Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-1
1) Which of the following organs is not a part of the urinary system?
A. kidney
B ureter
C. vagina
D. urethra
E. bladder
2) Which of the following organs is involved in filtering blood and reabsorbing nutrients from the
filtrate?
A. kidney
B ureter
C. vagina
D. urethra
E. bladder
3) Which of the following hormones is not produced by the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B Renin
C. Erythropoietin
D. calcitrol
4) The kidneys can not detoxify drugs.
A. The above statement is true.
B. The above statement is false
5) Which of the following is not excreted primarily by the kidneys?
A. carbon dioxide
B. urea
C. creatinine
D. uric acid
6) Nitrogenous waste products are ____.
A. safe to human body
B. normally accumulated in the blood without generating any adverse
effects
C. toxic and need to be excreted
7) The functional units of the kidneys are ___.
A. nephrons
B proximal tubules
C. distal tubules
8) A nephron contains all of the following except ____.
A. glomerulus B proximal tubule
C. distal tubule
D. collecting ducts
D. loop of Henle
E. loop of Henle
E. collecting duct
9) Which of the following is the correct route of blood flow in the kidneys?
A. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  glomerulus  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
B. renal artery  …  efferent arteriole  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
C. renal artery  …  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
D. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  glomerulus  efferent arteriole 
… renal vein
10) At which part of renal blood vessel system does filtration occur?
A. renal artery B afferent arterioles C. efferent arterioles D. glomeruli
E. peritubular capillaries
11) An increased glomerular blood pressure will cause ___.
A. an increase in glomerular filtration rate B. a decrease in glomerular filtration rate
C. no change in glomerular filtration rate
12) Glomerular filtration rate refers to _____.
A. the blood flow into the two kidneys per minute B. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the
two kidneys combined
C. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by a single kidney
13) Glomerular filtration rate ____.
A. varies a lot from time to time B. is relatively stable
14) Renal autoregulation aims to ____.
A. stabilize glomerular filtration rate
B. control reabsorption of filtrate by proximal tubules
C. control reabsorption of filtrate by distal tubules D. control reabsorption of filtrate by collecting ducts
15) To which of the following blood components are glomerular filtration membranes least permeable?
1
Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-1
A. urea
B uric acid
C. electrolytes
D. glucose
E.
proteins
16) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved directly in ____.
A. maintaining a stable glomerular filtration rate
B. maintaining a stable reabsorption of glucose C.
maintaining a stable secretion of K+
D. maintaining a stable secretion of H+
17) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of all of the following except ___.
A loop of Henle.
B juxtaglomerular cells C macula densa. D. mesangial cell
18) The macula densa is able to detect the salinity of the tubular fluid in ____.
A. proximal tubule
B the distal tubule
C. the collecting duct
D. the loop of Henle
19) The juxtaglomerular cells are special ____.
A. smooth muscle cells
B epithelial cells
20) Renin is secreted by ____.
A. macula densa
B juxtaglomerular cells
C. endothelial cells
C. mesangial cellS
21) What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the entire tubular system?
A. 50%
B 65%
C. 70%
D. 80%
E.
99%
22)
What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted
tubules?
A. 50%
B65%
C. 75%
D. 85%
E 99%.
23) Nutrients in the filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules through ____.
A. transcellular route only B paracellular route only C. both of the above
D. neither of the above
24) Solvent drag, one of the mechanisms for reabsorption, is driven by ___.
A. colloid osmotic pressure gradient between tubular fluid and the blood in the peritubular capillaries
B. hydrostatic pressure gradient between tubular fluid and the blood in the peritubular capillaries
25) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) are located in _____.
A. apical membranes of the proximal convoluted tubular cells
B. basolateral membranes of the proximal convoluted tubular cells
26) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) actively transport Na+ from ____.
A. intracellular space to extracellular space
B. extracellular space to intracellular space
27) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) contribute directly or indirectly to the reabsorption of ____.
A. sodium
B glucose
C. amino acid
D. all of the above
28) Electrostatic attraction is a mechanism primarily for the reabsorption of _____ in proximal convoluted
tubules.
A. glucose.
B. the negative ions such as chloride
C. amino acids D. proteins
29) The amount of nutrients that the renal tubule can reabsorb is _____.
A. unlimited
B. limited
30)
A.
C.
D.
The unique property of the thick ascending limb of nephron loop (loop of Henle) is that ____.
it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in renal medulla
it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
31) The unique property of the distal convoluted tubule is that ____.
2
Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-1
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in renal medulla
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
32) Aldosterone has the effect of ____
A. increasing reabsorption of sodium only B. increasing secretion of potassium only
C. both of the above
D. neither of the above
33)
A.
