulfide-bearing formations is proposed.
It is based on the assay concentration of precious metals and gravitation
enrichment with retreatment on the ferrohydrostatic separator. The
technique makes it possible to extract the PGM, to obtain a reliable
information on the ore complexity, to evaluate the resources of the
incidental PGM in the explored gold deposits (Natalkinskoe,
Degdekanskoe, and others) that were unevaluated before because of the
lack of the appropriate sample preparation, and to obtain the effect of 1-10
% volume of platinoids of the Au resources.(Nikitenko et al. // Abstracts of
the International mine-geological forum. 2011. P. 258-260).
Physicochemical basics of extraction of useful components (gold,
platinum group metals, and others) from graphite-bearing rocks have been
first worked out. (Khanchuk et al., // Chemical technology. 2010, V. 11, N
12. P. 751-754; Medkov et al., // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad.
Sci.). 2011. V. 436, N 2. P.210-213).
The creative collective of the workers of the Far East Geological Institute,
FEB of RAS, and the Institute of Chemistry, FEB of RAS, have first
developed the low-waste technology of processing the technogenic
formations (wastes of exploitation of old gold production, rocks of coal bed
removal, and so on) using the methods of pyro-hydrometallurgy and
fluoride leaching. The results of investigations are protected by four patents
of the Russian Federation. (Molchanov et al. // Mine informationanalytical bulletin. 2009, N 4. P.189-196).
A principally new technique has been developed for measuring the
argon isotopes in helium current for potassium-argon geochronology. It
may be considered an alternative to the classic method of measuring the
argon isotopes in the static regime that does not rank below the latter in
accuracy and sensitivity. It was shown that the method can be used for the
analysis of radiogenic argon in quantity of (n10-12) grams with the accuracy
satisfying the solution of many geochronological tasks. (Ignatyev et al. //
Mass- spectrometry. 2009. N 6 (3). P. 205-214).
Device created for
measuring the
nanogram quantities
of radiogenic argon
Economically efficient
method worked out
for
determination of
element trace
amounts in a zircon
grain
Highly accurate
method of
microanalysis of
carbonates proposed
for isotopic analysis of
carbon and oxygen
Correlation of
geological history of
formation of the
South Far East of
Russia in Late
Cretaceous and
Cenozoic
A device was created for measuring the nanogram quantities of
radiogenic argon that realizes the principle of “identity of measuring the
standard and sample” (IT principle) in the helium steady flow (CONFLO
method). The developed measuring complex makes it possible to refuse
from the high-vacuum systems of extraction and cleaning of argon that
essentially simplifies the scheme of sample preparation and preserves high
accuracy of measuring the quantity of argon isotopes in determination of
the absolute age of rocks and minerals on the geochronological scale from
Archean to Cenozoic. (Ignatyev et al. // J. of Analytical Chemistry. 2010.
Vol. 65, N 13. P. 1347-1355).
Method was worked out for determination of trace elements in isotope
dating on isolated grains of zircons with the use of the UP213-Agilent 7500a
measuring complex. In the aspect of geochronological determinations this
method is alternative to the classic expensive method with ionization of ion
flow (SIMS, SHRIMP). (Khanchuk et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports of
Russian Acad. Sci.V. 434, N 2. P. 212-215).
A highly accurate method of the carbonate microanalysis was developed
for isotopic analysis of carbon and oxygen. The method combines the
classic principles of CO2 extraction from carbonates under vacuum
conditions and modern technique of measurement of gas microquantities in
the helium steady flow. The method allows the high-accuracy (±0.05‰)
determinations of isotope composition of carbonates weighing as much as
10-30mcg for the high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstructions.
(Velivetskaya et al. // Rapid communications in mass spectrometry.
2009; 23: 2391-2397; Velivetskaya et al. // Mass spectrometry. 2009. N
(3). P. 214-221).
