Unit 6
TYPES OF SHIPS
LIQUID AND DRY BULK CARGO SHIPS
Basic terms
^ tanker ^ turn-round ^ return cargo
^ chemical/product carrier ^ dry bulk ship ^ shipment
^ water ballast ^ cargo handling gear ^ barge carrier
Abbreviations
^ LNG - liquefied natural gas ^ LPG - liquefied petroleum gas
^ F. - Fahrenheit ^ OBO - oil bulk ore ^ d.w.t. - deadweight ton
Liquid Bulk Ships
The tanker is a very specialized vessel. It is designed to deal with bulk liquid
cargoes permitting quick loading and discharge, thereby ensuring a fast turnround (loading and discharge of cargo). Vessels return in ballast as it is
seldom possible to obtain return cargoes. During recent years, however, a
number of ships have been built capable of carrying ore and oil, and
therefore the vessel is able to be loaded in both directions i.e. in one
direction oil and in the other iron ore.
In addition to oil tankers, liquid cargo is carried by specialized vessels such
as chemical or product carriers, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) and LNG
(liquefied natural gas) vessels.
A typical LNG vessel has the crew accommodation and machinery aft.
Cargo is contained in maybe nine prismatic internally insulated aluminium
tanks, three of which are fitted into each of the three holds. To keep the gas
in liquid form, it must be kept down to minus 161° centigrade (-258°F).
Dry Bulk Ships
OBO (ore/bulk/oil) ships are multi-purpose bulk carriers designed for
switching between bulk shipments of oil, bulk grain, fertilizer and ore trades.
They were first introduced in the mid 1960's and many of them exceed
200,000 d.w.t. This type of vessel with engines aft is growing in popularity.
Ore carriers are provided with long wide hatches over self-trimming large
holds. By using longitudinal bulkheads, wing holds or tanks arc provided;
they arc used for water ballast when the vessel is returning light to the
loading areas. The depth of the double-bottom tanks is greater than in other
vessels, so as to raise the centre of gravity, because a low centre of gravity
will give a "stiff effect in heavy seas. The machinery is situated aft, together
with the crew accommodation and the navigation bridge. Cargo handling
gear is not provided, as loading and discharging is undertaken by mechanical
shore-based gear. This may be in the form of conveyor belts (selfunloaders),
magnetic loaders, or grabs.
Barge carriers
This type of vessel emerged in the late 1960's and a limited number are now
operating on the North American/European liner cargo trade. The ship is of
44,000 d.w.t. and has a capacity of 73 barges with about 27,000 tons of
cargo -each lighter has a capacity of about 375 tons of cargo. These ships
vary in construction from LASH ships (lighter aboard ship), "Seabee",
"bacat", etc.
A. Comprehension & vocabulary
A.1 Which types of ships are defined below?
• OBO carriers • oil tankers • LPG carriers • bulk carriers
• product carriers • barge carriers (LASH ships)
1. _______________ : ships carrying liquid cargo such as crude oil.
2. _______________ : ships carrying iron ore, bauxite and other bulk
minerals.
3. _______________ : ships carrying lighters.
4. _______________ : ships which can carry bulk cargo, crude oil, iron ore
etc..
5. _______________ : ships designed for conveying derivatives.
6. _______________ : ships designed to carry gases cooled down and
pressurized into liquid cargo.
A.2 Which of the ships listed below depend on the shore-based cargo
handling
gear? Underline your choice.
• oil tanker • barge carrier • cargo liner • LNG • LPG
• product carrier • OBO carrier • container ahip
A.3 Supply the missing words:
• liquefied natural gas • oil-bulk-ore • tankers • bulk carriers
• tankers • liquefied petroleum gas • ballast • barge carriers
• ore carriers • multi-purpose ships
In 1. _____________ and 2. _____________ the machinery has always been
situated aft Today, also 3. _____________ have the accommodation, bridge
and machinery aft or three quarters aft. Oil is carried in 4. _____________ .
