Station # 1:The RED SCARE
What was the Red Scare and how did the rise of Communism in the U.S. lead to the Red Scare?
.
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer… Leader of the “Palmer Raids”
The Russian Revolution began in 1917. People in Russia were unhappy with the way the czar (leader) and his
government were running the country, and were especially unhappy with Russia’s involvement in World War I.
In America, “Nativism”, or the belief that individuals who are native born are superior to immigrants or have
more rights, gained popularity in the 1920s. Many Americans emerged from World War I fearing socialism
(complete government control), and communist ideas. Some Americans believed immigrants from Eastern
Europe, in particular, would bring these radical ideas into the U.S. Fears of communism and anarchy (absence of
government) led to a widespread panic known as the Red Scare. The word or color “RED” is used to refer to
Communism. Between 1919 and 1921, the U.S. experienced a series of bombings and labor strikes carried out
by Italian anarchists. These events led the federal government to raid the homes and businesses of suspected
communists (these immigrants were known as Reds)… these raids were called Palmer Raids, which were led
by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (Palmer himself was a target, twice, of these bombings). Congress
responded by passing Immigration restrictions…with the passage of the National Origins Act of 1924, the
federal government limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe.
Station # 3: Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
How did the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti illustrate the fears and anger that Americans had towards
Immigrants?
The 1921 murder trial of the young Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti was one of the
most controversial trials in U.S. history. For some observers, the trial was a way to bring two criminals to justice.
For others, the two men were innocent of the crime but were found guilty because they were immigrants and
political radicals. Defenders of Sacco and Vanzetti waged a fierce legal and public relations battle to save their
lives, but the men were executed in 1927.
On April 15, 1920, in South Braintree, Massachusetts, a paymaster and a security guard for a shoe company
were delivering a $15,000 payroll for the business. Two men in an automobile fatally shot the two men, stole the
money, and fled. Eventually, the police focused on Sacco and Vanzetti as their prime suspects. The men
appeared to be unlikely armed robbers. They had arrived in the United States in 1908. Sacco found work as a
shoemaker, and Vanzetti became a fish vendor. Politically they were anarchists who opposed all governments.
Authorities received their names by looking at those people living in the Massachusetts area who subscribed to
the local Anarchist magazine. The police took Sacco and Vanzetti into custody primarily on the basis of two
pieces of evidence. Sacco owned a pistol of the type used in the murders, and the men were arrested at a garage
attempting to reclaim a repaired automobile that had been seen in the vicinity of the South Braintree crime scene.
Sacco and Vanzetti were indicted on September 11, 1920, for the murders and the robbery. The trial began on
May 31, 1921, before Judge Webster Thayer. The defendants were represented by Fred Moore, who had been
hired on their behalf by the recently formed American Civil Liberties Union. Prosecutors used the unreliable
answers that the defendants had given during their initial interrogation to hurt their credibility. He also made
irrelevant remarks about the defendants' unpopular political beliefs and their lack of patriotism. Judge Thayer
allowed these remarks to pass. Some trial observers noted that Thayer was hostile to the defense and that he may
have been biased in favor of the prosecution. The jury convicted Sacco and Vanzetti of the murders and the
robbery on July 14, 1921. The convictions drew cries of outrage from socialists, radicals, and prominent
intellectuals in the United States and Europe.
Anarchist = someone who believes in the absence of government. People should be able to make clear decisions
that would benefit everyone. Usually leads to Chaos…
As a result of this case… the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) was created. This organization was
designed to protect the rights of immigrants and minorities from being abused by the federal government
Station # 3: Marcus Garvey - “Back to Africa Movement”
As African Americans fight for social and political equality, how did the ideas of Marcus Garvey
challenge that movement in the United States?
Born in Jamaica and became leader of the “Back to Africa Movement.” Garvey's version of Black Nationalism
argued that African Americans' quest for social equality was a delusion. They (African American’s) were fated
to be a permanent minority who could never assimilate (become truly American) because white Americans
would never let them. African Americans, therefore, could not improve their condition or gain autonomy in the
