MAPS
Latin America
Tropical forest: Northern/middle South America, East Coast of the S half of Central America
Deforestation: Entire west coast of Brazil, outer eastern fringes of Brazil tropical forest, Mexico Yucatan
peninsula and through lower central America. Also the NW coast of South America, South Paraguay
Desert: Peru and Chile pacific coast, Patagonia, N Mexico, Bahia of Brazil.
Desertification: Central Mexico, west Peru, sw Bolivia, ne Argentina, ne Brazil
Coastal Pollution: “u” of Mex Yucatan, S coast Panama, Peru pacific coast, Santiago Chile, Buenos coast, Rio
de Janiero coast.
Polluted rivers: w end of Amazon [Brazil], Negro [Brazil], Salado [Agentina], Parana [Argentina, Paraguay],
Colorado [Argentina], San Francisco [Brazil], Orinoco [Venezuela], Magdalena [Colombia], Cauca [Colombia]
Andes: NW Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego; 5k miles. Antiplano; treeless high plain in Peru, Bolivia. Aconcagua
highest peak.
Mexico/Central American Uplands: most cities here [Mexico City, Guadalajara, Puebla]. Most of pop. Most
farms small subsistence.
Shields: Brazilian, Patagonian. Brazilian larger, more resources, settlement. Parana basalt plateau; at southern
end of Brazilian shield.
River basins/lowlands: Amazon, Plata [Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay rivers], Orinoco. Sparsely settled.
Tropical wet and savanna climtes in central America, N south America and Brazil. Steppes along deserts and in
N Ven. Highland along andes and central America uplands. Humid subtropical in SE s America. Marine west coast, and
med summer along SW [Chile].
Manaus, Brazil: uniform temp, “U” precip 12
Mexico City: slightly mountain temp, mountain precip 7
Managua, Nicaragua: uniform temp, higher in Apr/Mar, precip Mar-Nov 10;
mountain and “U” inside
Quito, Ecuador: Uniform temp 70, 2-mountain precip, non un July
Lima Peru: Temp lower July-Nov. No precip
Rio de Janiero, BZ: slight “u” temp, “u” precip 4
Buenos Aires, Arg: Strong “u” temp, uniform precip 3-4
Punta Arenas, Chile: lower temp Mar-Dec avg 50. Uniform precip 2
Population: NW South America, central Central America, W Brazil.
Megapolis’: Mexico City, Sao Paulo/Rio de Janiero, Buenos Aires
El Salvador most densely populated
Bolivia least dense populated
Costa Rico highest life expect
Uruguay 92% urbanized, most
URBAN MODEL PG 86
Im/migration:
International flows: 35m Latin Americans in US
Mex-Texas, Cali
Guatemala-Texas
Nicaragua-Florida
El Salvador-S Carolina
Ecuador-US, Spain
Colombia-US
S Brazil-Portugal
E Argentina-Portugal, Spain
International flows in LA:
Guatemala-Mexico
El Salvador-Belize, Honduras
Nicaragua-Costa Rica
Colombia-Venezuela [Maracaibo]
Ecuador-Venezuela
Bolivia [La Paz]-Argentina [BA]
Chile-Argentina
Paraguay-Argentina
Uruguay-Argentina
Intraregional flows:
Central Mex-N Mex
W Colombia-E, NE, N Colombia
N Venezuela-S Venezuela
E Brazil-S Brazil, W [Manaus]
S Brazil-west central border
coastal Peru-interior Peru
W Bolivia-E Bolivia
Languages:
Portuguese: Brazil
Spanish: All other countries.
Aymara: Bolivia, Peru, Chile
Embera: West Colombia
Guarani: Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil
Quechua: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Mayan: Mexico [Yucatan], Guatemala
Nawan: Mexico
Mixtec: Mexico
Wahiro: Colombia, Venezuela
Pemong: Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana
Yanomama: Brazil, Venezuela
Scattered indigenous langs: mostly Brazil, forests
Bolivia, Peru with indig official langs
LA 1650:Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, Brazil
LA 1830: Mexico, United provinces of central America, Gran Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
United Province of La Plata
LAFTA: Mexico and South America below Panama [not including Carib state of SA]
CACM: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador
Andean Group: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Mercosur: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
NAFTA: Mexico
Mercosur Associates: Bolivia, Chile
Wealth patterns:
Brazil: South + Federal district in Goias. Poorer in NE
Mexico: Poorest areas Indian state of S Mev, and surrounding Mexico city[itself wealthy] Wealthier toward north
and on Yucatan.
