6.
URINARY TRACT
Total number of publications: 48
Total number of cases: 2827
Total number of amplifications: 188
Tumor
6.1
Loss
Renal cell carcinoma
Amplicon
1
1p
2
3
3p
3p21-pter
6
6p12-p22
6q
8
8p
8p21.3-pter
9p
9p13-pter
9q21-qter*
10
10q
13
Percentage
(number of
cases)
13 (7/56)
35 (19/55)
31 (23/75)
21 (4/19)
50 (20/40)
71 (29/41)
59 (20/34)
4 (1/25)
17 (7/41)
21 (4/19)
20 (3/15)
18 (12/66)
28 (11/40)
24 (10/41)
17 (11/66)
59 (20/34)
12 (5/41)
65 (22/34)
Amplified
genes
(studied from
the same
cases)
Reference
1,2
3-5
1,2,4
4
1,3
2
1,4
3
2
4
1
2,3
1,3
2
2,3
1,4
2
1,4
13q14.3-qter
14q21-qter
17
17p
17q
18
21
X
Xq11-q25
Xq26-qter
Y
Additional
references
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
Renal cell carcinoma
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (1/27 cases)
amp(11q22q23)
17 (11/66)
26 (17/66)
68 (13/19)
12 (6/52)
27 (4/15)
18 (10/55)
23 (20/86)
15 (5/34)
12 (3/25)
20 (8/41)
20 (17/85)
None
0 (0/41)
2,3
2,3
4
2,5
1
3-5
1,2,4,5
1,4
3
2
2-4
6,7
2
Bissig H, Richter J, Desper R, Meier V, Schraml P, Schäffer AA, Sauter G, Mihatsch MJ, Moch H: Evaluation
of the clonal relationship between primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma by comparative genomic
hybridization. Am J Pathol 1999, 155:267-274.
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (0/116 cases)
Jiang F, Desper R, Papadimitriou CH, Schaffer AA, Kallioniemi O-P, Richter J, Schraml P, Sauter G, Mihatsch
MJ, Moch H: Construction of evolutionary tree models for renal cell carcinoma from comparative genomic
hybridization data. Cancer Res 2000, 60:6503-6509.
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (?/6 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Kanayama H-O, Lui W-O, Takahashi M, Naroda T, Kedra D, Wong FK, Kuroki Y, Nakahori Y, Larsson C,
Kagawa S, Teh BT: Association of a novel constitutional translocation t(1q;3q) with familial renal cell
carcinoma. J Med Genet 2001, 38:165-170.
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (0/13 cases)
Izumi H, Hara T, Oga A, Matsuda K, Sato Y, Naito K, Sasaki K: High telomerase activity correlates with the
stabilities of genome and DNA ploidy in renal cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2002, 4:103-111.
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (?/46 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Junker K, Moravek P, Podhola M, Weirich G, Hindermann W, Janitzky V, Schubert J: Genetic alterations in
metastatic renal cell carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization: correlation with clinical and
histological data. Int J Oncol 2000, 17:903-908.
Renal cell carcinoma,
Not
5
papillary
determined
Renal cell tumor
Not
7
determined
RENAL CANCER (1/61 cases)
amp(2q22q33,16q,7q,X)
Reutzel D, Mende M, Naumann S, Storkel S, Brenner W, Zabel B, Decker J: Genomic imbalances in 61 renal
cancers from the proximal tubulus detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet
2001, 93:221-227.
RENAL CELL NEOPLASM (?/4 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Gronwald J, Baur AS, Holtgreve-Grez H, Jauch A, Mosimann F, Jichlinski P, Wauters JP, Cremer T, Guillou L:
Chromosomal abnormalities in renal cell neoplasms associated with acquired renal cystic disease. A series
studied by comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Pathol 1999, 187:308312.
RENAL MEDULLARY CARCINOMA (0/40 cases)
Swartz MA, Karth J, Schneider DT, Rodriguez R, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ: Renal medullary carcinoma:
clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic analysis with pathogenetic implications. Urology 2002,
60:1083-1089.
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
TUBULAR-MUCINOUS RENAL NEOPLASM (?/5 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Rakozy C, Schmahl GE, Bogner S, Störkel S: Low-grade tubular-mucinous renal neoplasms: morphologic,
immunohistochemical, and genetic features. Mod Pathol 2002, 15:1162-1171.
