Skeletal System
Name: Veronica Felix Per: 2
The human skeleton is divided into 2 groups of bones. The names given to theses collection of
bones are:
i)
the AXIAL skeleton
ii)
the APPENDICULAR skeleton
Bones are classified by shape. Name the 5 varieties and give an example for each
i) Long
bones - ex: humerus or femor ii)Short bones - ex: bones in your wrist and
ankles
iii)Flat bones - ex: sternum iv)Irregular bones - ex: vertebra in the spine
v)Sesamoid bones - ex: patella
The skull is made up of two types of bone. These two groups of bones are called CRANIUM
and FACIAL BONES.
The bones of the skull are connected by SUTURES.
The external nose is largely CARDILAGE and is therefore, not part of the bony skull.
The 5 regions of the vertebral column, in order from the neck down include:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
The neck (cervical)
The upper back (thoracic)
lower back (lumbar)
hip area (sacral).
the tailbone (coccyx).
These 3 bones make up the elbow joint:
i)
ii)
iii)
the humerus of the upper arm
the radius
ulna of the forearm
Name the 3 vertebral disorders, what vertebra are affected and describe the curvature for each
i)spondylosis- bony spurs
called osteophytes project from vertebrae and become denser,
and vertebral disks degenerate and protrude
Lumbar spinal stenosis- a condition characterized by the narrowing of a few
segments of the spinal canal.
ii)
ii) Spondylolisthesis
-when one vertebra slips forward on the adjacent vertebrae
Each pair of individual unfused vertebra constitutes a MOTION SEGMENT the basic movable unit
of the back.
Between each vertebra you will find an INTERVERTABRAL DISC. These discs make possible
MOVEMENT between the vertebral bodies. With aging the disc DEHYDRTATE and THIN
resulting in a loss of height. (thickness)
The cervical vertebra SUPPORT and MOVE the head and neck. Another name for C1 is the
ATLAS and C2 is the AXIS. The 12 thoracic vertebra articulate with RIBS bilaterally.
The THORACIC SKELETEON is the skeleton of the chest. It is made up of the following bones:
the RIBS, the CLAVICAL, and the THORACIC vertebra, along with STERNUM cartilage. We
have 12 pairs of ribs. The 7 TRUE ribs (1 – 7) articulate directly to the sternum. Ribs (8 – 12) are
called FALSE ribs and end in the muscular abdominal wall. The space between ribs is called
INTERCOSTAL space. The ribs are attached to the sternum with COSTAL cartilage. The
pectoral girdle is made up of the following bones:
i) CLAVICLE
ii) SCAPULA
The mobility of the upper limbs is dependent upon the pectoral girdle, whose only bony
attachment to the axial skeleton is the STRENOCLAVICULAR
joint. The 2 bones of the
forearm are the RADIUS and ULNA. The LIGAMENT is the major stabilizing forearm bone at the
elbow joint and the forma the major joint at the wrist.
Explain:
i)
Supination – is
a position of either the forearm or foot; in the forearm when
the palm faces anteriorly, or faces up (when the arms are unbent and at the
sides).
ii)
Pronation- is
a rotational movement of the forearm at the radioulnar joint or of
the foot at the subtalarand talocalcaneonavicular joints
The 3 groups of bones that make up the wrist and hand are:
i)CARPALS
ii)METACARPALS
iii)PHALANGES
The most common fractures of the wrist involve the SCAPHOID (carpal bone) and the distal
RADIUS.
The hip bone or (coxal bone) is made up of 3 fused bones ILLIUM, ISCHIUM and PUBIS. The 2
coxal bones (hip) make up the PELVIC GIRDLE.
The following bones make up the thigh and lower leg:
i)FIBULA ii)TIBIA iii)FEMUR
The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the FEMUR, TIBIA and PATELLA. Premature wear
of the patellar cartilage is called OSTEOARTHRITIS. The patella is a SESAMOID bone which
develops in the tendon of the QUADRICEPTS femoris muscle. The ankle joint is formed by the
articulation of the TIBIA, FIBULA TALUS. The rounded boney prominence on either side of the
ankle is called the MALLEOLUS. These bumps are formed by the distal ends of the FIBULA and
TIBULA. What does osteo mean? BONE. Which bone of the forearm articulates with the thumb?
RADIUS. The bone that makes up the heel is called CALCANEOUS. LIGAMENTS attach bone
to bone. A SPRAIN is an injury to a ligament.
Define articulation – THE LOCATION WHERE TO OR MORE BONES MAKE CONTACT
The two groups of fused bones of the vertebral column are the SACRUM and COCCYX.
Give the anatomical name for the following bones:
Forehead – TEMPORAL FOSSA
Palm of hand – META CARPUS
Cheek bone – ZYGOMATIC BONE
Shin bone – TIBIA
Collar bone - CLAVICLE
Lower jaw – MANDIBLE
Tail bone - COCCYX
Wrist – CARPALS
Knee cap - PATELLA
Thigh – FEMUR
Shoulder blade - SCAPULA
Breast bone – STERNUM
Fingers and toes - PHILANGEAS
Upper jaw – MAXILLA
Heel - CALCANEUS
The shoulder joint is made up of the articulation of the following 3 bones:
CLAVICLE, HUMERUS, and SHOULDER BLADE.
The displacement of one or more bones of a joint is called a DISLOCATION. A separation is an
injury to a generally BONE – LATER FORCE joint. Another name of breaking of a bone and
cartilage is called a FRACTURE.
The small bone of the lower leg is called the TIBIA. The sternum is made up of 3 parts:
MANUBRIUM, GLADIOLUS, and the XIPHOID PROCESS. The unique thing about thoracic
vertebra is that they articulate with the STERNUM, whereas the cervical and the lumbar vertebra
don’t.
List the 5 functions of the skeletal system:
1. SUPPORT
2. PROTECT
3. MOVMENT FACILITATION
4. MINERAL STORAGE
5. HAEMATOPOIESIS
Bone surfaces have a variety of features. The functions of these are to
1. PROTECT
2. TAKE SHOCK
3. MAKE UP SHAPE
What is the purpose of cartilage covering the ends of bone?
THE PURPOSE OF THE CARTILAGE COVERING ENDS OF BONES IS TO ABRORB THE
DAMAGE OR SHOCK WHEN THE CARTILAGE GOES TRHOUGH ONE.