Caribbean
Tropical forest: Belize, rimland, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Bahamas, N Lesser Antilles
Cropland: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Repub, Lesser Antilles, N shore of SA continent, Belize coast.
Tropical Forest Destroyed: Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Repub, Lesser Antilles
Coastal pollution: Haiti hook, Puerto Rico, Havana [N Cuba]
Guina shield in SA states. Mountainous Hispaniola, Montserrat eruptions.
Tropical wet: Cuba, Haiti, Bahamas, S Guyana, Belize coast, S Dom Rep, Trinidad
Tropical savanna: N Dom Rep, Beliza, N Guyana, Suriname, FR Guiana, Lesser Antilles
Much rain in SA states; most in FR Guiana. Barbados skewed right, Haiti double mountain, Beliza skewed right,
Cuba mountain, PR uniform, slight hill, FR Guiana 21-3 precip.
Temp generally uniform; for northern areas, warmer from aug-oct.
Population: Generally high density islands. Lower density pop continental areas. Haiti very much so. Pop growing 1.3%
Barbados highest pop dense/. FR Guiana lowest pop dense. Haiti, Bahamas highest AIDS. 2% of carib pop 15-49 w/
AIDs.
Im/migration:
Belize, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, PR, Dom Rep-US
Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Guyana, Belize, Bahamas, Jamaica-Great Britain
Haiti, Jamaica, Nether Antilles, Trinidad-Canada
Lesser Antilles, FR Guiana-France,Suriname, Nether Antilles-Netherlands
Lesser Antilles-Lesser Antilles, Tinidad
Haiti-Dom Rep-PR
Haiti-Bahamas, FR Guiana
Caribbean as Plantation America:
5.3 millions slaves to carib; in order of numbers:
French carib, British carib, Spanish America, Dutch carib, Danish Carib
Slaves from:
Senegambia, Sierre Leone, Gold Coast, Bight of Benin, Bight of Biafra, Angola
Languages:
Spanish-Cuba, Dom Rep, PR
French-Haiti, some lesser, FR Guiana
English-Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica, Trinidad and other lesser, Guyana
Dutch-Suriname, Nether Antilles
US military interventions:
Cuba: 1898-1902 Military occupation, 1961 Military invasion, 1962 Military blockade
Haiti: 1915-1934 Military occupation, 1994 Military intervention, Navassa island dispute
Puerto Rico: 1898 Military Bombardment, Battle for Vieques
Grenada: 1983 Military invasion
Panama: 1989 Military invasion
Other disputes:
Venezuela claim E of Guyana
SE Guyana dispute b/w Suriname
Suriname/FR Guiana dispute over S border
Dominican Republic FTZ: 15 now, 13 more proposed, 4 internat’l airports, 2 internat’l ports
Tourism: 5 islands hosted 70% of the 14 million international tourists in 1999: Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Dom Rep, Jamaica,
Cuba. Tourism a very big thing, anyway.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Tropical forest-Central Africa, East Madagascar
Drought areas-Sahel, The Horn, Southeast Africa
National Parks-Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Central African rep, Chad, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of
Congo, South Africa, Zambia, Botswana, Tanzania
Forest Destroyed-West African coast, southern part of remaining trop forest [central], SE Mozambique, E Madagascar
Desert-Sahara, Kalahari, Horn coasts
Desertification-Sahel, Horn, S/SW Africa
Coastal Pollution-South Africa, West Africa Coast, East central [Tanzania], DRC, Madagascar
Polluted Rivers-Niger, White Nile, Zambezi, Congo
Elevation increase S and E. [High Africa] West Africa, Central Africa [low Africa]
Ethiopian plateau, Great Escarpment, insignificant mnt ranges.
Lake Chad shrink 95%
Desert-Sahara, Horn, Namibia
Trop Monsoon-SW West Africa
Trop Savanna-Central A, W Madagascar
Trop wet climate-E Madagascar, Central trop forest Africa
Steppe-Sahel, South Africa
Mediterranean-Cape Town area
Mild mid-lat-SE South Africa-Swaziland dry season
HIV:
20%+:Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Lesotho
10-19%:Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Central African Rep, Ivory Coast
5-9%:Burkina Faso, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Rep of Congo, Dem Rep of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania
All other less than 5%
Population:
concentrated in West Africa, East Africa [Ethiopia and around lake Victoria], SE South Africa
Nigeria high TFR: 7.5
Djibouti most urbanized
Mauritius highest pop density
Namibia reg least dense pop
Rwanda highest rural [95%] pop
South Africa Apartheid, Capetown, Indian in south central, Coloured in central areas, Black in easterly areas, whites n and
w.
