Table S1 Occurrences of trioctahedral smectite in modern and ancient marine sediments.
Possible origin of
Associated
Location
Age and setting
Clay minerals
Possible provenance
trioctahedral
Ref(s).
minerals
smectite
metamorphosed
Weathering or
Corrensite,
Cassipore
Offshore basins
basin, Brazil
(Cretaceous)
mafic
Chang
diagenesis of
chlorite/saponite
volcano-sedimentary
et al.,
volcano-sedimentary
mixed layer(C/S)
rocks of Lower
1986
rocks
Precambrian age
high calc-alkaline
Coastal
andesite, lesser
Salina
evaporative
Ometepec,
sabkha complex
Mg-rich trioctahedral
near the mouth
California
of the Colorado
amounts of dacite,
dioctahedral
Hover
basalt, and rhyolite
smectite reacting
et al.,
volcanics of
with high-Mg2+
1999
Miocene to Pliocene
seawater
and
smectite, kaolinite
Baja
Detrital aluminous
Quartz, gypsum
halite—little/no
and illite
carbonate
River (Modern)
age
Andesitic
Marine
Quartz,
Niigata Basin,
sequence
Saponite, corrensite,
K-feldspar,
Japan
(Miocene to
chlorite, illite
micas, and
Pleistocene)
pyroclastic rocks
Marine diagenesis of
Son et
and basic
intermediate and
al.,
Mg,Fe-rich volcanic
basic volcaniclastics
2001
minor zeolite
materials
Victoria Land
Volcanic clasts
Basin in Ross
Quartz, feldspar,
Reactions between
consist mostly of
Ross Sea,
Continental
Saponite, badeillite,
trace calcite,
Antarctica
Shelf
Illite, chlorite
pyroxene,
Setti,
fluids (low
plagioclase and
et al.,
temperature) and
augite, dolerite and
(Oligocene to
amphibole
2004
femic minerals
basalts
early Eocene)
Marine
Bodie
Paradox Basin,
evaporite
Interstratified
Anhydrate,
South-east
sequence
chlorite/tri-smectite，
halite dolomite,
Utah
(Middle
illite
quartz
and
Madse
n,1987
Pennsylvanian)
A sea-restricted
Dias
Quartz, micritic
environment
Paranà Basin
but a link with
the Panthalassa
Saponite, nontronite,
calcite-dolomite,
mafic-ultramafic
talc, and lizardite
and rarely
rocks
Weathering of
Dos
mafic-ultramafic
Anjos
rocks
et al.,
feldspar
ocean (Permian
2010
Irati Formation)
Nordaustlandet
Saponite, Corrensite,
and
Shallow marine
talc, chlorite/smectite
Spitsbergen in
(early
layers, or illite
Svalbard
Neoproterozoic)
/smectite layers
Early diagenetic
Tosca
precipitation in
et al.,
seawater
2011
Table S2 Occurrences of trioctahedral smectite in modern and ancient lacustrine sediments.
Location
Age and setting
Clay minerals
Double Lakes Fm,
Saline lake
Mg-smectite (dioctahedral)
Associated minerals
Ref(s).
Calcite, dolomite, feldspars, and
Webster and Jones,
quartz. Traces of gypsum and
West Texas
(Quaternary)
sepiolite, palygorskite
1994
other sulfate minerals
Saline lake
Saponite, sepiolite, kerolite/
Amargosa desert,
Khoury et al.,
Calcite and dolomite, detrital mica,
(Pliocene-Pleistoce
stevensite mixed-layer,
Nevada
1982; Eberl et al.,
feldspar, quartz, evaporite minerals
ne)
chlorite and sericite
Olduvai Gorge,
Saline-alkaline lake
Trioctahedral smectite
Tanzania rift zone
(Plio-Pleistocene)
(stevensite), and illite
South of Sea of
Evaporative lake
Saponite, corrensite,
Galilee, Dead Sea
(Miocene to
palygorskite, illite, kaolinite,
1982
Celadonite, zeolites, K-feldspars,
Hay and kyser,
calcite, pseudomorphs of
2001; Hover and
evaporative minerals
Ashley, 2003
Talc, calcite, dolomite, quartz,
Sandler et al., 2001
feldspar, halite, and gypsum
Rift zone
Pleistocene)
and chlorite
Continental
Abundant calcite and dolomite,
Saponite, sepiolite,
Madrid Basin,
basin-saline to
chert beds and nodules, detrital
Bellanca et al.,
quartz, feldspar and mica, rare
1992
palygorskite, dioctahedral
Spain
freshwater lake
smectite, illite and kaolinite
system (Miocene)
Green River Fm,
Saline lake system
Utah
(Eocene)
gypsum
Trioctahedral smectite,
Quartz, K-feldspar, mixed calcite
minor mixed-layer illite and
and dolomite, evaporite minerals
chlorite
within the Formation
East Berlin Fm,
Lacustrine (Upper
Trioctahedral smectite,
Quartz, plagioclase, calcite, and
Connecticut
Triassic/Lower
corrensite, illite, chlorite +
dolomite, evaporite minerals
Valley
