5th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Geneva 2007
Part 2: Microseismic aspects of the Basel 1 geothermal
reservoir
Schanz Ulrich*, Dyer Ben **, Ladner Florentin* & Häring Markus O.*
*Geothermal Explorers Ltd, Schlossstrasse 3, CH-4133 Pratteln (info@geothermal.ch)
** Semore Seismic Ltd, 7 Florence Terrace, Falmouth, UK (bdyer@seismics.net)
The generation of an efficient hydraulic subsurface heat exchanger system is
crucial for economic production of electricity and heat from an Enhanced
Geothermal System. The circulation of water at sufficiently low flow impedances
through natural discontinuities typically requires hydraulic stimulation to improve
the hydraulic properties of the naturally fractured rock mass. This fluid injection
process induces shearing on favourably oriented fracture patches which results
in an increase of hydraulic conductivity due to self propping effects. The rupture
procedure is accompanied by a stress release that causes the emission of
seismic energy.
Monitoring these so called microseismic events provides valuable information
with respect to the spatial and temporal reservoir growth, the reservoir geometry
and assists in the optimum targeting of subsequent geothermal wells.
A sophisticated microseismic network array has been realized with a focus on
appropriate network sensitivity, hypocenter location accuracy and operational
reliability. Absolute event hypocenters were mapped in real-time applying an
automatic routine for event detection, P- and S-wave onset time determination
and an exhaustive grid search for event location. In parallel to this autoprocessing routine the auto picked traveltimes were visually checked and the
events relocated where neccessary. Within the time frame 2 nd to 15th December
2006 covering a hydraulic injection phase from 2nd to 8th December, some
13600 events were detected. Applying tight and consistent location criteria
reliable event locations were obtained for 3146 events, the location error of
which was of the order of 100 m. The overall image of the seismically active
volume displays a subvertical disc like structure trending about N159°E and a
single offsetting branch with an azimuth of N100°E. The dominant NNW-SSE
reservoir trend corresponds with the direction of SHmax (N144°±14°E) and the
predominant azimuth of natural discontinuities (N140°-170°E).
In a post processing step the microseismic data set have been relocated using
a relative location method (Waldhauser and Ellsworth, 2000) which enabled the
mapping of small scale seismically active features. These clusters of coherent
events form predominantly elongated oblate ellipsoid shaped structures of
about 100 m to several 100 m length. The location error in between relative
located events is typically in the order of < 10 m. The physical meaning of these
mapped structures is still subject to ongoing investigations.
Assuming the validity of the double couple model, the fault plane solutions for a
range of events with varying magnitudes were carefully analysed based on Pwave first motion polarity observations. The interpreted focal mechanisms
indicate a strike slip dominated stress regime which is in line with independent
5th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Geneva 2007
stress field observations (Plenefisch & Bonjer, 1997)). The direction of the
preferred fault plane is close to the optimal angle for frictional sliding and
corresponds with the azimuth of an interpreted strike slip fault plane of a small
natural earthquake swarm in the Pratteln region close to Basel in 1990
(Deichmann et al., 2000).
Since the project site is located in close proximity to its consumers – within the
city of Basel - the real time monitoring of events that may cause unacceptably
high levels of ground shaking was critical. Based on a four step seismic
response procedure (derived from the “Traffic Light” system by Bommer et al.,
2006) the level of induced seismicity has been carefully assessed. The
measures to be taken were based on three independent criteria: public
responses, local magnitude (Ml) and peak ground velocity (PGV). The latter two
parameters were provided in real-time by the Swiss Earthquake Department as
an independent and neutral institution.
On the 8th of December due to a Ml 2.7 event the injection rate was reduced in
line with the seismic response procedure. A few hours later, as a precautionary
measure, the injection was stopped and the well shut in. This action was taken
one step ahead of the seismic response procedure. Nevertheless, several hours
later a Ml 3.4 event occurred which led to a preliminary suspension of the
project activities. Three further aftershocks with Ml >3 occurred following the
Bleeding Off of well Basel 1. These events were on the 6th and 16th of January
2007 and on the 2nd of February 2007 respectively 29, 39 and 56 days after the
Bleeding Off phase commenced.
Due to the high significance of stimulation related perceptible ground shaking
with respect to the continuation of this project and the progression of
geothermal energy production by EGS systems, intense research efforts are
currently ongoing to better understand the causal interrelationship that led to the
unacceptably high ground shaking. The overall target is to develop measures of
avoiding such stimulation related events that are widely felt and can cause
public concern.
REFERENCES
Bommer, J.J., Oates, S., Cepeda, J.M., Lindholm, C., Bird, J., Torres, R.,
Marroquin, G., Rivas, J. (2006): Control of hazard due to seismicity induced by
a hot fractured rock geothermal project, Engineering geology, 83, 287-306.
Deichmann, N., Ballarin Dolfin, D., Kastrup, U. (2000): Seismizität der Nordund Zentralschweiz, NAGRA, Technischer Bericht 00-05.
Dyer, B.C., Schanz, U., Spillmann, T., Ladner, F. and Häring, M.O. (submitted
to The Leading Edge): Microseismic imaging of a geothermal reservoir
stimulation.
Plenefisch, T., Bonjer, K.-P. (1997): The stress field in the Rhine Graben area
inferred from earthquake focal mechanisms and estimation of frictional
parameters, Tectonophysics 275, 71-97.
Waldhauser, F., Ellsworth, W.L. (2000): A Double-Difference Earthquake
Location Algorithm: Method and Application to the Northern Hayward Fault,
California, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90, 6, 1353-1368.