1
Microsoft Word for Windows sample for authors preparing
Geophysical Research Letters manuscripts
Geoffrey M. Kay, Karen Jamison,1 William F. Johnson, Thomas Ryan,1
Sarah C. Wilson, and Justin Smith
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
J. Blythe and M. Chen2
Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Faculty of Science
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
L. Song
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Abstract. Characteristics of the long-term variation of
daytime (0600-1600 MLT) ELF-VLF emissions at 750 Hz
and 2 kHz are examined, using 7 and 4 years of digital data
obtained at a conjugate pair of stations, Syowa in Antarctica
and Husafell in Iceland.
1. Introduction
Long-term observations are necessary to characterize and
understand the solar influence on various phenomena taking
place in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere.
Natural ELF-VLF radio emissions detectable on the ground
are generated by the wave-particle interaction in the magnetosphere and topside ionosphere [e.g., Helliwell, 1965;
Tsurutani and Smith, 1977].
2. Observation and Analysis of Diurnal and
Daytime Emission Occurrences
2.1. Diurnal Variation of Emission Occurrence
The diurnal variations of emission occurrence at 750 Hz
and 2 kHz are examined here using the data observed
simultaneously at the two geomagnetic conjugate stations.
The diurnal variations of the 750-Hz emission, as observed
at Husafell and Syowa, are given in Figure 1.
cos2 j
usv(t ) 
ux(t )  sin juz(t )  tan yz  (t )umx
2 cos j
gr
gr

sin mgm  (t )umx 
sin mgm (1)
n
a d
a nd
The occurrence probabilities are displayed for different
intensity levels.
2.2. Long-Term Variation of Daytime Emissions and
Longevity Term Variation of Other Emissions
In Table 1, the long-term variations of emission intensity at
750 Hz and 2 kHz are examined using data observed at the
two geomagnetic conjugate stations, with reference to
daytime emissions occurring during 0600-1600 MLT.
Acknowledgments. We thank all members of the wintering party
of the 22nd-28th Japanese Antarctic Expeditions for the data
acquisition at Syowa Station.
2
References
Belt, E. S., Post-Acadian rifts and related facies, eastern Canada, in
Studies in Appalachian Geology, edited by E. Zen et al., pp.
95-113, John Wiley, New York, 1968.
Boatwright, J., Detailed spectral analysis of two small New York
State earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 68, 1117-1131, 1978.
Fetterer, F., D. Gineris, C. Johnson, Remote sensing aids in sea-ice
analysis, Eos Trans. AGU, 74, 265, 267-268, 1993.
Orringer, O., Frontal analysis program, Rep. ASRL TR 1023,
Aeroelastic and Struct. Lab., Mass Inst. of Technol., Cambridge,
1974.
J. Blythe, M. Chen, K. Jamison, and T. Ryan, Observation Center
for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Faculty of
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
W. F. Johnson, G. M. Kay, J. Smith, L. Song, and S. C. Wilson,
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543.
(e-mail: kj, wj, gk, js, ls, or sw@red.whoi.edu)
(Received October 6, 1996; revised February 27, 1997;
accepted March 31, 1997.)
1Now at Observation Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and
Volcanic Eruptions, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai,
Japan.
2Also at National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan.
KAY ET AL.: SAMPLE FOR AUTHORS PREPARING MANUSCRIPTS
KAY ET AL.: SAMPLE FOR AUTHORS PREPARING MANUSCRIPTS
KAY ET AL.: SAMPLE FOR AUTHORS PREPARING MANUSCRIPTS
Figure 1. Figure or plate captions consist of a paragraph
containing several sentences. Captions must be set at both
8.4 cm (3.3 inches, 20 picas) and 17.3 cm (6.8 inches, 41
picas) wide.
Figure 1. Figure or plate captions consist of a paragraph containing several sentences. Captions must be set at both 8.4 cm (3.3
inches, 20 picas) and 17.3 cm (6.8 inches, 41 picas) wide.
Figure 1. Figure or plate captions consist of a paragraph containing several sentences. Captions must be set at
both 8.4 cm (3.3 inches, 20 picas) and 17.3 cm (6.8 inches, 41 picas) wide. Figure or plate captions consist of a
paragraph containing several sentences. Captions must be set at both 8.4 cm (3.3 inches, 20 picas) and 17.3 cm
(6.8 inches, 41 picas) wide. Figure or plate captions consist of a paragraph containing several sentences. Captions
must be set at both 8.4 cm (3.3 inches, 20 picas) and 17.3 cm (6.8 inches, 41 picas) wide.
Table 1. Linear Representation of Emission Intensity Wm
Month
a
2 kHz*
b
Correlation
Coefficient
June
-0.71
2.97
(0.99)
September
-0.64
2.95
(0.97)
December
-0.67
2.79
(0.99)
750 kHz*
June
-0.67
2.33
(0.92)
September
-0.55
2.17
(0.99)
December
-0.58
1.92
(0.99)
Here log Wm = am + b.
* G model averaged for study regions 0300, 1100, and 1700 UT and
0600-1600 MLT.
3
Figure 2. This is a broadside caption, which must fit within 24 cm (9.5 inches, 57 picas). Set the left and right margins at 0.75 inch for the maximum width allowed for a
broadside caption. Make sure that the font size is 9.7 CG Times and that the line spacing is 0.94 inch to match AGU caption style. Turn justification on, and do not forget to put
the word "Figure" or "Plate" and a period in bold, with two spaces between the period and the beginning of the caption text.