Systematized data on deep-seated structure, tectonics, and
geodynamics of East Russia
Isotope-geochemical investigations of volcanogene formations of the
South Far East of Russia allowed us to significantly correlate the geological
history of this territory formation in Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.
Volcanic activity in that time was traditionally connected with subduction
of the Kula and then Pacific oceanic plates under the Asia continent eastern
margin. However, only the Late Cretaceous, predominantly acid volcanic
rocks may be typically subduction ones. In the Cenozoic time the territory
was developed under regime of sliding of the oceanic and continental
lithosphere plates. The East-Sikhote-Alin volcanogene belt, considered
before suprasubduction one, is a polygenic structure, within which the
volcanogene formations of two different geodynamic regimes are combined.
(Martynov // Petrologiya (Petrology). 1999. V. 7, N 1. P. 58-79; Martynov
et al.// Petrologiya (Petrology). 2002. V. 10, N2. P. 212-231; Chashchin et
al. // Petrologiya (Petrology. 2007. V. 15, N 3. P. 282-303).
Within the ideas of a decisive role of the co-fault destruction of the
continental crust in the rifting of the Asia East margin we correlated the
geodynamic regimes of the Late Cretaceous volcanism manifestations and
development of the Cenozoic epicontinental sedimentary and deep-sea
basins of the marginal seas. It was established that the co-fault destruction
of the Asia East margin demonstrates three main stages without distinct
boundaries of their beginning and completing: 1) Late Cretaceous
(development of the volcano-plutonic belt), 2) Late Cretaceous-Paleogene
(formation of the belt of epicontinental basins), 3) Paleogene-Neogene
(formation of the belt of marginal seas). The stages grading into each other
reflect the evolution of the continental margin under the left-fault
geodynamic regime (Utkin // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad.
Sci.). 2009. V. 426, N 6. P. 786-790).
Reconstruction of the
most important
magma-generating
processes of the Kuril
subduction system
New data on the distribution of rare-earth and large-ion lithophile
elements, high-charge cations, and radiogenic isotopes (Sr, Nd, Pb) allowed
for the reconstruction of the volcanism features of early stages of the Kuril
Island arc formation. It was recognized that the Kuril Islands were formed
under stationary regime of the subduction margin with varying role of a
high-temperature sedimentary component - melt and/or supercritical
fluid in magma genesis. The influence of the latter is recognized only for the
back-arc magmatites of the Miocene-Pliocene age that suggests a specific
temperature regime of their formation. (Martynov et al. // Island Arc.
2009.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.2009.00684).
New precision analytical data on microelement and isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb)
compositions made possible the reconstruction of the most important
magma-generating processes of the Kuril subduction system. The
anomalous geochemical characteristics of the Paramushire Island
Quaternary lavas (high concentrations of potassium and light lanthanoids)
result from the extension of the heat mantle anomaly of Kamchatka
Peninsula to the south. Geochemical depletion of basalts of two other large
islands on the South Kuril arc (Kunashire and Iturup) is related with young
tectono-magmatic events within the Kuril back-arc basin. (Martynov et al.
// Petrologiya (Petrology). 2010. V. 18, N 5. P. 512-535).
Main stages of the cofault destruction of
the Asia East margin
GIS-portal “Geology of the Far East of Russia” http://gis.fegi.ru/ was
realized representing the developed web-interface for a single enter point to
the spatial data and services on geology of East Russia. Megadata on GISprojects of the Institutes of FEB of RAS as well as other institutes,
universities, and organizations, such as Geological Survey of the USA,
Geological Survey of Japan, and so on, are constantly integrated to the GISportal in automatic regime. The GIS-portal is based on the technologies of
GeoNetwork opensource. (Naumova // Vestnik ONZ of RAS. V. 2. NZ 1001.
Doi:10.2205/2010NZ000053, 2010).