United States. Only in Africa was self-emancipation (100% Freedom) possible.
Garvey drew his following largely from the lower end of the economic scale. Southerners who had come North
during the Great Migration that accompanied World War I, servicemen returning from the European battlefields,
and his fellow West Indians seemed particularly attuned to his philosophy.
Marcus Garvey and his movement, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), developed plans
for a settlement in Liberia. The UNIA sold millions of shares in the Black Star Line, its own shipping company,
to its members. Three steamships were purchased, and black officers and crew were contracted to sail the
emigrants across the Atlantic.
He wanted to see African Americans return to Africa and reclaim the continent from Europeans. Garvey’s Black
Star Lines, with $10,000,000.00 invested by his supporters, purchased two steamships to take African Americans
to Africa. With the failure of the enterprise Garvey was arrested and charged with fraud and in 1925 was
sentenced to five years imprisonment. He has served half his sentence when President Coolidge commuted the
rest of his prison term and had him deported to Jamaica.
Station # 4: Scopes Monkey Trial… Conflict over Values
How did the Scopes Trial highlight the clash between “Traditional” and “Modern” values during the
1920’s?
The first conflict between
Religion vs. Science
being taught in school was in
1925 in Dayton, Tennessee
In 1925, John Scopes was convicted and fined
$100 for teaching evolution in his Dayton,
Tenn., classroom. The first highly publicized
trial concerning the teaching of evolution, the
Scopes trial also represents a dramatic clash
between traditional and modern values in
America of the 1920s.
The Scopes Trial was about challenging a newly passed Tennessee state law against teaching evolution or any
other theory denying the biblical account of the creation of man. The case reflected a collision of traditional
views and values with more modern ones: It was a time of evangelism by figures such as Aimee Semple
McPherson and Billy Sunday against forces, including jazz, sexual permissiveness, and racy Hollywood movies,
which they thought were undermining the authority of the Bible and Christian morals in society.
John Scopes, the 24-year-old defendant, taught in the public high school in Dayton, Tenn., and included
evolution in his curriculum. He agreed to be the focus of a test case attacking the new law, and was arrested for
teaching evolution and tried with the American Civil Liberties Union backing his defense. His lawyer was the
legendary Clarence Darrow, who, besides being a renowned defense attorney for labor and radical figures, was
an avowed agnostic (a person who believes that the existence of a greater power, such as a god, cannot be proven
or disproved) in religious matters.
The jury found Scopes guilty of violating the law and fined him $100. William Jennings Bryan (Prosecutor) and
the anti-evolutionists claimed victory, and the Tennessee law would stand for another 42 years. But Clarence
Darrow and the ACLU had succeeded in publicizing scientific evidence for evolution, and the press reported that
though Bryan had won the case, he had lost the argument. The verdict did have a chilling effect on teaching
evolution in the classroom, however, and not until the 1960s did it reappear in schoolbooks.
Station #5: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920’s
As principles and values changed during the 1920’s, how did the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan
attempt to hang onto traditional American values?
Rise of the KKK was due to the ever changing of a traditional America.
Spreading far beyond its roots in the Reconstruction South, the resurgent Klan of the 1920s was a short-lived but
potent phenomenon. By equating white Anglo-Saxon Protestantism with "true Americanism,"… Nativism, it
fueled intolerance for blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. In the quest of protecting community morals, it
expanded its victims of vigilante justice to those it deemed lawbreakers, bootleggers, unfaithful spouses, corrupt
politicians, etc.—all with no judge or jury beyond the local secret "klavern."( this is a local organization of the
klan) Whippings, tar-and-featherings, published threats of violence, and for black victims, lynching, became
common practice in some regions of the South, Southwest, and Midwest.
A revived KKK that started in Stone Mountain, Georgia in 1915, reached its peak strength in the early 1920s
with over 5 million members. This new KKK broadened its lists of hated groups beyond African Americans to
included Catholics, Jews, most immigrants, especially ones from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as certain
tendencies in modern thought including internationalism, pacifism, Darwinism, birth control and the repeal of
prohibition. Exposes of Klan activities included the conviction of Grand Dragon Hiram Wesley Evans of
Wadley, Alabama of second degree murder.