Languages:
Afro-Asiatic in the north with Nilo-Saharan
Indo-European in SW S Africa
Khoisan above indo-E
Austronesian-Madagascar
Niger-Congo: W, Central, S Africa
Official langs of ex-colonizers
Most Muslims in the North. Spotted large minorities in south.
Colonialism:
Germany: Cameroon, Togo, Tanzania, Namibia
Italy: Libya, Eritrea, Somalia, Walvis Bay Namibia
Belgium: Congo
Portuguese: Angola, Mozambique, Guinea
British: Egypt, Sudan, British Somaliland, Gold Coast, Sierre Leone, Nigeria, Northern Rhodesia, Southern
Rhodesia, Uganda, Kenya, Basutoland, Swaziland, Gambia, Bechuanaland, Nyasaland [Malawi]
French: French West Africa, Morocco, Tunis, Algeria, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, French Somaliland
Spanish: Spanish Morocco, IFNI, Rio de Oro, Rio Muni
Independent: Ethiopia, Union of South Africa, Liberia
Refugees: With most refugees: Sudan, Dem Rep Congo, Zambia, Tanzania
Uganda, Kenya
Most internally displaced: Sudan, Dem Rep of Congo, Angola
Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rep of Congo, Senegal, Liberia, Eritrea, Somalia
Border conflicts: Ghana/Togo, Burkina/Mali, Chad, Ethiopia/Eritrea,Somalia, Tanzania, Zambia/Dem Rep C
Most Aid: Zambia, Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Rwanda, Malawi, Eritrea
Next most: Senegal, Mali, Chad, Cen Af Rep, Tanzania, Angola, Burundi. Most contries receive some aid
Biggest AID donors: Japan, US, Germany, France, UK
Next biggest: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Canada, Netherlands
All countries in OAU
ECOWAS: West Africa
SADC: South Africa
CEEAC: Central Af
SADC SHOWS MOST ECONOMICAL PROMISE
Southwest Asia and North Africa
Anatolian Plateau in Turkey
Fertile Crescent: Lebanon, Syria, N Iraq, E Turkey
Atlas Mountains: Morocco, Tunisia
Maghreb: In b/w coast and Atlas mnts.
Tropical steppe mostly in Iranian Plateau and Atlas.
Desert in Saudia peninsula, central Iran, Sahara
Med climate in Turkey, Algeria, some Libya, Israel, Syria, Kurd-area
Most cities in this region experience upside-down “u” temp, “u” precip. Turkey most rain in region. VERY little rain.
Desertificaiton: Maghreb, Atlas, entire S coast of med. Iran, central Sudan, S Yemen, Iraq, Syria
Dotted forest areas: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, S Sudan, SW Iran, throughout Turkey
Coastal Pollution: E Coast med, Med ocean entry, Persian gulf, S Caspian sea.
Aswan high dam-Egypt
Great man-made River-Libya
Jordan River Valley-hydropolitics
Salinization: Maghreb, Nile Valley, central Israel, Tigris/Euphrates rivers, central Iran
Polluted Rivers: Nile, Tigris/Euphrates.
Population:
Concentration in N Algeria/Morocco, Nile River Corridor, Israel, Southwest Yemen, NE Iraq, Iran, Turkey
[uniform], central Sudan
Gulf States depend on foreign workers
Emigration from North Africa to W Europe.
90% Israelis urbanized.
Iran low growth rate, family planning
Saudi Arabia highest growth rate
Pastoral Nomadism in interior/desert regions.
Dry farming: N North Af, W Turkey along water, NW Iran, N Iraq, med E coast, S Sudan, S Yemen
Oasis: Nile river corridor, Tigris/Euphrates, Nile in Sudan, N Coast Oman, spotted in Iran, Spotted in Sahara
Muslim:
622AD: Makkah, Saudi Arabia
632AD: Saudi Peninsula
656AD: Middle East save Turkey, N Egypt
750AD: N North Africa, Eastward push from mid east, Spain/Port
1300AD: North Africa, S Asia strip, Turkey
After 1300AD: Central Asia, India, Some Sub Africa, Indonesia, E Europe
No longer Muslim dominance: India, Spain, Turkey, E Europe, S Asia, some Central Asia
Shiite: Iran, S Iraq
Sunni: North Africa, Rest of middle east
Christianity/Animism: S Sudan
Judaism: Israel
Berber: Atlas mnts, Sahara
Kurdish: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria intersection
Afro-Asiatic: North Africa, middle east save iran, turkey
Altaic: Turkey, N Iran
Nilo-Saharan: South Sudan, South Libya
Indo-European: Iran, E Turkey, N Iraq
Hebrew: Israel
Arab League: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain, Jordan,
Syria, Iraq, Lebanon
Recent internal conflict: Turkey, Iraq, Yemen, Sudan, Algeria, Western Sahara
Islamic Fundamentalist states: Sudan, Iran
State w/ Fundamentalist issues: Algeria, Egypt, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey,
Israel:
1922-1948 British Mandate
1947 partition plan
1948-1949 War: Jordan w/ West Bank
since 1967 war: present
Saudi Arabia most petroleum reserves
then; Iraq, UAE, Iran, Kuwait
Russia most natural gas
then; Iran, Europe, Qatar
Biggest petroleum producers: US, Russia, Saudi Arabia
Biggest nat gas producers: US, Russia
Russian Domain
Ural Mnts, Siberia, European West, Russian far east, Caucasus and Transcaucasia
North-Tundra, North East-sub arctic dry winters, East dry winters, East subarctic cool summer, West humid continental
South-Steppe. Black sea-Humid subtrop hot summer.
