The Biocultural Basis of Health
Anth 4010/5014
Spring 2003
Professor:
Dr. Craig R. Janes
Administration Building, Room 270D
Phone 303-556-8422
Office hours: Tuesday and Thursdays, 10:30-12, or by appointment
Craig.Janes@cudenver.edu
In reality, if medicine is the science of the healthy as well as the ill human being (which is what it
ought to be), what other science is better suited to propose laws as the basis of the social
structure, in order to make effective those which are inherent in man himself? Once medicine is
established as anthropology, and once the interests of the privileged no longer determine the
course of public events, the physiologist and the practitioner will be counted among the elder
statesmen who support the social structure. Medicine is a social science in its very bone and
marrow ....
Rudolf Virchow, Die Einheitsbestrebungen, 1849
I should perhaps briefly state the reasons that have progressively led me -- a microbiologist ... -to explore some of the biological and social implications of man's response to his total
environment. My concern with such problems emerged from an increasing awareness of the fact
that the prevalence and severity of microbial diseases are conditioned more by the ways of life of
the persons afflicted than by the virulence and other properties of the etiological gents. Hence
the need to learn more of man and of his societies in order to try to make sense of the patterns of
his diseases.
Rene Dubos, Man Adapting, 1965
Introduction: What is Medical Anthropology?
Medical Anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that draws upon social, cultural, biological,
and linguistic anthropology to better understand those factors which influence health and well
being broadly defined, the experience and distribution of illness, the prevention and treatment of
sickness, healing processes, the social relations of therapy management, and the cultural
importance and utilization of pluralistic medical systems.
This is the first of two core courses designed to acquaint you with the diverse subject of medical
anthropology. In this course we take on the question of what factors determine health, illness,
and disease in global context. The second course, offered next Spring (04), focuses on
treatment/healing processes, the social relations of therapy management, plural healing systems,
and ethnomedicine. The courses need not be taken in order, but a complete introduction to the
subfield will require that you take both.
Although a subfield of anthropology, medical anthropology is thoroughly interdisciplinary in its
orientation, drawing on theory, perspectives, and methods from diverse disciplines. In this course
I include material from such diverse fields as entomology, clinical medicine, public health,
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epidemiology, political science, sociology, and demography, though we will consider these
materials from the unique disciplinary vantage point of anthropology.
The course is organized into discrete modules. I will begin by discussing the relevance of the
anthropological paradigm. I will follow this with a section on health, how it is defined and
measured, giving some attention to the issues of perspective, research design, and methods. The
remainder of the course will take on various topics in global health: the political ecology of
infectious diseases; child health issues; women’s health and reproductive health; the global trade
in legal and illegal drugs; demography and the health transition; structural adjustment, problems
associated with the globalization of the pharmaceutical industry; and antibiotic resistance;
globalization and health equity.
Four required texts are available at the Auraria book center. They are:
Robert Hahn, Anthropology in Public Health: Bridging Differences in Culture and
Society
Paul Farmer, Infectious and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues
Peter Brown, Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology
Katherine Dettwyler, Dancing Skeletons
I’ve asked graduate students to purchase Paul Basch’s Textbook of International Health. This
text provides a more technical review of many of the health issues that we will discuss on a more
general level in class.
In addition to these texts, I have provided a number of supplementary readings taken from
academic journals and edited books. I will place these on the website (see below) in Adobe PDF
format so that you can read them online, or print at your convenience. Please note that those
readings which are in boldface are required reading for all students. Readings in boldface* with
an asterisk are required of graduate students. The rest are simply reference materials for your
perusal, preparation of your final paper, or future use.
Website:
For this course I will be using CU-Denver’s Blackboard system. All students formally enrolled
in the course will have access to a dedicated course website: http://www.cudenver.edu/cuonline/
click on “blackboard login” in the upper right corner of the screen. Your login ID and password
are the same – your student ID number. You should change your password as soon as possible
after you login.
I will use Blackboard to provide the following information to students: an electronic version of
the syllabus, links to relevant websites for more information, copies of lecture notes and power
point presentations, the take-home exams, and electronic copies of all supplementary readings.
You may also use the site to contact any or all of the other students, and I will use the e-mail
utility to contact all of you when needed. Needless to say, you must make sure that your e-mail
address is correct. If you do not have an e-mail address, as a student you are entitled to a free one
through the university; contact computing services to establish one.
Requirements:
All students will write two take-home examination papers based on topics and/or questions
distributed in class about two weeks before the paper is due (one is a final examination). In
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addition, all students will prepare a research paper (see below for ideas). The take-home
examinations and the research paper will each comprise 30% of your final grade. Attendance and
participation in class will comprise the remaining 10% of your grade. I take attendance regularly.
You are permitted three unexcused absences during the semester; anything more than this will
begin to reduce your grade. You are responsible for all material covered during each class period.
I will assign percentage points on all assignments using the following distribution: 90-100=A;
80-89=B; 65-79=C; 55-64=D; <55=F.
All students will be held to the standards of academic integrity outlined in the CU-Denver 200102 Catalog, pp. 40-42. These standards cover matters such as plagiarism, cheating, fabrication,
multiple submission, and misuse of academic materials. If you are unsure as to what constitutes
academic dishonesty, you should consult the catalog or address your questions to the professor.
Students signed up for the class at the graduate level (Anthro 5014) will perform additional work
and do additional reading commensurate with their graduate standing.
Final Paper
Undergraduate students will write a ten-page paper; graduate students will write a fifteen-page
paper. All papers should be typed, double-spaced, using a standard reference format (e.g.,
American Anthropologist, American Psychological Association, or Social Science and Medicine
format). The papers are due any time before May 8, 2003.