RENAL PELVIS CARCINOMA, TRANSITIONAL (5/10 cases)
amp(1q21q25)/amp(2p23p25,12q14q15,12q23q24)/amp(6p22p23)/amp(8q22q24.1,11q13,12q14q21)/amp(8q
21q22,11q13)
Rigola MA, Fuster C, Casadevall C, Bernués M, Caballín MR, Gelabert A, Egozcue J, Miró R: Comparative
genomic hybridization analysis of transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet
2001, 127:59-63.
RENAL ONCOCYTOMA (?/28 cases: 21 cases sporadic and 7 familial renal oncocytomas)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Junker K, Weirich G, Moravek P, Podhola M, Ilse B, Hartmann A, Schubert J: Familial and sporadic renal
oncocytomas – a comparative molecular-genetic analysis. Eur Urol 2001; 40:330-336.
KIDNEY SPIRADENOCYLINDROMA (?/1 case)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Ströbel P, Zettl A, Ren Z, Starostik P, Riedmiller H, Störkel S, Müller-Hermelink HK, Marx A:
Spiradenocylindroma of the kidney: clinical and genetic findings suggesting a role of somatic mutation of the
CYLD1 gene in the oncogenesis of an unusual renal neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 2002, 26:119-124.
MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA (?/1 case)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Guschmann M, Tönnies H, Bührer C, Mau H, Vogel M: Myoid differentiation in mesoblastic nephroma:
Clinicopathologic and cytogenetic findings of a rare case. J Pediatr Surg 2002, 37:E22.
KIDNEY TUMORS (?/8 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Rigola MA, Casadevall C, Bernués M, Caballín MR, Fuster C, Gelabert A, Egozcue J, Miró R: Analysis of
kidney tumors by comparative genomic hybridization and conventional cytogenetics. Cancer Genet Cytogenet
2002, 137:49-53.
6.1
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
REVIEW
Moch H, Mihatsch MJ: Genetic progression of renal cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2002, 441:320-327.
6.1
Renal cell carcinoma: 8 amplifications out of 377 cases
6.2
Wilms' tumor
None
3q11-q13.3
4q21-qter
9p13-pter
11p13-p15*
16q
17p
20p
0 (0/54)
38 (3/8)
50 (4/8)
50 (4/8)
11 (6/54)
17 (9/54)
13 (7/54)
38 (3/8)
6.2
Wilms' tumor
Not
determined
6.2
WILMS’ TUMOR (5/79 cases)
amp(1q12q25)/amp(1q)/amp(1q)/amp(1q21q31)/amp(1p13q31)
Comment:
5/58 relapsing Wilms’ tumors:
amp(1q12q25)/amp(1q)/amp(1q)/amp(1q21q31)/amp(1p13q31)
0/21 nonrelapsing Wilms’ tumors
8,9
8
8
8
8,9
8,9
8,9
8
10
Hing S, Lu Y-J, Summersgill B, King-Underwood L, Nicholson J, Grundy P, Grundy R, Gessler M, Shipley J,
Pritchard-Jones K: Gain of 1q is associated with adverse outcome in favorable histology Wilms' tumors. Am J
Pathol 2001, 158:393-398.
