Modern World
Crusades as an impetus
Reform: “return to pristine Islam”
Ibn Taymiyyah 1263-1328 “neo-Hanbali”-fought against Shia, Sufi excesses, taqlid, lack
of ijtihad.
Also opposed non-Muslims sharply.
Wahhabi
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1703-1792
Muhammad Āl Sa‘ūd
Takfir: “Those who do not share our views are kuffār”
Arabist; anti-Shii, anti Sufi—destroyed tomb of Muhammad, tombs in Najaf and Karbala,
Sufi shrines.
“Sufi Jihad”
Usman don Fodio- 1754-1817—ruled in Nigeria 1804-1815
Muhammad al-Sanusi 1787-1859 – Libya—movement oriented towards reform and unity
Idris I of Libya r. 1951—1969 –grandson of Al-Sanusi
Muh. B. Ahmad al-Mahdi 1844-1885 Sudan—movement oriented towards a social and
political order based on the Prophet. Companions called “ansar” and waged jihad on the
Ottoman empire, and established a rule based on sharia.
Movements in Daghestan / Chechnya with “Imam Shamil” 1797-1871.
Ottoman Reforms
“Gunpowder Empires”
Treaty of Karlewitz 1699
Dhimmi musta’min
Janissaries killed – civil service developed
1839 1856 – reforms “Gul Hane” Rose Garden “Hatt-I Humayun”
4 Millets Equal
1876 –“mejelle” “constitutional monarchy”
1915 Armenians
1920s
Muhammad V –Morocco 1927-1957-Sufi shaykh and sharif.
Varieties of Islam
Ahmadi: based on teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1825-1908, in Qadian in Punjab
Mujadid of our time, incarnation of Vishnu, incarnation of Jesus, etc.
Jesus buried in Srinigar.
Considered Muslims by India, left for Pakistan, where they were considered nonMuslims
Bahais, Druzes—not mentioned in this context
Modernism
1798-Napoleon comes to Egypt
Ottoman reforms 1839, 1856), reforms of Muhammad Ali and others
Egypt:
Afghani (d. 1897), M. Abduh d. 1905
Al-Urwa al-wuthqa “firm handle” Q. 2:256-journal of Afghani and Abduh.
Abduh—became Shaykh al-Azhar, reformed Al-Azhar, taught Qur’n, modernistic
approaches, secular as well as religious subjects.
Succeeded by Rashid Rida (d. 1935)
India:
Shah Wali Allah of Delhi 1702-1762—disciple of Abd al-Wahhab but a Sufi
Grandson, Ahmad Barelwi 1786-1831—jihad against British; if unsuccessful, make hijra
to a place ruled by Muslims.
“Anglo-Muhammadan Law”
Muhammad Iqbal 1876-1938
Inner spirit moves all human civilization, argued for acquisition of Western
philosophy and science, integrated int a “Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.”
Suggested to Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1876-1948 idea of Muslims autonomy in NW India
1941: Mawlana Sayyid Abu al-A’la Mawdudi: Islamic Society. Jammat-I Islami.
Turkey: Secularism
Kemal Ataturk
Egypt: “treatise on Imamate or Supreme Caliphate in which he argued for the
establishment of an Islamic state that would be ruled by a council of jurists or religious
scholars. Such a state would recognize nationalistic sentiments and aspirations but would
subordinate them to the religio-political interest of the larger community. As this Islamic
state remained theoretical and unrealized, Rida became increasingly nationalistic and
traditional.” Ayoub, in Oxtoby, 445.
1928: Hasan al-Banna 1906-1949—founds Muslim Brotherhood. Foundation of violence
in the Brotherhood, although most clearly after Al-Banna assassinated in 1949.
1952—Free Officers Coup in Egypt, under Gamal Abd al-Nasser
Sayyid Qutb p. 445
Jahiliyya
Iran:
1979: Iranian Revolution. Ruhollah Khumayni 1901-1989. Khomeini sent into exile in
1963, inuprisings led by Shii Ulama.
Khomeini 448
Islam in Europe and America:
711, Ottomans, modern results from colonialism
Slaves to America
Nation of Islam Elijah Mohammed 1897-1975
Arkoun 453
Women’s status
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