Actions of the Klan
1926: Marched on Washington.
Led attacks on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural values
Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government.
Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but will reappear in the
1950s and 1960s.
Station #6: The Changing Role of Women – Flappers
In what ways did the 1920’s bring about a change in the role that women would play in American society?
An icon of changing gender norms, the "new woman" first emerged in the late nineteenth century. Less
constrained by Victorian norms and domesticity than previous generations, the new woman had greater freedom
to pursue public roles and even flaunt her "sex appeal," a term coined in the 1920s and linked with the
emergence of the new woman. She challenged conventional gender roles and met with hostility from men and
women who objected to women's public presence and supposed decline in morality. Expressing autonomy and
individuality, the new woman represented the tendency of young women at the turn of the century to reject their
mothers' ways in favor of new, modern choices.
The most prominent change was their increased presence in the public arena. Whereas the lives of most
nineteenth-century women tended to revolve around home life, modern women ventured into jobs, politics, and
culture outside the domestic realm. They did not do so, however, on equal terms with men; women remained
economically and politically subordinate to men in the early twentieth century. They did not do so without
struggle either. Conservative forces in society, including churches and such groups as the Ku Klux Klan,
vehemently opposed women's new roles.
The name “Flappers” derived from the sound that un-buckled galoshes made which the newly liberated (Free)
women wore as a fashion statement. The flapper became a metaphor of the Jazz Age. With short hair and skirt,
compressed silhouette, turned down hose and powered knees… the flapper, compared to the gentle Gibson girl
of an earlier generation… was a rebel. No longer confined to home and tradition , the flapper offended the older
generation because she defied conventions of acceptable feminine behavior by smoking in public , drinking,
dancing the Charleston and their sensuous dances, and engaging in an openly sexual manner.
Station #7: Prohibition = 18th Amendment
What affect did the 18th Amendment have on the United States… “Intentional” and Unintentional”?
The ratification of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution--which banned the manufacture, transportation
and sale of intoxicating liquors--ushered in a period in American history known as Prohibition. The result of a
widespread temperance movement during the first decade of the 20th century, Prohibition was difficult to
enforce, despite the passage of companion legislation known as the Volstead Act. The increase of the illegal
production and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging"), the popularity of speakeasies (illegal drinking spots) and
the accompanying rise in gang violence and other crimes led to waning support for Prohibition by the end of the
1920s. In early 1933, Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st Amendment to the Constitution that would
repeal the 18th. It was ratified by the end of that year, bringing the Prohibition era to a close.
The goal of prohibition was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible
for people to get their hands on alcohol. Both federal and local government struggled to enforce Prohibition over
the course of the 1920s. Enforcement was initially assigned to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and was later
transferred to the Justice Department. Despite very early signs of success, including a decline in arrests for
drunkenness and a reported 30 percent drop in alcohol consumption, those who wanted to keep drinking found
ever-more inventive ways to do it. The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging") went
on throughout the decade, along with the operation of "speakeasies" (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), the
smuggling of alcohol across state lines and the informal production of liquor ("moonshine" or "bathtub gin") in
private homes.
In addition, the Prohibition era encouraged the rise of criminal activity associated with bootlegging. The most
notorious example was the Chicago gangster Al Capone, who earned a staggering $60 million annually from
bootleg operations and speakeasies. Such illegal operations fueled a corresponding rise in gang violence,
including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago in 1929, in which several men dressed as policemen (and
believed to be have associated with Capone) shot and killed a group of men in an enemy gang.
With the country mired in the Great Depression by 1932, creating jobs and revenue by legalizing the liquor
industry had an undeniable appeal. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president that year on a platform
calling for Prohibition's appeal, and easily won victory over the incumbent President Herbert Hoover. FDR's
victory meant the end for Prohibition, and in February 1933 Congress adopted a resolution proposing a 21st
Amendment to the Constitution that would repeal the 18th.
Station # 8: Harlem Renaissance
How did the Harlem Renaissance and writers like Langston Hughes bring about a change in modern
forms of expression among African Americans?
Originally called the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a literary and intellectual flowering
that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 1930s. Critic and teacher Alain Locke described it as
a "spiritual coming of age" in which the black community was able to seize upon its "first chances for group
expression and self determination."
The Harlem Renaissance marked the first significant artistic movement coming out of African American culture.
Centered in a borough of New York City, the movement produced notable works of literature, music, dance and
visual art. Most notable were writers like Langston Hughes. Hughes’ poetry used the rhythms of African
American music, particularly blues and jazz. The Cotton Club, located in Harlem, was an important location
where ideas, such as Jazz, of the Harlem Renaissance were exposed to white audiences.
With racism still rampant and economic opportunities scarce, creative expression was one of the few avenues
available to African Americans in the early twentieth century.
 A major factor leading to the rise of the Harlem Renaissance was
the migration of African-Americans to the northern cities → “The
Great Migration” during WWI.
 Between 1919 and 1926, large numbers of black Americans left
their rural southern state homes to move to urban centers such as
New York City, Chicago, and Washington, DC.
 Jazz had its beginnings in New Orleans, a cosmopolitan southern
city where African, French, Spanish and English peoples created
a potent cultural mix… like Louis Armstrong
 Langston Hughes… a poet wrote, “We younger Negro artists
who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned
selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are
glad. If they are not, it doesn’t matter. We know we are
beautiful.”
The Harlem Renaissance made black people feel more pride in their
heritage and the success of black artists. Black artists and writers
also gained respect for their work in the 1920's. With mass media
and radio becoming more and more popular, jazz could be
experienced by people across the country. With the birth of jazz
and the Harlem Renaissance in full swing, American culture began
to blend and create a culture of black and white ideas.
Station #9: Henry Ford & Emergence of the Automobile
How did the mass production of the automobile change American culture during the 1920’s?
Henry Ford was the developer of the first mass produced automobile…
the Model T. While the idea of mass production was not new, Ford used
an improved assembly line, the continuous assembly line, to quickly build
automobiles. Ford constructed his manufacturing facilities so that all
elements of production (foundries, machine shops, assembly lines) were
all in one location. By standardizing parts, focusing on specialization of
labor, and careful management , Ford was able to speed up production and
drive down costs. The automobile led to huge social changes in America
by expanding suburbs, a need for improved road-ways, and making travel
more independent.