6.2
Wilms tumor: 5 amplifications out of 133 cases
6.3
Bladder carcinoma
1p32
2q24-qter*
3p13-p14
3p21
3p21.1-p21.3
3p22-p24
3q24
4p11-p14
4q26
5q21-q22
6p22
6q25.1-qter
8p21-pter*
8q21.3-qter
9p*
9q
9q13-qter*
10p13-p14
10q23-qter*
11p12-p15*
11q14-q22
11q22.2-qter*
12q13-q15
12q15
12q21-q24
12q23-qter
13q13-q14
13q21-q31
14q11.1-q24.3
14q24-qter*
15q21
6 (1/16)
20 (19/95)
23 (3/13)
6 (1/16)
23 (6/26)
7 (1/14)
6 (1/16)
23 (3/13)
6 (1/16)
13 (7/53)
6 (2/33)
15 (4/26)
24 (23/95)
6 (2/32)
25 (13/53)
31 (4/13)
33 (32/96)
7 (1/14)
14 (13/95)
25 (13/53)
6 (1/16)
21 (23/109)
7 (1/14)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
23 (6/26)
23 (3/13)
6 (1/16)
12 (3/26)
13 (5/40)
15 (4/27)
11
12-14
14
11
12
15
11
14
11
12,13,15
12,16
12
12-14
11,12
12,14,15
14
12,13,15
15
12-14
12,14,15
11
12-15
15
11
11
12
14
11
12
12,15
14,15
16p11-pter*
16q21-q22
16q21-qter*
17p
17q22-q23
18p11
18q22
20q12-qter
22q11-13
Y
6.3
Bladder carcinoma
1p32
3p21
3q24
4q13-q23
4q26
5q13-q21
8p21-p22
8q21-qter
9p21-p23
9q21
11p14
11q14-q22
12q15-q21
12q21-q24
13q21-q31
17q22
18q22
14 (13/95)
14 (1/7)
15 (6/40)
11 (10/95)
7 (2/30)
7 (1/14)
6 (1/16)
4 (1/26)
7 (1/14)
19 (18/95)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
19 (3/16)
6 (1/16)
25 (4/16)
25 (4/16)
6 (1/16)
31 (5/16)
31 (5/16)
19 (3/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
6 (1/16)
12-14
16
12,15
12-14
11,15
15
11
12
15
12-14
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
6.3
6.3
6.3
BLADDER CANCER, PRIMARY (?/17 cases)
Comment: Number of cases was not clearly defined, but high-level amplifications were present at 1q12q25,
10q22.1q23.1, 11q11q14.1, 17q11q21.3, and 20q11.2qter.
Hovey RM, Chu L, Balazs M, DeVries S, Moore D, Sauter G, Carroll PR, Waldman FM: Genetic alterations in
primary bladder cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res 1998, 58:3555-3560.
Bladder carcinoma, low- 2q35-qter
10 (11/113)
18
grade papillary
noninvasive
4p14-p15.1
5 (6/113)
18
5q13.2-q23
6 (7/113)
18
5q32-qter
7 (8/113)
18
6q25-qter
6 (7/113)
18
8p12-p21
9 (10/113)
18
8p12
2 (2/113)
18
9p
37 (42/113)
18
9q21.2-q22.1
43 (49/113)
18
10p13
1 (1/113)
18
10q24-q25
8 (9/113)
18
11p13
10 (11/113)
18
11q13
2 (2/113)
18
11q22-qter
9 (10/113)
18
13q21
3 (3/113)
18
14q21-q24
3 (3/113)
18
16q22-qter
3 (3/113)
18
17p
3 (3/113)
18
18q21
12 (14/113)
18
Xp
4 (4/113)
18
Xq21
3 (3/113)
18
Xq21
1 (1/113)
18
Bladder carcinoma,
1q21-q25
2 (1/56)
13
papillary
6.3
6.3
6.3
1q21-q31
2 (1/56)
3p22-p25
4 (2/56)
6p22
4 (2/56)
8pcen-p12
2 (1/56)
8q21-q22
4 (2/56)
10p12.1-p14 2 (1/56)
11q12-q14
2 (1/56)
11q13
2 (1/56)
12q15-q21
2 (1/56)
13q31-q33
2 (1/56)
Xp11-p13
2 (1/56)
Xq21-q22.2
2 (1/56)
BLADDER CANCER, PAPILLARY (?/30 cases)
Comment: Number of cases was not clearly defined, but high-level amplifications were detected at
5p11p13, 6p22pter, 7q32qter, 11q13, 16p12pter, and 20p13pter.
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1p11p13,
Prat E, Bernués M, Caballín MR, Egozcue J, Gelabert A, Miró R: Detection of chromosomal imbalances in
papillary bladder tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Urology 2001, 57:986-992.
BLADDER CANCER, INVASIVE (?/67 cases: 37 solid muscle invasive and 30 minimally invasive)
Comment: Number of cases was not clearly defined, but high-level amplifications were found at 1q21q24,
1q21q25, 3p24pter, 8q21.3q22, 10p11.2p12, 10p13pter, 10q24q26, 11q13, 12q12q13, 17q11.2q21, and
17q23qter in solid muscle invasive cancer and at 1q21q24, 1q21q25, 3p12p13, 3p22p24, 5p12p13,
5p15.1pter, 6p21.3p23, 8q21.3, 8q21.3q22, 8q24.1, 9p22pter, 17q11.2q21, 17q22q23, 17q24q25, 17q25,
18p11.3, 20q11.2q13.1, and Xp11.4p21 in minimally invasive bladder cancer.