C.
D.
The unique property of the collecting duct is that ____.
it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in medulla
it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
34) The collecting duct is ____.
A. always permeable to water
B. permeable to water depending on ADH
C. impermeable to water in the presence of ADH D. very permeable to NaCl
35)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reabsorption of water in collecting duct is driven by ____.
a high osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
a high hydrostatic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
a high osmotic pressure of tubular fluid in the collecting duct
a low osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
36) ADH ____.
A. enhances water reabsorption
B. decreases water reabsorption
37) Urine normally contains no ___.
A. urea
B. sodium
C. proteins
D. creatinine
38) Diabetes mellitus can be caused by ____.
A. deficiency of insulin only
B. deficiency of insulin receptors only
C. either deficiency of insulin or insulin receptors D. none of the above
39) Patients of diabetes mellitus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.
A. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
B. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders
the reabsorption of water
C. insufficient amount of ADH is present D. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased
40) Patients of diabetes insipidus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.
A. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
B. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders
the reabsorption of water
C. insufficient amount of ADH is present D. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased
41) Some of diuretics increase urine volume by ____.
A. decreasing glomerular filtration
B. inhibiting sodium reabsorption
C. decreasing osmotic pressure of tubular fluid
42) Voiding urine is voluntarily controlled in adults by neurons in _____.
A. spinal cord B. medulla oblongata
C. pons
D. midbrain
E. cerebrum
43) Which of the muscles is under voluntary control in adults?
A. internal urethral sphincter
B. external urethral sphincter
C. both of the above
D. neither of the above
3
Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-1
44) Which of the following is the most abundant component of human body in terms of weight?
A. protein
B. lipid
C. carbohydrate
D. water
E. electrolytes
45) Which of the following compartments contains more water?
A. intracellular fluid
B. tissue fluid
C. blood
46)
A.
B.
C.
Water movement between tissue fluid and intracellular fluid is determined mainly by ____.
osmotic pressure contributed by electrolytes in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
osmotic pressure contributed by proteins in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
47) Water movement between the blood and tissue fluid is affected by ____.
A. capillary blood pressure
B. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C interstitium hydrostatic
pressure
D. interstitium colloid osmotic pressure
E all of the above
48) Which of the following routes of water output is under physiological control?
A. urine
B. feces
C. breath
D. cutaneous evaporation E. sweat
49) Under which of the following conditions is ADH secretion increased?
A. an increase in blood volume B. a decrease in blood volume C. a decrease in blood osmolarity
50) Which of the following ions is primarily located in intracellular fluid?
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. Cl51) Which of the following ions is needed for the synthesis of ATP?
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. ClE. Phosphate
52) Which of the following ions is the most important contributor to resting membrane potential?
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. ClE. Phosphate
53) Which of the following ions is a blood clotting factor?
A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. Cl-
E. Phosphate
54) Calcium is involved in ____.
A. initiating muscle contraction B. signal transduction as a second messenger
C. initiating the release of neurotransmitters
D. all of the above activities
55) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ____.
A. increases blood calcium concentration B. decreases blood calcium concentration
C. increases blood phosphate concentration
D. decreases blood potassium concentration
56) The primary effect of calcitonin is to ____.
A. Cause redistribution of calcium from bones to the blood B. cause redistribution of calcium from the
blood to bones
C. enhance intestinal absorption of calcium from food
57) The primary effect of calcitrol is to _____.
A. cause redistribution of calcium from bones to the blood B. cause redistribution of calcium from the
blood to bones C. enhance intestinal absorption of calcium from food
58) Which of the following hormones regulates blood phosphate?
A. insulin
B. aldosterone C. parathyroid hormone D. ADH
59) The major buffer systems in human body include all of the following except ____.
A. bicarbonate buffer
B. phosphate buffer
C. protein buffer D. Tris buffer
60) Which of the following organs are not directly involved in acid base balance?
4
Exercise, Urinary-Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Balance-1
A. kidney
B. liver
C. lungs
61) Which of the following organs can correct acidosis by directly excreting H+ out of the body?
A. kidney
B. liver
C. lungs
62) A low blood pH of 7.2 caused by an elevated production of organic acids in diabetes is considered as
____.
A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
KEY
1C
2A
3A
4B
5A
6C
7A
8E
9A
10D
11A
12B
13B
14A
15E
16A
17A
18B
19A
20B
21E
22B
23C
24A
25B
26A
27D
28B
29B
30C
31B
32C 33D
34B
35A
36A
37C
38C
39B
40C
41B
42C 43B
44D
45A
46A
47E
48A
49B
50A
51E
52A
54D
55A
56B
57C
58C
59D
60B
61A
62C
53C
5