Libertarians have a convergent pattern on the Moral Foundations Sacredness Scale
as on the Moral Foundations Questionnaire
In the paper, we included a graph that shows that libertarians generally have low endorsement of
all five moral concerns (Harm, Fairness, Ingroup Loyalty, Authority, and Purity) measured by the
Moral Foundations Questionnaire. An alternative way of measuring moral concern is through the
concept of sacredness, operationalized in this measure by how much money one would have to
take to violate a particular moral concern (e.g. Renouncing citizenship as a Loyalty violation).
Libertarians required less money to violate these moral concerns across scenarios, convergent
with the results reported in the paper for the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. The paper then
points out that one shortcoming of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire is that it doesn't
measure individual liberty as a distinct moral concern and that using measures of individual
liberty, libertarians do indeed appear quite morally concerned, more so than both liberals and
conservatives.