國科會人文學研究中心『中介語研究典籍讀書會』
Interlanguage Pragmatics
中山大學外文系
林玉惠
語言行為研究室：
陳香伶、侯怡君、李家慧、何博欽
陳妙慈、施向怡、余秀敏、張舜齡
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Interlanguage Pragmatics—Definition
1.1 “the study of nonnative speakers’ use of and acquisition of linguistic action
pattern in a second language (L2). (Kasper & Blum-Kulka,1993: 3)
1.2
Interlanguage pragmatics has consequently been defined as the study of
nonnative speakers’ use of and acquisition of linguistic action pattern in a
second language (L2). (Kasper & Blum-Kulka, 1993: 3)
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History and Rationale
2.1 Dates back from the 1980s
2.1.1 Negative transfers in the production of speech acts found among
nonnatives (Loveday, 1982; Riley, 1981, Schmidt & Richards, 1981)
2.1.2 Realization that pragmalinguistic/ sociopragmatic competence is
important in L2 communication,--sometimes more important than other
aspects of linguistic competence. (e.g, Boxer, 1995; Cohen, 1996;
Koike, 1996; Nelson et al, 2002; 1995; Shih, 1986; Thomas, 1983;
Wolfson, 1981, 1989)
2.2
Nelson et al (2002: 164)
“While native speakers often forgive the phonological, syntactic, and
lexical errors made by L2 speakers, they are less likely to forgive
pragmatic errors. Native speakers typically interpret pragmatic errors
negatively as arrogance, impatience, rudeness, and so forth.”
2.3
L2 speakers tend to have difficulty with the rules of speaking of the
target language. This phenomenon holds even for
2.3.1 Fairly advanced L2 learners (House, 1996; Eisentein and Bodman,
1993; Takahashi, 1996)
2.3.2 NNSs (non-native speaker) who have resided in the U.S. for long
periods (Hinkel, 1994)
2.3.3 Even NNS EFL teachers (Shih, 1986)
2.4
A number of studies have reported on the positive effects of instruction
in the use of a variety of speech acts.
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(Bardovi-Harlig, 2001; Billmyer, 1990; Cohen, 1996; Cohen & Olshtain,
1993; Eisenstein and Bodman, 1993; Ellis, 1992; Hinkel, 1994; Ishihara,
2001; Goldschmidt, 1996; Holmes and Brown, 1987; Kasper, 1997, 2001;
King and Silver, 1993; Koike, 1989; LoCastro, 1997; Olshtain and Cohen,
1983; Rose, 2001; Takahashi, 1996, 2001; Takahashi and Beebe, 1986;
Tateyama, 2001).
2.5
L2 teachers often do not teach pragmalinguistic information because
2.5.1 they are not consciously aware of it themselves (e.g., Helt, 1982;
Marain, 1983; Seelye, 1993, Shih, 1986; Wolfson, 1989)
2.5.2 teaching guidelines and materials on speech acts are rare (LoCastro,
1997; Kasper, 2001; Peng, 2000).
2.5.3 Pragmatic competence:
2.5.3.1 "the most difficult aspect of language to master in learning a
second language" (Blum-Kulka and Sheffer 1993: 219).
2.5.3.2 "without some form of instruction, many aspects of pragmatic
competence do not develop sufficiently" (Kasper 1997: 3).
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Issues in Interlanguage Pragmatics
3.1 Politeness
3.1.1 The Universal Notion of Politeness (Brown & Levinson, 1987)
3.1.2 Universality vs. Cultural-specificity (Fraser, 1985; Wierzbicka, 1991;
Kachru, 1994)
3.2
Transferability
3.2.1 Pragmatic Failure (Thomas, 1983; Kasper, 1992)
3.2.2 Intercultural Style Hypothesis (Blum-Kulka, 1991; Kasper &
Blum-Kulka, 1993Pragmatic Ability and Awareness
3.3.1 Proficiency
3.3.2 Motivation
3.3.3 Length of Residence (LR) in the Target Language Community
3.4
Grammatical vs. Pragmatic Components
3.4.1 Kasper (2002)
3.5
Pedagogical Issues
3.5.1 Positive effects of instruction in the use of a variety of speech acts
3.6
Methodological Issues
3.6.1 MCQ: Multiple-Choice Questionnaire
3.6.2 DCT: Discourse Completion Test
3.6.3 Scaled-Response Questionnaire
3.6.4 Role-play
3.6.5 Recall Protocol
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3.6.6 Natural Occurring Data
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Studies in Interlanguage Pragmatics
4.1 Refusal
4.1.1 Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T., & Uliss-Welts, R. (1990)
4.1.2 Nelson, G. L., Carson, J., Al-Batal, M., & El Bakary W (2002)
4.1.3 Al-Issa (2003)
4.1.4 Kwon (2004)
4.2
Apology
4.2.1 Cohen & Olshtain (1981)
4.2.2 Cohen & Olshtain (1983)
4.2.3 Cohen, Olshtain, & Rosenstein (1986)
4.2.4 Trosborg (1995)
4.3
Complaint
4.3.1 House & Kasper (1981)
4.3.2 Olshtain and Weinbach (1993)
4.3.3 Trosborg (1995)
4.3.4 Lee (1999)
4.3.5 Shea (2003)
4.4
Disagreement
4.4.1 Beebe and Takahashi (1989)
4.4.2 Takahashi and Beebe (1993)
4.5
4.6
4.7
Request
4.5.1 Blum-kulka (1989)
4.5.2 Trosborg (1995)
4.5.3 Hassall (1997)
4.5.4 Liao (1995)
4.5.5 Yu (1999)
Gratitude
Compliment/Compliment Responses
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