Different-age magmatic complexes were distinguished and
described
Geoinformation
systems on geology of
the Far East of Russia
The instrumental U-Pb SHRIMP method was firstly used to justify the
age interval (85.3-83.2 m.y.) of the big-volume ignimbrite volcanism of the
East-Sikhote-Alin belt correlated in time with the ignimbrite eruptions of
the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogene. It is reported that the eruption of huge
volumes of pyroclastic material (about 2.5 mln m3) in the Far East in the
Cretaceous time was catastrophic for entire environments including the
World Ocean. Data we obtained support in full the conclusions of the
Canadian researchers who connect the catastrophe in the World Ocean in
the Cretaceous time with the volcanic events of that time.(Sakhno, Akinin
// Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad. Sci.). 2008. V. 419, N 1. P. 8185; Alenicheva, Sakhno // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad. Sci.).
2008. V. 420, N 1. P. 70-75).
The age interval of the
big-volume ignimbrite
volcanism of the EastSikhote-Alin belt
U-Pb dating was first done on zircons of granitoids of the northern part
of Laoelin-Grodekovo terrane (Primorye). All granitoids are shown to
belong to the Permian multi-phase massifs, with which in South Primorye
gold mineralization is related. The data obtained extend the prospects for
gold content of the region. (Khanchuk et al., 2010).
The scaled U-Pb
It is established that Kema terrane (East Sikhote-Alin) is a fragment of
the back-arc basin of the Moneron-Samarga island-arc system. The main
source of the clastic product is an ensyalic island volcanic arc. The basalt
petrochemistry indicates their restriction to the back part of the arc
transferred from south to north for not less than latitude 15 o . (Malinovsky
et al. // The island arc. 2008. V. 17, N 3. P. 285-304).
dating of granitoids of
the northern part of
Laoelin-Grodekovo
terrane (Primorye)
Position of Kema
terrane in the
Moneron-Samarga
island-arc system
The isolated sea basin
reconstructed on the
eastern margin of the
Paleo-Asian continent
Analysis of data on composition, structure, age, and regional tectonic
position of the volcanogene-siliceous formations of the Machtovaya River
area and Kisilev-Manominsky terrane of the Early Cretaceous accretionary
prism in the Sikhote-Alin modern structure allows for the reconstruction of
the isolated sea basin on the eastern margin of the Paleo-Asian continent in
the Cretaceous time. Its initiation was governed by the emplacement of the
Kema-Rebun-Kabato island arc in Hauterivian and its subsequent growth
in Hauterivian-Albian time and then its accretion at the end of Albian age
to the eastern margin of the Paleo-Asian continent due to the transform
sliding of the Paleo-Pacific plate northward. (Kemkin // Acta Geoscientica
Sinica. 2009. V. 30, N 1. P. 21-24).
It was established that Nizhnebikinskaya depression represents a pullapart basin developed in the process of right-lateral migrations along
Alchansky (Mishan-Fushun in North-East China) fault of the Tang-Lu
system. Change of the left-lateral displacements along the faults of this
system, predominating in the Cretaceous time, for the right-lateral in the
Cenozoic is connected with the Indo-Eurasian collision. (Golozubov et al. //
Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya (Pacific Geology). 2009. V. 28, N 3. P. 74-89).
Reconstruction of paleoclimatic conditions
Nature of
Nizhnebikinskaya
depression
Climatic conditions of
Late Paleozoic and
Mesozoic of south and
north territories of
the Far East
Paleoclimatic changes
in Pleistocene
determined for the
North-West Pacific
A new scheme
proposed for
Cenozopic
stratigraphy of
Climatic conditions of Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods of the Far East
south and north territories were first reconstructed from paleontological
and isotope-oxygen and isotope-carbon data. The results evidence to the
existence of the continental florae and faunae of the Far East sea shelves
under conditions of the notable fluctuations of climate and agree well with
the global climatic changes of the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous periods. (Zakharov et al. // GFF . 2009. V. 131. N 1-2. P. 25-47).