Simon R, Burger H, Semjonow A, Hertle L, Terpe HJ, Bocker W: Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in
muscle invasive bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2000, 17:1025-1029.
BLADDER CANCER (?/32 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Simon R, Eltze E, Schäfer KL, Bürger H, Semjonow A, Hertle L, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Terpe HJ, Böcker
W: Cytogenetic analysis of multifocal bladder cancer supports a monoclonal origin and intraepithelial spread
of tumor cells. Cancer Res 2001, 61:355-362.
6.3
6.3
6.3
BLADDER CANCER (?/123 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Moore LE, Smith AH, Eng C, Kalman D, DeVries S, Bhargava V, Chew K, Moore D 2nd, Ferreccio C, Rey OA,
Waldman FM: Arsenic-related chromosomal alterations in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94:16881696.
BLADDER CANCER (?/118 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Junker K, Kania K, Fiedler W, Hartmann A, Schubert J, Werner W: Molecular genetic evaluation of
fluorescence diagnosis in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2002, 20:647-653.
Bladder carcinoma,
1q22-q24
2 (1/54)
19
invasive urinary
1q32
17 (1/6)
20
2q22-q33
11 (6/54)
19
2q35-qter
17 (9/54)
19
3p12
2 (1/54)
19
3p22-p24
4 (2/54)
19
4q26-qter
15 (8/54)
19
5p14-p15
17 (1/6),
19,20
2(1/54)
5q15-q23
15 (8/54)
19
6p22
6 (3/54)
19
6q22-q23
13 (7/54)
19
8p
24 (13/54)
19
8q22
4 (2/54)
19
8q24
2 (1/54)
19
9p
32 (17/54)
19
9q22-q33
28 (15/54)
19
10p13
4 (2/54)
19
10q24-qter
15 (8/54)
19
11p14-pter
28 (15/54)
19
11q13
6 (3/54)
19
11q23
12q15
13q31
13q33-q34
14q24-q31
16q12-qter
17p
18q12-qter
Xpter-q22
Xp21
6.3
6.3
Y
BLADDER CARCINOSARCOMA, URINARY (?/1 case)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
26 (14/54)
2 (1/54)
19 (10/54)
2 (1/54)
9 (5/54)
7 (4/54)
11 (6/54)
9 (5/54)
11 (6/54)
2 (1/54)
26 (14/54)
Gronau S, Menz CK, Melzner I, Hautmann R, Moller P, Barth TFE: Immunohistomorphologic and
cytogenetic analysis of a carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2002, 440:436-440.
Bladder carcinoma, small
1p22-p32
20 (2/10)
cell
2q21-q23
30 (3/10)
3p
30 (3/10)
3q26.3
10 (1/10)
4q32-qter
50 (5/10)
5qcen-q23
50(5/10)
8p
40 (4/10)
8q24
10 (1/10)
10q21-q23
70 (7/10)
12q14-q21
10 (1/10)
13q13-q22
40 (4/10)
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
molecular
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
BLADDER CANCER, BILHARZIA-ASSOCIATED (0/20 cases)
Fadl-Elmula I, Kytölä S, Leithy ME, Abdel-Hameed M, Mandahl N, Elagib A, Ibrahim M, Larsson C, Heim S:
Chromosomal aberrations in benign and malignant Bilharzia-associated bladder lesions analyzed by
comparative genomic hybridization. BMC Cancer 2002, 2:5.
Not determined
Bladder carcinoma,
14
transitional cell
Bladder carcinoma,
None
0 (0/10)
22
schistosoma-associated
transitional cell
Bladder carcinoma, non1q23-q24
8 (1/13)
22
schistosoma-associated
transitional cell
20q
8 (1/13)
22
BLADDER CANCER, SCHISTOSOME-RELATED TRANSITIONAL (?/28 cases)
Comment: Number of cases was not clearly defined, but high-level amplifications were found at 1q21q22,
1q21q23, 2p23p25, 2q11.2q14.3, 3p22p24, 3q26.1q26.3, 6p22, 6q16q21, 7p21, 7q21q22, 7q32, 8q21q22,
8q22q23, 8q22, 8q23qter, 9p13p22, 11q13, 12p11.2p12, 12q14q21, 12q21, 12q24.1q24.3, 15q25qter,
18p11.2pter and 19q13.1q13.2.