The assembly line was a method used to mass produce cars which started in 1908 but flourished in the
1920’s. It was considered a method of factory work where each person is given a specific job and when
those jobs are arranged in order then there is a finished product with each person doing their part.

Henry Ford also established the modern use of interchangeable parts meaning parts that were almost
identical making them custom fit any automobile. This minimized the time and skill needed to build a
car.

This Mass production of vehicles made it easier and more affordable for the public to purchase one

Automobiles also fostered the growth of other businesses, and the automobile led to feelings of more
individualism and freedom.
Station #10: Tin Pan Alley
How did the popularity of Tin Pan Alley and composers like Irving Berlin impact pop culture during the
1920’s?
"Tin Pan Alley" was the nickname given to the street where many music publishers worked during the period of
1880 to 1953. In the late 19th century, New York had become the epicenter of songwriting and music
publishing, and publishers converged on the block of West 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth Avenue in
Manhattan. There are several stories about how the block got its name. One that is often repeated tells of a
reporter for the New York Herald who was hired to write about the new business of sheet music publishing in
the city. As he walked down 28th Street toward the publishing offices, he heard the dissonant chords and strings
of competing pianos through the open windows. The sound, he remarked, sounded like a bunch of tin pans
clanging.
This period is referred to as the golden age of the ballad. Between 1900 and 1910, more than 1800 "rags" had
been published on Tin Pan Alley, beginning with "Maple Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin. In 1912, W.C. Handy
introduced popular music to the underground sound of the Blues. By 1917, a recording by a new musician,
Louis Armstrong and Irving Berlin, took over Tin Pan Alley and the 1920s were dedicated to the playing and
recording of Jazz. Theatre, which had remained the entertainment of choice, fused all preceding stage shows-minstrel, vaudeville, musical comedy, revues, burlesque and variety--to create the spectacular Broadway
production. By 1926, the first movie with sound came creating a new outlet for production music.
Tin Pan Alley is important because it became a symbol for the popular styles of music created during the 1920’s.
This area spanning two blocks received its name because there were numerous music producers in that area.
Along with musicians playing their instruments on the street in hopes they would be recorded.
Station #11: Entertainment
What impact did radio, movies, and sports have on the ever changing 1920’s?
The period after World War I marked the beginning of mass media, especially commercial radio and movies.
Although hobby radio had existed since the early years of the Twentieth Century, the development of the
vacuum tube, a type of amplifier, in the mid-1920’s accelerated the development of commercial radio. The first
radio broadcasts were used to relate the elections results of the 1920 election. By 1925, 600 radio stations had
been established. By 1923, nearly three million Americans had radios. Soon music, stories, sporting events and
news were being broadcast nationwide. Radio helped to create a common cultural experience for thousands of
Americans. Advertisers were quick to realize the marketing potential of radio. They began using radio to mass
market the multitude of consumer goods that were developed in the period, such as washing machines, electric
toasters, and laundry soap.
Movies had a similar beginning. The first movies were silent films but by the late 1920’s the first movies with
sound were available to audiences. During this era, the movies became big business as movie studios churned
out an average of 800 feature films annually. Conservatives of the time often disapproved of what they viewed
as the immoral influence of these forms of entertainment but were unable to reduce their popularity.

Film and Radio reached its height of popularity in this decade
helping to nationalize the American ideals and Culture.

