ART 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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On the Way to Santiago 1 and 2: Experience and Architecture/Sculpture and Politics
Objects:
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, c. 1077-1128:
Portico de la Gloria (west portal), 1168-1188
Puerta de las Platerías (Portal of the Silversmiths, south portal), 1078-1103 (or 1100-1140?) –
Christ and Saint James.
King David.
Adulterous Woman.
Judgment of Pilate, Flagellation, Temptation of Christ
Toulouse and Moissac 1 and 2: Form, Meaning, and Audience
Objects:
Church of St. Sernin, Toulouse, c. 1070 (altar consecrated 1096):
Ambulatory sculpture by Gelduinus, c. 1096 – Angels, Christ in Majesty.
Miégeville Door (south portal), c. 1115 – Ascension of Christ.
Signum lionis (Sign of the Lion), marble relief, early 12th century.
Church of St. Pierre (Peter), Moissac:
Cloister, c. 1100 – Pier reliefs of Apostles and Abbot Durandus.
South portal, c. 1100-1115:
Jamb figures (St. Peter).
Trumeau (Lions/lionesses, Paul, and Prophet).
Tympanum (Apocalyptic Christ in Majesty).
Right wall reliefs (Infancy of Christ scenes).
Left wall reliefs (Luxuria and Avarice / Dives and Lazarus).
Church of Sainte Marie, Souillac, c. 1130:
Portal sculpture: Story of Theophilus, etc.
People and Terms:
Liber Sancti Iacobi or Codex Calixtinus
Radiating chapels / apsidioles
Pilgrimage choir (= ambulatory with apsidioles)
Transverse arches
portal: jambs, trumeau, lintel, tympanum, archivolts, voussoirs
Bishop Gelmírez, Historia Compostellana
“plaque style”
Merovingian, King Clovis
Abbot Durandus (1047-1072), Benedictine
Abbot Anquêtil (1085-1115)
Annunciation, Visitation,
Adoration of the Magi
Presentation in the Temple
Flight into Egypt
Luxuria, Avaritia
Dives and Lazarus (Luke 16)
Theophilus, Isaiah, Abraham and Isaac
Luke 16:19-25 (Story of Dives and Lazarus)
As told by Jesus: “There was a rich man who was dressed in purple and fine linen and who feasted
sumptuously every day. And at his gate lay a poor man named Lazarus, covered with sores, who longed to
satisfy his hunger with what fell from the rich man’s table; even the dogs would come and lick his sores.
The poor man died and was carried away by the angels to be with Abraham. The rich man also died and
was buried. In Hades, where he was being tormented, he looked up and saw Abraham far away with
Lazarus by his side [Greek = “in his bosom”]. He called out, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send
Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue; for I am in agony in these flames.’ But
Abraham said, ‘Child, remember that during your lifetime you received your good things, and Lazarus in
like manner evil things; but now he is comforted here, and you are in agony. Besides all this, between you
and us a great chasm has been fixed, so that those who might want to pass from here to you cannot do so,
and no one can cross from there to us.”
ART 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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The Cult of Sainte Foy at Conques: Relics, Reliquaries, and Saintly Power
Objects:
Church of St. Foy, Conques, France, early 12th century:
Plan, exterior, interior, tympanum sculpture,
Reliquary statue of St. Foy, 9th - 12th century
Terms:
Dadon (hermit, 8th century)
Abbot Bégon (1087-1107)
Benedictine monastery
St. Foy (Faith)
Agen
Imitatio Christi
Bernard of Angers
Guibert (983)
ART 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Pilgrims and Monks at Cluny and Vézelay / A Medieval Ganymede at Vézelay
Objects:
Monastic Church, Cluny, France (“Cluny III”), 1088-1130:
Plan, reconstruction/model, ambulatory sculpted capitals (c. 1088-1095)
Church of the Madeleine, Vézelay, 1120-1132:
Plan, nave sculpted capitals (Mystic Mill, Rape of Ganymede), narthex sculpted portals
(Ascension of Christ, Mission to the Apostles, Pentecost).
(Comparative images: Zeus and Ganymede, Olympia, c. 470.
Zeus and Ganymede, Greek vase paintings.
Pentecost, manuscript illumination, Cluny Lectionary, early 12th century.
Monstrous Races of the World, Crusader’s Handbook, 12th century.)