LNG stands for 5. _____________ and LPG for 6. _____________ . OBO is
short for 7. _____________ . 8. _____________ depend on the shore
facilities. Tankers sail in 9. __________________ on their return voyage. 10.
_____________ are not so popular today as they were in the 60's and 70's.
A.4 Supply the missing word (verb) as appropriate: • installed • driven •
arranged - supplied • has • provided • controlled • used
Tanker loading/discharge
The vessel is 1. _____________ to carry three parcels of oil, discharged
through three 24in manifolds, for which three Shinko KV 450-4 vertical
centrifugal cargo pumps have been 2. ______
, each with a capacity of
4000 m³/hr at 135 m head. These are 3. _____________ by a Shinko RX2
steam turbine. There is also one 200 m³/hr x 130 m head stripping pump.
There are two 400 m³/hr x SUC - 3m stripping educators. The cargo is 4.
_____________ by a Nakakita all-valve system. Two tank level gauging
systems are 5. _____________ : a float-type, and a pneumatic type.
Tank cleaning is 6. _____________ by 27 deck mounted machines, and
seven bottom mounted machines. The tank cleaning heater 7.
_____________ a capacity of 180 m³/hr. Sumitomo Precision has 8.
_____________ one oil content monitor. Inert gas is supplied by Gadelius
15000 m³/hr capacity system, with three independent main lines on deck.
A.5 Answer the following questions:
1. What are tankers designed for?
2. What do they ensure?
3. How do such vessels return?
4. Where is the crew accommodation situated in LNG vessels?
5. How are the tanks of an LNG vessel?
6. What is the temperature of the cargo in such ships?
7. When were OBO vessels first introduced?
8. What are the main features of ore carriers? (hatches, holds, water ballast,
machinery, cargo handling gear)
9. Where do LASH ships and Seabee's operate?
10. What are the capacities of these ships and their barges?
B. Grammar
B.1 Put the words below into the correct columns according the
pronunciation of the vowel in the stressed syllable:
• iron ore • obtain • carrier • accommodation • fertilizer • trade
• gas • hatch • grain • provided • lighter • ballast • raise
• conveyor
B.2 Supply the missing articles (a, an, the) where necessary:
There's 1. _____ huge ship coming in. She must be 2. _____ mile long. I
think she's 3. _____ tanker, with 4. _____ two funnels. She's one of 5.
_____ big supertankers. Her superstructure doesn't cover 6. _____ full
width of 7. _____ vessel, except for two wings attached to 8. _____
bridge. 9. _____ wings are supported by thin posts underneath them. 10.
_____ tanker is being pulled along by two tugs, and there are two others at
11. _____ stem.
B.3 Make a question for each sentence in the text on Dry Bulk Ships
using the following question words:
1. What ____________________ ?
2. When___________________?
3. What__________________with?
4. What___________________for?
5. Why ___________________ ?
6. Where ___________________ ?
7. Why___________________?
8. In what form ___________________ ?
C. Translation
C.1 Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Questa nave è progettata appositamente per il trasporto di gas liquefatto.
2. La maggior parte delle petroliere è progettata per trasportare petrolic
grezzo.
3. Le petroliere sono fomite di un numero di paratie longitudinal! e
trasversali.
4. II centro di gravita è troppo basso cosi la nave e troppo dura.
5. La nave sta rollando fortemente (heavily) con mare grosso.
6. Queste navi operano sulla rotta del Medio Oriente?
7. In che cosa consistono i mezzi per il carico-scarico a bordo della tua
nave?
8. Le navi che trasportano chiatte sono diverse nella loro progettazione?
Further reading
PORT OF GENOA: TANKERS
Berths in Genoa Harbour suitable for tankers up to 750ft. length, 34 ft. draft.
Tankers discharging at Calata Sanita and Calata Olii Minerali are berthed stern to
quay.
Multedo Harbour situated West of main harbour has the following jetties:
Multedo Pier
- for vessels up to 588ft. length, 31 ft. draft.
