Science Benchmark III Study Guide
List and tell the function of the parts of a cell.
1. Prokaryotic
a. cell wall – protection and structure
b. cell membrane – controls what comes in and what goes out
c. cytoplasm – holds all of the organelles and supports cell functions
d. ribosome – makes proteins
e. circular DNA – hereditary material
2. Eukaryotic (Put a star next to the parts that are found in plant cells, not in animal cells).
a. cell wall – protection and structure
b. cell membrane – controls what comes in and what goes out
c. cytoplasm – holds all of the organelles and supports cell functions
d. ribosome – makes proteins
e. golgi bodies – packages and sorts nutrients and waste
f. endoplasmic reticulum – ships nutrients and waste to where it needs to go
g. lysosomes – digests waste, food, and damaged organelles
h. nucleus – controls all cell activities and contains linear DNA (hereditary material)
i. centrosomes – aid with reproduction
j. chloroplast - photosynthesis
k. mitochondria – cell respiration
l. vacuole – storage (plants have a central vacuole)
m. nucleolus – make ribosomes
3. Cells are the basic units of life, they are also called the building blocks of life.
4. Cells work together to form tissues, tissues work together to form organs, organs work together
to form an organ system, organ systems work together to form an organism.
5. What would happen to an organ system if an organ failed to work? The organ system would not
be able to function properly.
6. List the major organ systems that accomplish the following tasks a. To bring oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all parts of the body: cardiovascular
b. To send and receive communications between the body and the brain: nervous
c. To digest and take nutrients from food: digestive
d. To aid in cellular respiration by taking in oxygen and letting out carbon dioxide:
respiratory
e. To fight off disease and infections in the body: immune
7. List and explain the four stages of mitosis. Draw a picture of each. See textbook for pictures
a. Prophase
c. Anaphase
• Chromatids become visible.
• Centromeres separate.
• Centrosome splits into two centrioles.
• Chromatids are now called
chromosomes.
• Centrioles move toward opposite
poles.
• Chromosomes are pulled to opposite
poles.
• Nuclear membrane disappears.
• Nucleolus disappears.
• Spindle fibers form.
b. Metaphase
d. Telophase
• Chromatids line up at the equator with
• Nuclear membrane reappears.
the centrosomes at opposite ends and
• Two nuclei form
the spindle fibers attached to the
• Chromosomes uncoil
centromeres.
• Centrioles double to form a
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• The spindles form the framework of
the dividing cell.
• Everything is aligned for the rest of the
division process to occur
centrosome.
• Spindle fibers disappear.
• Cytoplasm begins to separate.
8. Mitosis is part the eukaryotic cell cycle. List the parts of the cell cycle and tell what happens
during each.
a. Interphase - Cell is in a resting phase, performing cell functions, DNA replicates
(copies), organelles double in number, to prepare for division
b. Mitosis – the creation of two new nuclei
c. Cytokenesis - Begins during telophase, cell membrane begins to constrict in the middle
of the cell, cells are pinched off in the center forming two new cells.
• Animals - cell pinches inward
• Plants – a cell plate forms between the new cells; the cell wall
9. List three reasons why mitosis occurs: Growth, Repair, Reproduction
10. Cells exchange materials with their environments. Explain the 5 ways that materials move in
and out of cells.
a. passive transport – does not require energy (includes osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated
diffusion). Materials move from low to high concentration.
b. active transport – does require energy. Materials move from low to high concentration.
c. facilitated diffusion – objects move through protein doorways
d. endocytosis – objects are engulfed in the membrane and pulled into the cell
e. exocytosis – objects are packaged in a vesicle (at the golgi bodies) and sent outside the
cell.
11. When water passes through a cell membrane it is called osmosis.
12. What does semi-permeable mean, and how is that significant in a cells exchange with the
environment? It means that it can control what goes in and what comes out.
13. List the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Underline the products and circle
the reactants:
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
14. What organelle in a plant cell is responsible for capturing light for photosynthesis? Chloroplast
What organelle in plant and animal cells is responsible for breaking down sugars into ATP?