Terms:
Cluniac monasticism, Benedictine (Cluny, Burgundy)
Galilee porch, narthex
Carolingian westwork
Pope Innocent II
Abbot Hugh of Semur (1049-1109)
Peter the Venerable (1122-1156)
Pythagoras
Plain chant, Gregorian chant
Guido of Arezzo (c. 1020)
Pope Leo IX
Mary Magdalene
Clerestory
Groin vault
Voussoirs
Carolingian, Palatine Chapel at Aachen
Crypt
Eucharist
Ovid, Metamorphoses; Virgil, Aenead
Peter Damian
Pederasty
Oblate, oblation
Jews, Gentiles
“First Fruits,” Pentecost
Ephesians 2:11-22
“So then, remember that at one time you Gentiles by birth… you were without Christ, being
aliens from the commonwealth of Israel…having no hope and without God in the world. But
now in Jesus Christ you who once were far off have been brought near by the blood of Christ.
For he is our peace: in his flesh he has made both groups [Jews and Gentiles] into one and has
broken down the dividing wall, that is, the hostility between us. He has abolished the law with its
commandments and ordinances that he might create in himself one new humanity in place of
two… and might reconcile both groups to God in one body through the cross… So he came and
proclaimed peace to you who were far off and peace to those who were near; for through him
both of us have access in one Spirit to the Father. So then you are no longer strangers or aliens,
but you are citizens with the saints and also members of the household of God, built upon the
foundation of the Apostles and Prophets, with Christ Jesus as the Keystone/cornerstone. In him
the whole structure is joined together and grows into a holy temple of the Lord; in whom you are
also built together spiritually into a dwelling place of God.”
ART 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Lazarus and Gislebertus at Autun / Eve and the Art Critic
Objects:
Church of Saint-Lazare (Lazarus), Autun, France, c. 1120-1135:
Plan, exterior views, interior views,
sculpted nave capitals (Flight into Egypt, Dream of the Magi, Suicide of Judas, Simon Magus),
west portal sculpture, and north portal sculpture (Eve lintel fragment)
Abbey Church, Fontenay, France, 1139-1147
Terms:
Étienne de Bagé (1112-1139)
Porte d’Arroux, fluted pilasters, Corinthian capitals
Lazarus, Mary Magdalene, Martha
Gislebertus
Penance ritual (penance = confession/absolution)
Dives and Lazarus (Luke 16)
Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32)
Widow of Nain (Luke 7:11-17)
Cistercian order, Benedictine order
Bernard of Clairvaux (d. 1153)
Pope Eugene III
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Reform and Revival: Romanesque Art in Italy and Germany
Objects:
Church of San Clemente, Rome, c. 1118-1128: apse mosaic.
Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, 1059-1150: exterior, interior mosaics.
Cathedral (begun 1063), Baptistry (begun 1153), and Campanile (“Leaning Tower,” begun 1174), Pisa.
Nicholas of Verdun, Shrine of the Three Kings, Cologne Cathedral, c. 1190-1230.
Terms:
Holy Roman Emperor, pope
Ghibellines, Guelphs
Desiderius, Benedictine abbot / Pope Victor III (1086-87)
Monte Casino (south of Rome)
Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
Pope Paschal II (1099-1118)
Pope Clement (88-87)
Cosmatesque or Cosmati pavement (after Cosma family in Rome)
Baldacchino / ciborium
Schola cantorum
Peter, Paul, Isaiah, Jeremiah
Living Cross/Tree of Life
True Cross
Tuscany
Palermo, Sicily
Veneers, blind arcades and colonnades
Investiture controversy
Hohenstaufen dynasty, Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190), Holy Roman Empire
Otto IV (r. 1209-1215)
Epiphany (Jan. 6)
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Norman Romanesque 1 and 2: Churches and a So-Called Tapestry / The Cloisters Cross
Objects:
Abbey Church of St. Etienne, Caen, 1064-1077: western façade and interior.
Cathedral of Durham, 1093-1133: plan, exterior, and interior.
Bayeux Tapestry, England, c. 1070-1080.
Cloisters Cross, England (Bury St. Edmunds or St. Albans), c. 1140.
Terms:
William, duke of Normandy
St. Etienne (Stephen)
Buttress, stringcourses
Quadripartite rib vaults, sexpartite vaults, septpartite vaults
Bishop William of Carilef,
River Weir
Columns, compound piers, engaged columns
Chevron, diaper, spiral, zig-zag
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
Canterbury
Normandy, Norman
Battle of Hastings
Edward the Confessor
Harold, Earl of Essex
William, Duke of Normandy
Continuous narrative, marginalia, genre scenes
Aesop Fables
Typology
Tree of Life
Adam and Eve, Moses and the Brazen Serpent
Titulus, Crucifixion/Deposition, Marys at the Tomb, Ascension of Christ
Evangelist Symbols,
Agnus Dei, Synagoga
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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The Origin and Meaning of Gothic: Saint Denis, Sens, Laon, and Paris
Objects:
Abbey Church of St. Denis, Paris, 1135-1144.