Pier «A»
- for vessels up to 580ft. length, 36ft. draft.
Pier «B»
- for vessels up to 850ft. length, 43ft. draft.
Pier «C»
- for vessels up to 850ft. length, 46ft. draft.
Pier «D»
- presently accommodating tankers up to 46ft. draft.
Discharge Rate
Maximum discharge rate for crude products:
Pier«A»
- 2,500/3,500 t.p.h.
Pier«B»
- 3,500/6,000 t.p.h.
Pier « C»
- 6,000/8,000 t.p. h.
Pier«D»
- 6,000/8,000 t.p.h.
Masters may speak directly to Pilots or Harbour Masters at Multedo Oil Berth in
order to obtain latest information about berthing, etc., by calling on VHF Channel
6. All tankers over 40,000 d.w.t. must have inert gas system fitted and working.
Multedo Inner Harbour
Cautionary Advice: The twisted course of the buoyed channel and its limited width
decreasing from 700ft. at the entrance down to 490ft. abeam fhe head of Molo
Multedo represent a high risk factor. Therefore a good helmsman should steer the
ship and prompt engine response is required. In approaching the entrance channel
do not attempt to pass between the SPM and the breakwater.
Berthing Procedure
From the pilot station, vessels approach the buoyed channel heading 036°(T) in
order to pass 800 m. abeam the tower and 200 m. abeam of the new Voltri
Breakwater head. Tugs
are made fast at the entrance of the buoyed channel. Vessels are swung in the dredged
turning area off the pier heads and backed down to the berths. The mooring operation is
controlled from the pier by a Marine Terminal Supervisor (Docking Master) who
communicates with the Pilot by walkie-talkie.
Calata Canzio
Cautionary Advice: The direction of approach across the West-going current, the limited
width and the considerable traffic of vessels demand great caution when entering or leaving
the East Entrance.
TERMINAL RINFUSE GENOVA S.p,A.
Terminal Rinfuse Geneva S.p.A. (TRG) has continued its policy of facility upgrades
throughout 1996 at the San Giorgio and Rubattino quays. Existing transport links have also
been streamlined. During the past year more than US$ 13m has been invested in facility
improvements, new equipment and special rail cars to provide a daily coal/clinker rail
service to cement factories.
The San Giorgio Quay has been the main beneficiary of this investment. More than US$ 10
m has been spent on upgrading the transfer and stacking process for coal imports. It is now
possible to unload coal directly from vessels to the storage areas or to trucks and rail cars
for onward distribution.
The new 2,000 m, conveyor system, which allows direct discharge to rail cars and supplies
the nearby ENEL coal fired power plant, has raised the daily vessel discharge rate to 1518,000 - an increase of 50%.
The terminal handles 150,000 tons of coal and 350,000 tons of clinker a year on behalf of a
leading Italian cement group through an integrated logistics rail service. Discharge to truck
arrangements have also been greatly enhanced. An investment of US$ 1 m, for two 12 ton
capacity cranes, has brought improved handling capability at the Rubattino Quay.
The 22 m outreach cranes are installed on the east side of the quay. The stockyard area and
premises have been drastically improved and specifically tailored for the efficient handling
of pig iron and steel commodities. The Rubattino Quay has also been upgraded with new
and improved rail connections.
TRG's continued expansion has also resulted from the setting up of a separate company,
Terminal RinfuseVado which primarily supplies the Vado Enel power plant and nearby coke
coal production facility. This latest expansion marks the company as one of the leading
experts in the field of coal discharge, handling and logistics. Following the 1993 investment
ofUS$ 700,000 for the redevelopment of the inland rail/ road depot, Casale Monferrato near
Alessandria, has become the main distribution and control centre for fertilisers via an
integrated intermodal network. TRGs logistics service is under continuous development and
growth and includes additional terminals located in northern Italy such as Racconigi
(Turin) Segrate (Milan) and Piacenza.