Macromolecules Summary Chart
Macromolecule
Subunits
Functional
groups
Properties?
(such as
polar, nonpolar,
solubility
etc…)
Hydroxyl
-Polar
(and carbonyl
in linear form)
-water
soluble
Monosaccari
-des (simple
sugars)
Hydroxyl
-Polar
Monosaccari
-des (simple
sugars)
Hydroxyl
Carbohydrates
1.Monosaccarides
2. Oligosaccharides
3. Polysaccarides
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)
Type of
linkage/
bond
Type of
reaction that
makes
polymer
Examples
Role/function
Glucose , fructose,
galactose
Energy source
Glycosidic
Condensation
(anabolic)
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Ex: Sucrose transports glucose in
maple trees
Glycosidic
Condensation
(anabolic)
1. Starch (amylose =
unbranched and
amylopectin = branched)
1. energy storage for plants
2. Glycogen
2. energy storage for animals
3. Cellulose
3. Structural support for plants (dietary
fibre)
-water
soluble (but
not as much
as a mono.)
-Polar
properties
-loss of
solubility due
to length
4. Chitin
4. Exoskeletons for lobsters, crabs,
bugs
Macromolecules Summary Chart
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)
Macromolecule
Subunits
(General
Structure)
Functional
groups
Properties?
(such as
polar, nonpolar,
solubility
etc…)
Type of
linkage/bond
Type of
reaction
that makes
polymer
Examples
Role/function
Lipids
1. Fats
Glycerol + 3
fatty acids
Glycerol has
hydroxyl, fatty
acids have
carboxyl
-non-polar
-NOT
soluble in
water BUT
soluble in oil
ester
Condensatio
n (anabolic)
1. Saturated fats
1. all single bonded carbons. Solid at
room temperature. Butter, lard
2. Phospholipids
Glycerol + 2
fatty acids +
phosphate
head
3. Waxes
Long chain
fatty acids
Glycerol has
hydroxyl, fatty
acids have
carboxyl and
head is made
of phosphates
-tail (fatty
acids) is
non-polar
and thus
water
insoluble
-Head is
polar and
water
soluble
Non-polar so
not soluble
in water
2. Unsaturated fats
ester
Condensatio
n (anabolic)
Can also be saturated or
unsaturated
Cutin on fruits
Wax on feathers
Honeycombs
2. Contain double and/or triple bonds,
likely liquid at room temperature. Olive
oil, sunflower oil etc…
ALL FATS: Energy storage and
insulation
Make up the cellular membrane. Holds
the cell together, lets things in a keeps
things out
Barrier to water
Macromolecules Summary Chart
4. Steroids
Can have
hydroxyl and
carbonyl
Non-polar,
not soluble
in water
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)
Estrogen, testosterone,
cholesterol
Hormones, membrane structure
Macromolecule
Subunits
Functional
groups
Properties?
(such as
polar, nonpolar,
solubility
etc…)
Type of
linkage/bond
Type of
reaction
that makes
polymer
Examples
Role/function
Proteins
1. Linear
polypeptide
(fibrous)
Amino acids
All have
carboxyl and
amino. Some
have hydroxyl
or sulfhydryl
All amino
acids have
polar
properties
some are
more polar
than others
depending
on the
polarity of
the R-group
Peptide (aka
amide)
Condensatio
n
(anabolic)
linear: Isulin, spider silk,
keratin
-Structural and functional
Primary
Secondary
Macromolecules Summary Chart
2. Globular
Tertiary
Quaternary
Amino Acid
Amino aicds
All have
carboxyl and
amino. Some
have hydroxyl
or sulfhydryl
All amino
acids have
polar
properties
some are
more polar
than others
depending
on the
polarity of
the R-group
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)
Peptide (aka
amide)
Condensatio
n (anabolic)
globular: Collagen,
haemoglobin, enzymes
-Structural and functional
Macromolecules Summary Chart
Macromolecule
Subunits
Functional
groups
Nucleic Acids
1. DNA
Nucleotides
(phosphate +
sugar +
nitrogenous
base)
-Phoshpate
2. RNA
Nucleotides
(phosphate +
sugar +
nitrogenous
base)
Properties
? (such as
polar, nonpolar,
solubility
etc…)
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)
Type of
linkage/bond
Type of
reaction
that makes
polymer
Role/function
phosphodiester
Condensatio
n (anabolic)
Informational (hereditary)
phosphodiester
Condensatio
n (anabolic)
Transmits hereditary
information from nucleus to
cytoplasm
-Some
nitrogenous
bases have
carbonyl and
amino
-sugars have
hydroxyl
Phoshpate
-Some
nitrogenous
bases have
carbonyl and
amino
-sugars have
hydroxyl
examples
Macromolecules Summary Chart
Nucleotide
(McGraw-Hill Textbook p. 18-29)