Cathedral of St Étienne, Sens, c. 1145-1164.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon, 1165-1205 (west façade 1190-1205).
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris, 1163-1200 (façade, first half 13th century).
Terms:
Capetian Dynasty (Hugh Capet)
Louis VI (1108-1137), Louis VII (1137-1180, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine),
Philip Augustus (1180-1223), Louis VIII (1223-1226), Blanche of Castile (regent 12261236), Louis IX (1226-1270, canonized 1297)
Paris, Île-de-France
Abbot Suger, Benedictine
St. Denis (Dionysius)
Crowns and Oriflamme
Narthex
Column-figures
Chevet
Rib vaulting
Quadripartite vaulting, sexpartite vaulting
Bays, compound piers
Lantern tower
Elevation: nave arcade, gallery, triforium, clerestory
Paris: Bishop Maurice de Sully, Pope Urban
Oculus (oculi), lancet windows
Flying buttress
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Chartres Cathedral 1 and 2
Objects:
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France, 1134-1220:
Western portal sculpture, c. 1145.
Interior, 1194-1220 (nave, 1210; chevet, 1220).
North transept portal sculpture, 1205-1215.
South transept portal sculpture, 1210-1220, 1230-1240.
North transept windows, c. 1220-1230.
West façade windows:
Life of Christ, c. 1150-1170.
Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière (Blue Madonna), c. 1170.
Craftsmen windows, 13th century.
Terms:
Tunic of the Virgin Mary, pilgrim’s badge/token
Ascension of Christ (?), zodiac signs, labors of the month
Annunciation, Visitation, Annunciation to the Shepherds, Presentation
Theotokos, Incarnation, Eucharist
Liberal Arts (trivium, quadrivium)
Pythagorus, Priscian
Maiestas Domini, Apocalypse
Coronation of the Virgin, Dormition of the Virgin, Assumption of the Virgin
St. Anne
Melchizedek, Abraham, Moses, Samuel, David
Peter, John the Baptist, Simeon, Jeremiah, and Isaiah
Martyrs, confessor saints
St. Theodore
Quatrefoils, Fleur-de-lis
Blanche of Castile, Count of Blois \
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Amiens, Reims, and Sainte-Chapelle: Geometry and Heavenly Heights
Objects:
Robert de Luzarches, Thomas and Regnault de Cormont, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Amiens, begun 1220.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Reims, begun 1211-1311.
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1243-1248.
Terms:
Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy
Rayonnant Style or Court Style
Relics of the Passion of Christ
Louis IX (1226-1270)
Baldwin
Tracery (stone mullions, bar tracery), blind arcades
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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Social and Sacred Space 1 and 2
Objects:
Cathedral of Saints Peter and George, Bamberg, Germany, c. 1200-1237; Fürstenportal sculptures:
tympanum, jambs, Ecclesia and Synagoga; and Bamberg Rider, c. 1225.
Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Naumburg, Germany, choir sculpture and choir screen sculptures,
c. 1245-1255.
Terms:
Bishop Ekbert of Andechs (1203-1237)
Wortvinus
Choir screen
Margrave Ekkehard I
Bishop Dietrich II of Wettin
Billung
Hermann and Reglindis
Uta and Ekkehard II
Art 306: Romanesque and Gothic Art
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The Illuminated Page: Text, Image, and Margins
Objects:
Psalter of Blanche of Castile, Paris, France, c. 1230: Crucifixion and Deposition with Ecclesia and
Synagoga.
Moralized Bible (of Blanche of Castile), Paris, France, 1226-1234: Dedication page.
Psalter of Saint Louis, Paris, France, 1253-1270: The Feast of Abraham.
Jean Colombe, Hours of Anne of France, Bourges, France, 1470s: Man of Sorrows and Virgin Praying.
Hours of Mary of Burgundy, France, c. 1470-1480.
Terms:
Parchment, vellum
Flesh side, hair side
Stylus, quills
Line endings, illuminated initials, historiated initials
Azurite, lapis lazuli, malachite, saffron,
Gold leaf, burnishing
Charles the Bold of Burgundy