Movies were now starring women who became idolized and
famous much like the actors and actress of today. Especially
Clara Bow , the most famous who was known as “the it girl”

America fell in love with organized sports… new laws limiting
working hours and increased national productivity led to
significant increases in people’s leisure time and income.
Baseball, football, boxing, swimming, flagpole sitting, and
dancing became very popular forms of entertainment.
Station #2: The 19th Amendment… Women’s Suffrage
How did the passage of the 19th Amendment change the role of women in American society?
The campaign for women’s suffrage began in the decades before the Civil War. During the 1820s and 30s, most
states had extended the franchise (right to vote) to all white men, regardless of how much money or property
they had. At the same time, all sorts of reform groups were petitioning across the United States–temperance
clubs, religious movements and moral-reform societies, anti-slavery organizations–and in many of these, women
played a prominent role. Meanwhile, many American women were beginning to speak out against what
historians have called the “Cult of True Womanhood”: that is, the idea that the only “true” woman was to be a
submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family. Put together, all of these contributed
to a new way of thinking about what it meant to be a woman and a citizen in the United States.
TRADITIONAL
ROLE
OF
WOMEN
On Election Day in 1920, millions of American
women exercised their right to vote for the first
time. It took activists and reformers nearly 100
years to win that right, and the campaign was not
easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to
cripple the movement more than once. But on
August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the
Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising
(allowed to vote) all American women and
declaring for the first time that they, like men,
deserve all the rights and responsibilities of
citizenship.
World War I slowed the suffragists’ campaign but
helped women advance their argument nonetheless:
Women’s work on behalf of the war effort, activists
pointed out, proved that they were just as patriotic
and deserving of citizenship as men, and on August
26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution
was finally ratified.
Station: Harlem Renaissance
The Dance Floor
Steps Key (Must have @ least 4 steps)
=
=
=
=
If you wish to have more than four steps by all means,
please do so…
Explanation
Station: Prohibition
Layout of your Speakeasy
Saloon Characteristics

Establish at least two
separate secret exit ways by
which you can escape if a
government agent shows up.

Put a secret button
somewhere only you know
that allows access to a
hidden backroom.

Design your backroom –
card tables, storage for you
alcohol, anything.

Setup a peephole so you can
see who is approaching your
Speakeasy.

Label a bar area where you
will serve your beverages.
Design Your Own Speakeasy
Front
Key and Explain/Rational for
decisions
Back = There is an ally way located here that leads back to the main
street
Station: Flappers
Imperial Palace
Brotherhood of Klans
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
Dear Sir,
We have been requested by one of your personal friends to get in touch with you, and inform of you of this Sacred Order.
And, in view of this request, we are sending you this form. When we receive this with all the questions below properly answered by
you and if it is satisfactory we will impart to you information your friend desires you to have. Without delay you will fill in, sign and
return. Twenty-five (25) Dollars is to accompany this application, please make check or money order out to Brotherhood of Klans Inc.
There will also be Five (5) dollar monthly dues or annual fee of Fifty (50) dollars.
Very truly yours
Brotherhood of Klans, Inc.
Name__________________________________________________________________Date of Birth: ______/_______/_______
Last
First
M. I.
Address: _________________________________________________ __
Age: ______Sex:_______ Race: __________________
City: ___________________________________________State:______ County: ___________________ Zip: __________
Home Phone # (______) ________-__________ Work Phone # (_______) _________-____________ Ext. __________________
Employer: __________________________________________________________Military Experience? ___________________
What type of Military Discharge? ____________________ Dates / Enrollment ____________________Discharged ________
Do
you
receive
Government
assistance?
(If
yes,
explain)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is your Religious Faith? _____________________________Do you believe in White Supremacy? ___________________
Are you a believer in National Socialism? _________ Height? _______ Weight? ______Hair Color? _________
Eye Color? ___________
What church are you a member of (if any) _____________________________________
Are you an informant of any law enforcement or government agency?______ ______________________________
Name the Klansman who referred you _______________________________________ other __________________________
Were
you
a
member
of
any
previous
Klan?
________
(If
yes,
name
the
Klan
and
reason
for
leaving)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Do you promise to be active in our activities: ________________________________________________________________
Do you understand that your inability to attend a given number of events will result in a termination of your
membership?_______ ___________________________________________________________________________
E-Mail Address _________________________________________________Marital Status ____________________________
Dependants _______ Have you ever been convicted of a felony? ___________ (If yes explain on a separate sheet of paper)
List any Political, Government Organizations or secret and fraternal orders you have ever been in and dates:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
By signing this I certify that I understand all the requirements and expectations. I promise to attend required meetings and fulfill my
duties to my best ability. I swear to be loyal to the Sacred Order, Brotherhood of Klans, Inc. - Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and its
members and to my race. I swear to follow the Constitution and Laws of this Order, without hesitation. With God as my witness, I
solemnly swear that all answers are correct and complete, to the best of my knowledge.
Sign: ________________________________________________________________X
Date: ______/_______/_______
Mail Application to: BOK, P.O. Box 2395 Marion, Ohio 43301
Station: Red Scare
Station: Scopes Monkey Trial
Station: Marcus Garvey
Station: Sacco and Vanzetti Trial