Muscheck M, Abol-Enein H, Chew K, Moore D 2nd, Bhargava V, Ghoneim MA, Carroll PR, Waldman FM:
Comparison of genetic changes in schistosome-related transitional and squamous bladder cancers using
comparative genomic hybridization. Carcinogenesis 2000, 21:1721-1726.
Bladder carcinoma,
3p12
21 (6/28)
22
schistosoma associated
squamous
4q24-q31
29 (8/28)
22
5p
4 (1/28)
22
5q15-q21
21 (6/28)
22
8p
11 (3/28)
22
8q24
4 (1/28)
22
9p21-pter
21 (6/28)
22
11q13
4 (1/28)
22
12q14-q15
12q15
6.3
6.3
Bladder carcinoma, nonschistosoma associated
squamous
13q21-q22
13q21-q31
4 (1/28)
4 (1/28)
39 (11/28)
28 (5/18)
22
22
22
22
8q24
11 (2/18)
22
11q13
6 (1/18)
22
BLADDER CANCER, SQUAMOUS (?/26 cases)
Comment: Number of cases was not clearly defined, but high-level amplifications were found at 1p21p22,
1p31, 1q23q24, 7p14p15, 7q21q31, 8q22q23, 8q22, 11q12q13, 11q22, 14q12q21 and 20p12p13.
Muscheck M, Abol-Enein H, Chew K, Moore D 2nd, Bhargava V, Ghoneim MA, Carroll PR, Waldman FM:
Comparison of genetic changes in schistosome-related transitional and squamous bladder cancers using
comparative genomic hybridization. Carcinogenesis 2000, 21:1721-1726.
6.3
Bladder carcinoma: 167 amplifications out of 846 cases
6.4
UROEPHITELIAL TUMORS (?/1352 cases)
Comment: Amplifications were not determined.
Toncheval DI, Atanassova SY, Gergov TD, Todorovska EG, Roeva IG, Georgiev TH, Fink-Gremmels J,
Zaharieva BM: Genetic changes in uroepithelial tumors of patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy. J
Nephrol 2002, 15:387-393.
Concerning Losses: 10% of the cases must be aberrant and the number of aberrant cases at least three; findings in
parentheses are examples of highly frequent aberrations that fail to meet the 3 cases/10% criteria; Boldface indicates
that more than 30% of the cases detected in a study of at least 10 cases were aberrant;
*Description of a region, e.g. 6q21-q22, implies that in a variety of cases the loss was located within the area but it did
not necessarily affect the whole area in all cases. The described regions may therefore not be considered analogous
with minimal overlapping area. Furthermore, in some single cases the loss area may extend beyond the region
described. As a whole, the description should be considered a flexible way to summarize critical areas of recurrent DNA
copy number changes in that particular tumor type. Description without an asterisk indicates minimal overlapping areas.
Concerning Amplicons: Boldface indicates recurrent established amplicons (at least three cases and frequency more
than 5%).
REFERENCES
1. Presti Jr JC, Moch H, Reuter E, Cordon-Cardo C, Waldman M: Renal cell carcinoma genetic analysis by
comparative hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Urol 1996, 156:281-285.
2. Moch H, Presti Jr. JC, Sauter G, Buchholz N, Jordan P, Mihatsch MJ, Waldman FM: Genetic aberrations detected
by comparative genomic hybridization are associated with clinical outcome in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res
1996, 56:27-30.
3. Gronwald J, Störkel S, Holtgreve-Grez H, Hadaczek P, Brinkschmidt C, Jauch A, Lubinski J, Cremer T: Comparison
of DNA gains and losses in primary renal clear cell carcinomas and metastatic sites: Importance of 1q and 3p copy
number changes in metastatic events. Cancer Res 1997, 57:481-487.
4. Speicher MR, Schoell B, du Manoir S, Schröck E, Ried T, Cremer T, Störkel S, Kovacs A, Kovacs G: Specific loss
of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21 in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas revealed by comparative
genomic hybridization. Am J Pathol 1994, 145:356-364.
5. Bentz M, Bergerheim USR, Li C, Joos S, Werner CA, Baudis M, Gnarra J, Merino MJ, Zbar B, Linehan WM, Lichter
P: Chromosome imbalances in papillary renal cell carcinoma and first cytogenetic data of familial cases analyzed by
comparative genomic hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1996, 75:17-21.