Jurassic)
I/S
within the Formation
Orcadian Basin,
Lacustrine
Corrensite, illite, kaolinite
Scotland
(Devonian)
and chlorite
Dyni, 1976
April,
1981a ;1981b
Quartz, albite, K-feldspar, calcite,
and dolomite, evaporite minerals
Hillier, 1993
within the Formation
Mg-smectites of variable
Abert Lake*,
Lake
composition, K-stevensite,
Oregon
(Modern)
illite, chiorite, and minor
Mica, plagioclase, clinoptilolite,
Banfield et al.,
calcite, Na-carbonate, halite,
1991; Van
feldspars, and quartz
Denburgh, 1975
Aragonite, dolomite,
Darragi and Tardy,
Na-carbonates/sulfates and halite
1987
kaolinite
Lake
Lake Yoa, Chad
Stevensite, minor kaolinite
(Modern)
Lake Turkana,
Lake
Yuretich and
Sepiolite, tri-smectite
Micrite
South Africa
(Modern)
Cerling, 1983
Searles Lake,
Lake
Trioctahedral Mg-smectite,
Fe-illite, K-feldspar, analcime,
California
(Modern)
kaolinite, and chlorite
evaporite minerals, and quartz
Hay et al. 1991
*By using electron microscopy, it was tentatively suggested that there was formation of an authigenic phosphate
phase in Abert Lake. However, this is extremely trace phase, and so it has not been listed as an associated mineral.
Table S3 Occurrences of trioctahedral smectite in soils and mafic rocks.
Location
Age and setting
Clay minerals
Sipilou and Moyango
Weathering profile
Nontronite, saponite,
Associated minerals
Ref(s).
Nahon and Colin,
Talc, iron oxyhydroxides
areas in Ivory Coast
of ultramafic rocks
saponite-like minerals
1982
Leg 37 of DSDP along
the west flank of the
Low grade alteration
Goethite, hematite, pyrite,
Saponite, and celadonite
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
of ultramafic rocks
Andrews, 1980
and calcite
near the FAMOUS area
Weatern Pyrénées,
Weathering profile
Talc, iron oxide, chrysolite,
Fontanaud and
and magnesium silicate gel
Meunier, 1983
Saponite, and nontronite
France
of ultramafic rocks
San Gabriel Mountains,
Entisols on a mafic
Trioctahedral smectite,
California
dike
kaolinite, and vermiculite
Plagioclase, hornblende,
Graham et al.,
muscovite, magnetite,
1988
zoisite, and laumontite
Moniwa, Oide-mura,
‘Iron sand’ beds
Natori-gun, and Miyagi
Iron saponite, hectorite, iron
Plagioclase, augite, feldspar,
chlorite, trioctahedral
(Tertiary)
Prefecture, Japan
Sudo, 1954
magnetite, and quartz.
smectite, and nontronite
Oya, Tochigi
Clayey fracments in
Iron saponite, saponite, and
Kohyama et al.,
Prefecture, Japan
rhyolitic tuffs
montmorillonite-beidellite
1973
Trioctahedral smectite
Quartz, feldspars,
(saponite), chlorite, illite,
amphiboles, serpentine, and
vermiculite, and nontronite
talc
Alteration of basic
Ural Mountain, Russia
Lessovaia and
and ultrabasic rocks.
Polekhovsky, 2009
Soils developed on
Saponite, kaolinite, illite and
tills derived from
a variety of dioctahedral
basalt and andesite
interstratified minerals
Upper slopes of Mauna
Soils formed on
Montmorillonite and
Amorphous material and
Kea, Hawaii
glacial deposits
saponite
clay-size feldspars
Low-grade
Celadonite, mixed-layer
metamorphism of
chlorite/smectite, and
basaltic lavas
trioctahedral smectite
Smith, 1962;
Eastern Scotland
Quartz, feldspars
Wilson, 1976
Ugolini, 1974
Teigarhorn, Eastern
Neuhoff et al.,
Quartz, zeolites, and calcite
Iceland
1999
Lowest grades
North Shore Volcanic
Trioctahedral smectite,
Zeolites, feldspars, quartz,
Schmidt and
chlorite, and corrensite
and calcite
Robinson, 1997
metamorphism of
Group, Minnesota
basaltic lavas
Wall-rock alteration
with mafic silicates
Sancerre-Couy deep
Saponite, chlorite, and
Beaufort et al.,
corrensite
1997
and earlier
drill hole
hydrothermal
episodes
Southern Paraná Basin
Low-grade
(Rio Grande do Sul,
metamorphism of
Celadonite, saponite, and
Zeolites, and feldspars
Schenato F, 2003
chlorite/saponite mixed layer
Brazil)
basaltic lavas
Very low-grade
Disko–Nuussuaq
Dioctahedral–trioctahedral
metamorphism of
region, West Greenland
basaltic lavas
Neuhoff et al.,
Zeolites, and feldspars
smectite
2006
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