Most rain is little, Mnts shaped. Vast temp differences, all mnt shaped.
Most Russian domain is Taiga, tundra. Diversified agriculture: Belarus, W central Russia, far southeast Russia,
transcaucasus. Large-scale grain: Ukraine, south Russia. Urban truck-farming: West Russia, Ukraine. Humid subtrop
agriculture: Georgia, Ukraine.
Most Russian rivers are polluted. Acid rain: Norilsk,Yekaterinburg, Belarus, Ukraine, W Russia. Salinization along
northern Caspian sea. Forest dmg from nw to se russ, north Belarus. Radioactive contamination: Novaya Zemlya,
Belarus, Ukraine, central Russia.
Population: Mostly in European Russia, along southern border. 40% population of Magadan [Russian far east] left area.
Im/migration: Russian immigrants returning from: Kazakstan, Kygryzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia,
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
Economic emigrants in Russian domain: Far east to the west, south west central to the black sea.
Emigrants leaving Russian domain to: Canada, US, Finland, Israel, Czech Rep, Germany, Poland, Hungary;
from Ukraine to US, from Armenia to US.
Political refugees: From Chechnya, in between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Russian empire growth: From Moscow in 1300 outward. First the north, then some south. Then Belarus, Ukraine, lat, lith,
est, etc. and Siberia. Then Central Asia, transcaucasus. Then South central Asia, Russian far south east, and a bit more
westward.
Eskimo –Aleut throughout North East and Northern arctic islands. Altaic mostly in the east [Yakut, Evenki, Buryats] also
the Tatars. Finno-Ugric in central Russia, mostly in the north, also along border with Finland, and the Mordvinians.
Russian mostly in west and Central Russia, but spoken everywhere. 15 states in Russian domain 22 republic of the
Russian federation.
Manufacture mostly in the west, and also in south central Russia. Much coal mining in the Russian far east and Siberia,
also gold. Foresting in southeast, central, northeast. Petroleum in central Russia. Natural gas in central Russia. Much
hydroelectric power in southwest, southcentral. Nickel in Ukraine, Northwest Russia. Railroad along southern border.
Central Asia
Gobi desert is expanding. Taklamakan desert. Desertification: North and along north-south. Oil pollution in the Caspian
sea. “Virgin Lands Campaign” of 1950s resulted in soil erosion of Kazakstan.
Pamir knot: mountains in a knot; Hindu Kush [SW], Kunlun Shan [E], Tien Shan [NE]
Relatively uniform rainfall throughout the year. Extreme temp variations, upside-down “u.” Mostly midlat steppe and
desert. Highland Tibet. Humid continental in NE. One spot of subarctic. Humid subtrop, monsoon in far southeast.
Population: High density in coastal lowlands of Azerbaijan. Most live in Afghanistan. Uzbekistan very crowded. Tibet
mostly populated in lower levels. Inner Mongolia also populated. Tarim basin [Taklamakan desert]; most along the
outskirts of this desert, under the mountains and in the river valleys.
Many languages: Kazak, Karakalpaak [b/w Aral sea and Uzbekistan], Uzbek, Uygur [Northwest China], Kirghiz, Turkmen,
Azeri, Mongolian, Russian, Tajik and Dari [Persian, in Afghanistan], Pashtun [Afghanistan], Mountain Tajik [8], Baluchi [S
Afghanistan], Tibetan, other [inner Mongolia].
Fergana Valley very complex politically. [Tajikstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan]
Kazakstan, Mongolia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan receive most direct foreign investment. Mongolia, Kygryzstan with most
aid. Kazakstan, Turkmenistan with most tourism.
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