6. Glukhova L, Goguel A-F, Chuboda I, Angevin E, Pavon C, Terrier-Lacombe M-J, Meddeb M, Escudier B, Bernheim
A: Overrepresentation of 7q31 and 17q in renal cell carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998, 22:171-178.
7. Chudek J, Herbers J, Wilhelm M, Kenck C, Bugert P, Ritz E, Waldman F, Kovacs G: The genetics of renal tumors in
end-stage renal failure differs from those occurring in the general population. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9:1045-1051.
8. Altura RA, Valentine M, Li H, Boyett JM, Shearer P, Grundy P, Shapiro DN, Look AT: Identification of novel regions
of deletion in familial Wilms' tumor by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Res 1996, 56:3837-3841.
9. Steenman M, Redeker B, de Meulemeester M, Wiesmeijer K, Voûte PA, Westerveld A, Slater R, Mannens M:
Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of Wilms tumors. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1997, 77:296-303.
10. Getman ME, Houseal TW, Miller GA, Grundy PE, Cowell JK, Landes GM: Comparative genomic hybridization and
its application to Wilms' tumorigenesis. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998, 82:284-290.
11. Koo SH, Kwon KC, Ihm CH, Jeon YM, Park JW, Sul CK: Detection of genetic alterations in bladder tumors by
comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetic analysis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999, 110:87-93.
12. Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi O-P, Citro G, Sauter G, DeVries S, Kerschmann R, Caroll P, Waldman F: Identification of
gains and losses of DNA sequences in primary bladder cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes
Chromosomes Cancer 1995, 12:213-219.
13. Richter J, Jiang F, Görög J-P, Sartorius G, Egenter C, Gasser TC, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G: Marked genetic
differences between stage pTa and stage pT1 papillary bladder cancer detected by comparative genomic
hybridization. Cancer Res 1997, 57:2860-2864.
14. Yeager TR, DeVries S, Jarrard DF, Kao C, Nakada SY, Moon TD, Bruskewitz R, Stadler WM, Meisner LF, Gilchrist
KW, Newton MA, Waldman FM, Reznikoff CA: Overcoming cellular senescence in human cancer pathogenesis.
Genes Dev 1998, 12:163-174.
15. Voorter C, Joos S, Bringuier P-P, Vallinga M, Poddighe P, Schalken J, du Manoir S, Ramaekers F, Lichter P,
Hopman A: Detection of chromosomal imbalances in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by comparative
genomic hybridization. Am J Pathol 1995, 146:1341-1354.
16. Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi O-P, Sudar D, Rutovitz D, Gray JW, Waldman F, Pinkel D: Comparative genomic
hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 1992, 258:818-821.
17. Hovey RM, Chu L, Balazs M, DeVries S, Moore D, Sauter G, Carroll PR, Waldman FM: Genetic alterations in
primary bladder cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res 1998, 58:3555-3560.
18. Zhao J, Richter J, Wagner U, Roth B, Schraml P, Zellweger T, Ackermann D, Schmid U, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ,
Gasser TC, Sauter G: Chromosomal imbalances in noninvasive papillary bladder neoplasms (pTa). Cancer Res
1999, 59:4658-4661.
19. Richter J, Wagner U, Schraml P, Maurer R, Alund G, Knönagel H, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Gasser TC, Sauter G:
Chromosomal imbalances are associated with a high risk of progression in early invasive (pT 1) urinary bladder
cancer. Cancer Res 1999, 59:5687-5691.
20. Mahdy E, Yoshihiro S, Zech L, Wester K, Pan Y, Busch C, Döhner H, Kallioniemi O, Bergerheim U, Malmström PU:
Comparison of comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry in urinary
bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 1999, 19:7-12.
21. Terracciano L, Richter J, Tornillo L, Beffa L, Diener P-A, Maurer R, Gasser TC, Moch H, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G:
Chromosomal imbalances in small cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. J Pathol 1999, 189:230-235.
22. El-Rifai W, Kamel D, Larramendy ML, Shoman S, Gad Y, Baithun S, El-Awady M, Eissa S, Khaled H, Soloneski S,
Sheaff M, Knuutila S: DNA copy number changes in schistosoma-associated and non-schistosoma-associated
bladder cancer. Am J Pathol 2000, 156:871-878.