Regional paleoclimatic changes in Pleistocene were reconstructed based
on the comprehensive study of diatom distribution in the sediments of the
North-West Pacific. The stratigraphic features of the Quaternary diatom
complexes were established and correlated using the indications which
reflect the traces of the same paleoecosystem rearrangement (Meien
principle). (Pushkar’, Cherepanova. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka. 2008. 174 p.;
Markov et al. // Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya (Pacific Geology). 2008. V.
27, N 3. P. 74-92).
Compilation of stratigraphic schemes of Cenozoic
A new scheme of Cenozoic stratigraphy of Primorye has been compiled.
Locations and species of fossilized flora were discovered and described.
Some contradictions of the preceding stratigraphic schemes were
eliminated that allowed for comparison of florae of Primorye with those of
North-East China, Korea, and Japan at the modern level. Paleobotanic
evidence of the origination time of the Sea of Japan was revealed.
(Pavlyutkin, Petrenko // Stratigraphy of Paleogene-Neogene deposits of
Primorye. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka. 2010. 164 p.; Pavlyutkin, Golozubov ..
Vestnik KRAUNTs. 2010. N 2 (16). P. 19-26).
Summary stratigraphic schemes of the Quaternary deposits and sections
of geological structure of the cover of seven shelf areas of the Far East seas
have been first compiled. Mapping of the shelf areas is based on the
lithostratigraphic principle of disjunction of the Quaternary deposit
sections that makes possible to distinguish the lithologically isolated beds
within the sedimentary cover that correspond to certain stages of the
transgressive-regressive activity of sea and to the stages of placer
formation. (Khershberg et al. // Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya(Pacific
Geology). 2010. N 6. P. 90-106).
Primorye
New species of paleontological findings
Summary
stratigraphic schemes
of the Quaternary
deposits and sections
of geological structure
of the cover of seven
shelf areas of the Far
East seas
Data obtained on
stratigraphic
distribution of new for
the science taxons of
Permian ammonoids
New for the science taxons of the fossilized Cephalopods (new species of
ammonoids of Araxoceras genus) were described; new data were obtained
on the stratigraphic distribution of Permian ammonoids (Paraceltites,
Vedioceras) found first in Iran. Analysis of Permian assemblages of
Cephalopods of Central Iran and the Trans-Caucasus testifies to the
progressive strengthening of the relation between the seas of this region
during the Late Permian time. (Zakharov et al. // Paleontologicheskii
zhurnal (Paleontological Journal). 2010. N 6. P. 18-24).
The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous radiolarians were firstly extracted
from the volcanogene-cherty formations on the Amur River right bank in its
down-stream (Innokent’evka town area and the Pongdan River left bank)
attributed to Largasinskaya suite of the Senomanian age (after Boiko I.P.,
1962) or cherty-volcanogene bed (after Anoikin V.I., 2002). Data on
radiolarians suggest the age interval of these volcanogene-cherty formation
to be the Late Tithonian- Middle to Late Albian. It should be noted that the
radiolarian assemblage from clayey cherts consists for 80-85% of
multicyrtidal forms representing new species of Stichomitra, Xitus, and
Parvicingula genera. (Filippov, Kemkin // Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya
(Pacific Geology). 2008. V. 27, N 5. P. 42-52).
Models of formation of tin and tungsten mineralization in the
Far East region
Late Jurassic-Early
Cretaceous
radiolarians firstly
extracted from
volcanogene-cherty
formations
Integral model of
formation of tungstenbearing ore-magmatic
system
Integral model of formation of tungsten-bearing ore-magmatic system
(OMS) was developed. The model explains the main features of ore-bearing
magmatism and accompanying processes of ore formation (skarn
formation, feldspar metasomatosis, greisenization, and sulfidization) and
restriction of the OMS to the “extension-compression” zones characteristic
of the transform settings. It was established that magmatic melts (zone of
generation), producing the tungsten mineralization, have crust-mantle
nature with more than 50 % of a crust component. According to the
“chamber model” their evolution governs the regular successive
combination of the processes of skarn formation, feldspar metasomatosis,
greisenization, and sulfidization that result in the development of large and
major deposits (Gvozdev // Pacific ore belt: materials of new
investigations. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka. 2008. P. 52-69; Gvozdev //
Geologiya rudnykh mestorozhdenii (Geology of ore deposits). 2007. V. 49,
N 3. P. 215-226).