Mitochondria
15. Why do bacteria and yeast have to go through fermentation to get energy rather than aerobic
cellular respiration? They do not have a mitochondria so they have to go through anaerobic
respiration (without oxygen) to get energy. Fermentation is anaerobic respiration.
16. What are the products of fermentation in plants? Alcohol and ATP In animals? Lactic acid and
ATP
17. Explain what happens during the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide is put into the air by cellular
respiration, and then it is used by plants during photosynthesis. They plants put oxygen back
into the air after photosynthesis and then the cycle repeats itself. The cycle begins with plants.
18. What activities are contributing to the rise of carbon levels in the atmosphere? the burning of
fossil fuels, urbanization, too many cars, deforestation.
19. Flowers are the reproductive organs of a seed bearing plant.
Science Benchmark III Study Guide
20. List the male and female reproductive parts of a plant and their function:
a. Male = Stamen
• Anther – makes pollen grains
• Filament - holds the anther
b. Female = Pistil
• Ovaries – house the ovules
• Ovules – make the eggs
• Style – the long tube that leads from the outside of the flower to the ovules
• Stigma – the sticky top of the flower that is used to catch pollen grains
c. Pollen grains – produce sperm (the male sex cell)
d. Egg – the female sex cell
e. Seed – an undeveloped plant, a zygote
f. Petal – the most colorful part of the flower, it attracts pollinators
21. Pollination is the process of pollen grains being transferred to the female reproductive organs.
Pollen can be transferred by wind, water, and most commonly animals.
22. List the type of flower that each of these animals would pollinate:
a. Bat – white colored that are pollinated at night
b. Bees – colorful flowers (especially blue and yellow)
c. Beatles and Flies – stinky flowers (like rotten meat) that are dull in color
d. Hummingbirds and Butterflies – colorful flowers that sometimes have nectar at the end
of a long tube (especially reds and pinks)
23. What might pollinate a flower that is not brightly colored and does not have a strong sent, for
example wheat? Wind
24. Body cells are called diploid. They have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes.
25. Sex cells are called haploid. They have 23 single chromosomes.
26. Fertilization is the joining of an egg and a sperm to create a zygote.
27. List the two types of reproduction and 3 benefits and 3 disadvantages of each.
a. Asexual
• Benefits
Fast (population can grow quickly)
Does not require a lot of energy
Do not have to search for a mate
• Disadvantages
No genetic diversity
Does not have a high rate of survival
No parents
b. Sexual
• Benefits
genetic diversity
higher rate of survival
2 parents
• Disadvantages
requires more energy
takes a long time
Must search for a mate because it requires fertilization
28. List and explain the 4 types of asexual reproduction.
a. Budding – exact replica, but smaller at first
b. Binary fission sometimes called fragmentation – exact replica, equal sizes
c. Regeneration – usually involves growing new body parts to replace damaged ones
(starfish) but can be used for reproduction
d. Cuttings – mostly used for plants. Cutting leaves, stems, and roots from one plant and
planting it to form a new plant.
29. List organisms that breath in the following ways:
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30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
b
b
a. diffusion through skin – frogs and worms
b. Pulls oxygen rich water over their gills where the oxygen diffuses into the gills - fish
c. Lungs - mammals
d. Diffusion through membrane - bacteria
e. Diffusion through stomata in leaves, lenticels in stems, and roots - plants
What is the simplest hereditary material called? DNA
What are genotypes composed of? One allele from each parent
How is a phenotype different from a genotype? Genotype is a code that you can see on paper
and a phenotype is what you actually see on the person. Phenotypes do not take extreme
science to detect (ex. Mrs. Losh is short.)
Chromosomes make up your alleles.
Explain the difference between heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. Heterozygous means
that you have one dominate trait and one recessive trait (a mix, Tt). Homozygous means that
you have to of the same either two recessive traits or two dominate traits (TT, tt).
Complete the Punnett square. (“B” = the dominate trait Brown eyes. “b” = the recessive trait
blue eyes.) If I cross a BB parent with a bb parent what are the probable offspring?
B
B
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
4 # of brown eyed
0 # of blue eyed
0 # of pure brown
0 # of pure blue
4 # of hybrid brown