Paragenetic schemes-models of type deposits of cassiterite-quartz
(Pravourmiiskoe, Khabarovsky Krai) and cassiterite-silicate (Solnechnoe,
Khabarovsky Krai) formations and polyformation tin deposit
(Arsenyevskoe, Primorsky Krai) were created. Relation of the stages of oreforming process at these deposits with the stages of evolution of oregenerating magmatism is shown. (Gonevchuk et al. // Pacific ore belt:
materials of new investigations (to the centenary of E.A. Radkevich).
Vladivostok: Dal’nauka. 2008. P. 70-79; Kokorin et al. //
Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya (Pacific Geology). 2008. V. 27, N 2. P. 29-46).
Features of tin mineralization of the South Far East of Russia are
described, and their relation with the specificity of ore-bearing magmatic
associations, and first of all, with the presence in their composition of
derivatives of latite (trachyandesite) melts is shown. The opinion is
supported about the formation of the latite association (115-95 m.y.) before
the formation of the suprasubduction Sikhote-Alin magmatic belt under
conditions of extension at the stage of the Early Cretaceous transform
movements of the lithosphere plates. The probability of the relation of the
features of geochemical and metallogenic signature of monzonitoids with
the features of fluid circulation in zones of extension is shown. (Gonevchuk
Models of type and
polyformation tin
deposits
Relation of tin
mineralization with
ore-bearing magmatic
associations of latite
(trachyandesite) melts
Regularities of
distribution of most of
large gold-ore
districts of South-East
Russia
A new geologicgenetic type of
precious-metal
mineralization in
stratified strata of
proluvial deposits
Au, Pt, and Pd high
contents in the
Triassic carbonaceous
silicites of the SikhoteAlin
Explosive bodies of
et al. // Australian J. of Earth Sciences. 2010. N 57. P. 777-802).
Forecast-searching criteria and factors of deposit formation
It was first established that most of large gold-ore districts of SouthEast Russia are characterized by the presence of Pre-Cambrian projections,
stage-by-stage arrangement of magmatic chambers above the Mohorovicic
discontinuity, and restriction to the joints of different-orientation global
and regional gradient zones of the gravity field. The regularities revealed
indicate the probability of the fact that the ore-generating processes began
in the Early Pre-Cambrian time, and that ore formation in Late PaleozoicMesozoic was primarily controlled by the derivatives of the North-Asian
superplume. (Khomich, Boriskina // Geologiya I Geophizika (Geology and
Geophysics). 2010. V. 51, N 6. P. 849-862).
The workers of the Institute have first recognized a new geological-genetic
type of precious-metal mineralization represented by unrounded clastogene
blocks and fragments of gold-bearing vein-metasomatic formations
concentrated in the Late Cretaceous stratified strata of proluvial deposits
(fanglomerates). High economic efficiency of such ore-bearing strata
development was supported. (Khomich, Vlasov // Tectonics, magmatism,
and metallogenyof active continental margins. InterimIAGOD Conference
September 1-20, Vladivostok. Russia. Excursion guidebook. Dal’nauka
Publishing House, Vladivostok. 2004. P. 72-86; Khomich, Boriskina //
Tikhookeanskaya geologiya (Pacific Feology). 2011. V. 30, N 1. P. 70-96).
In the Triassic carbonaceous silicites of the Sikhote-Alin there were
found high Au, Pt, and Pd contents, and concentration of Au in the rocks of
the phtanite patch in some section reaches economic contents. It was
established that a big portion of Au, Pt, and Pd is related with the rock
organic part, and about a half or less their amount occur in native form in
intermetalides of Cu5Zn3 kind. The organic matter served a transporter and
source of rare and precious metals of sulfides, intermetallides, and nanoand microparticles of Au and Pd. (Volokhin, Karabtsov // Doklady RAN
(Reports of Russian Acad. Sci.). 2009. V. 426, N 1. P. 84-89).
Within the Nadan-Khada Range (China) there were found explosive
bodies of carbonatite-picrite with which in the Sikhote-Alin the findings of
diamonds associate. The rocks represent a new petrological type. It was first
established that at the contact of silicate-fluorine-potash and sodiumcarbonate melts the potash kaersutite is replaced by sodic glaukophane (7.5
% Na2O). It is shown that such explosions are the fluidized apophyses of
large dunite-wehrlite intrusives. (Shcheka et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports
of Russian Acad. Sci.). 2009. V. 429, N 3. P.383-387).
It was established that the oxygen isotope composition in precious
corundums depends on the type of the original deposit and can serve a
criterion defining their genesis. Study of 18O of sapphires from placers
associated with the Cenozoic basalts proved that they have a narrow (+5.5
to +7.0 ‰) interval of variation of the oxygen isotope composition
analogous to that of sapphires and accompanying megacryst from basalts.
For each concrete type of the deposits of metamorphogene genesis
(aposedimentary, apoultrabasic, and others) there was established a strictly
defined, rather narrow, interval of variations of oxygen isotopes. (Vysotsky
et al. // Doklady RAN (Reports of Russian Acad. Sci.). 2008. V. 423. N 1. P.
85-88).
Methods of evaluation and modeling of processes in hydrosphere
In the mathematic record of the parametric representation there were
taken into account the processes of transformations of the sea ice on the
coastal open water areas into the shore ice through its formation and
inverse processes on the stage of its breakdown. The parametric
identification of the model was performed on the basis of selections of long-
carbonatite-picrite
within the NadanKhada Range (China)
similar to diamondbearing rocks of the
Sikhote-Alin
Criterion defining the
genesis of precious
corundums
Model of formation
and subsequent
evolution of ice cover
Features of
composition and
formation of nitric
thermal and
carbonated mineral
waters of the South
Far East
standing distributions of the ice cover characteristics of the Sea of Japan,
temperatures of the air, and rates of winds above the sea aquatorium.
(Chetyrbotsky // Geography and natural resources. 2008. N 1. P. 111-116;
Chetyrbotsky // Izvestiya RAN (Proceedings of RAS).Geographic series.
2008. N1. P. 116-124; Chetyrbotsky // Vodnye resursy (Water Resources).
2008. V. 35, N 4. P. 417-428).
Firstly for the nitric waters of the Sikhote-Alin we established the
concentrations of microelements (including the rare-earth ones),
determined the isotope ratios, and defined the main sources supplying the
elements into waters. It was established that the contents of chemical
elements and their behavior are controlled by the water-exchange rate and
by equiponderant minerals originated in the water-rock system. Oxygen,
hydrogen, and strontium isotope data and numerical modeling showed that
thermal springs are formed under conditions of rapid water-exchange (less
than 50 years) with a significant water-rock ratio. It is shown that the water
component basis is meteoric water, and that nitrogen, forming the basis of
the gas phase, is of atmospheric origin. (Chudaev et al. // Tikhookeanskaya
geologiya (Pacific Geology). 2008. N 6. P. 73-82).
Study of the largest deposits of the carbonated waters of the South
Far East resulted in new data on mineralogical and chemical composition of
water-enclosing rocks. We determined the rare-earth element
concentrations both in mineral waters and in water-enclosing rocks that
allowed for the conclusion about the source of rare earths in different types
of underground waters. The main factors were established controlling the
transfer of chemical elements from rock minerals into water solution. The
forms of migration of macro- and microelements were defined. Isotope
methods were used to determine the genesis of water and carbon dioxide.
(Chelnokov, Kharitonova. Carbonated mineral waters of the South Far
East of Russia. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka. 2009. 165 p.).
Formation conditions and characteristics of mud-stone silts and snow
slides of catastrophic volumes were determined in the low-mountain relief
of Sakhalin Island. We established that the volumes of mud-stone silt flows
may exceed 500 000 m3 with the outburst distance of up to 16 000 m, and
volumes of snow slides may exceed 1 500 000 m3 with the outburst distance
of up to 3 800 m and height of the front of up to 100 m. It is shown that the
lithological factors play the dominating role in the formation of slides and
silts of catastrophic volumes, and hydrometeorological factors play the
subordinate role. The cyclic recurrence of the slide and silt formation of
catastrophic volumes was revealed. (Atlas of natural and technogenic
dangers and risks of extreme situations. The Russian Federation. The Far
East Federal Region. M., OOO “Publishing-Producer Center “Design.
Information. Cartography”, 2008 – 322 p.; Gensiorovsky // Geoecology.
Engineering Geology. Hydrogeology. Geocryology. N 1 – M.: MAIK, 2008.
P. 67-71; Kazakov, Gensiorovsky // Geoecology. Engineering Geology.
Hydrogeology. Geocryology. N 6 – M.: MAIK, 2008. P. 483-496;
Kazakova. Recurrence of major mud-stone silts in the Susunaisky Range
from data of the dendrochronological analysis. // Geoecology.
Engineering Geology. Hydrogeology. Geocryology. – M.: MAIK, N 3,
2009. P. 258-263).
Values of snow loads in Sakhalinskaya Oblast’ were determined, the
map of dividing the territory of Sakhalinskaya Oblast’ on snow loads was
compiled in scale of 1:1000 000 as the map of stratigraphic complexes of
snow covers, and the methodology of calculation of snow loads was
elaborated. (Kazakov et al. “Recommendations on calculation of snow
loads in Sakhalinskaya Oblast’”. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Ministry of Building
of Sakhalinskaya Oblast’, 2010. N 2 (114). P. 53-56; Gensiorovsky et al. //
Georisk. 2011. N 3. P. 12-18.
The results of investigations of avalanche processes in the West
Characteristics of
mud-stone silts and
snow slides of
catastrophic volumes
in the low-mountain
relief of Sakhalin
Island
Map of stratigraphic
complexes of snow
covers of
Sakhalinskaya Oblast’
Factors defining the
regime and dynamic
characteristics of
catastrophic
avalanches of the
Aigba Range (West
Caucasus)
Caucasus (Krasnaya Polyana) in 2009 allowed us to determine firstly the
dynamic characteristics of avalanches (rate, maximal distance of outburst,
and pressure to an obstacle) formed on the northern macroslope of Aibga
Mountain in the Beshenka River Basin. It was established that the main
factor controlling the regime and dynamic characteristics of catacstrophic
avalanches on the Aibga Range is the recrystallization of the snow strata. It
was established that the recrystallization of the snow strata is actively
developed in the Mzymta River valley and on the watersheds (abs. mark
2400 m). We give the conclusion about a current degree of the avalanche
danger on the automobile road from the “Al’pika-Service” mountain-skiing
complex to the objects of the “Roza-Khutor mountain-skiing health resort”
and “ Toboggan-bob-sleigh track” Olympic complex. The map of the
intensity of the avalanche process manifestation on the entire territory of
the mountain cluster of Sochi Town was compiled. Recommendations on
prevention of the avalanche accidents were worked out. (Kazakov et al.
Large avalanches of small slopes // Georisk, n 2 – M.: PNIIS, 2008 – p.
56-58; Kazakova // Georisk. 2011, N 3. P. 20-24; Kazakov et al. //
Abstracts of the IV International Conference “Avalanches and
interdisciplinary problems”. Kirovsk, Apatites: OOO “Apatite-Media”,
2011. P. 60-61).