Topics: Select a global health problem that has been addressed by anthropologists and/or other
social and behavioral scientists (i.e., no papers on the genetics of malaria, please!). In your paper,
include the following components: 1) describe the problem, if a disease or disorder its
epidemiology, and discuss why it is an important global health issue; 2) discuss anthropological
and/or social/behavioral sciences approaches to the problem; 3) review the contributions made by
this approach; and 4) conclude by offering an analysis of how anthropological and/or
social/behavioral approaches might address the problem in the future.
I am happy to consult with you on paper topics, suggest references, and approaches/perspectives.
Some topics of concern to social/behavioral scientists working in global health include:
abortion
acute respiratory infections (ARI)
antibiotic use/misuse and antibiotic resistance
breast and cervical cancers
breastfeeding
cholera
circumcision (female and male)
complex humanitarian emergencies
contraception (many aspects of)
dengue fever
diabetes
diarrhea and ORT
food security
gender inequality in health
HIV/AIDS (many aspects of)
household production of health
immunization
infant care practices and infant mortality
infertility and new reproductive technologies
maternal education and child health
maternal morbidity and mortality
nutrition and malnutrition (many aspects of)
pharmaceutical practice
prenatal sex selection and feticide
schistosomiasis
selective neglect/survival
tobacco use and control
tuberculosis
war, violence, torture
global trade and health
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water and sanitation
midwives and traditional birth attendants (role in
reducing maternal morbidity/mortality)
alcohol and other drugs
aging
injury and disability
health transition (especially in poor & middleincome countries)
emerging infections (many aspects of)
bioterrorism
stress and health
health equity
Course Outline
In the table that follows I provide a list of the topics and subtopics to be covered in the course, the dates
on which we will cover each major topic, and a list of required and supplemental readings. All readings
are available either in purchased books or on-line from the course website.
Topics
I. Orientations
Anthropological
Perspectives and Paradigms
What produces health?
Evolution, Health and
Medicine
Biocultural
synthesis/political ecology
Why culture? – culture and
social organizational impact
on health
Globalization/global health
II. Measuring Health:
Morbidity, Mortality, and
Epidemiology
Basic Measures
Cultural Factors in
Epidemiology
Objectivity Issues
Socially-responsible science
the rise and fall of
epidemiology
III. Political Ecology of
Infectious Disease
Models for Studying
Infectious Diseases
Emerging infections
Schistosomiasis
Malaria
Dengue
TB
Dates
Jan 21-30
Assignments
Note: Articles in boldface are required for all
students. Articles in boldface with asterisk * are
required for graduate students. All others are
recommended/for your reference.
1-23: Perspectives: Hahn 1999; McCombie 1999;
Brown, et al. 1998; WHO 1978
1-23: Determinants of Health: McKeown 1998;
*Thomas 1998
1-28: Evolution: Eaton, et al. 1998; Martorell
1998; Armelagos 1998
1-30: Globalization: *Gutierrez and Kendall
2000; Dollar 2001
Feb 4-6
2-4: Overview: Marmot 2001; Rose 1985; *Basch
1999, pp73-169
2-6: Imp. of Cultural/Social Variables: Dunn and
Janes 1986; McKinlay and Marceau 1999; Dunn
1988
2-6: Objectivity: *Krieger 1999
Feb 11-March
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2-11: General: Desowitz 1998; Farmer 1999;
*Basch 1999, pp. 265-294, 455-485; *Epstein
1995
2-13: Schistosomiasis: Desowitz 1976, ch. 8
2-13: Malaria: Desowitz 1976, ch. 4; *Winch
1999; Brown 1998; Alnwick 2000
2-18: TB: Enarson and al. 1995; Ravigilione and
al. 1995; Farmer 1999, pp. 184-261.
2-20: Dengue and other V-B Diseases: *Kendall,
First takehome
examination
distributed
February 27,
due March 13
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Water & Sanitation
Hygiene
Injection Safety
Antibiotic use/resistance
HIV/AIDS:
Culture, Sexuality, and HIV
Transmission
Vertical transmission,
politics of antiretrovirals,
and quarantine
et al. 1991; *Whiteford 1997; Winch 1997;
Gubler and Clark 1995; Torres 1997; Reiter
2003
2-25: Water and Sanitation: *Simonsen, et al.
1999; Wellin 1955
2-25: Antibiotic Resistance: *Smith and Coast
2002
2-27 to 3-4: HIV/AIDS: Green 1999; Asthana and
Oostvogels 2001; Ratliff 1999; Farmer 1999, pp.
59-183; Bassett and Mhloyi 1991; *Quinn, et al.
2001
IV. Child Survival
CS Initiative
Breast vs. Bottle
Immunizations
Acute Respiratory Infections
Diarrhea and ORT
Household Production of
Child Health
Selective child
survival/selective neglect
Maternal education
Infant/child nutrition &
malnutrition
March 6-18
V. Women’s/Reproductive
Health
From Population Control to
Reproductive Health
Safe Motherhood
Midwives and Traditional
Birth Attendants
Female Circumcision
Reproductive Tract
Infections, STIs, Cervical
Cancer, Infertility
Abortion and sex selection
Household Production of
Health?
VI. The Global Fix: Alcohol &
Drugs
Tobacco
Alcohol
Other Drugs
March 20April 8 spring
break is March
24-28
April April
10-15
3-6: Household Production of Health: *Berman,
et al. 1994
3-6: ARI: *Monto 1989; Berman 1991; Mull 1999
3-6 to 3-8: Diarrhea/Dysentary & ORT: Levine
and Levine 1994
3-8: Immunization: Kim-Farley and Team 1992;
Henderson 1994
3-13: Infant/Child Nutrition: Dettwyler 1994;
Griffiths and Favin 1999; Betran, et al. 2001;
Costello and Sachdev 1998; *Rice, et al. 2000
3-15: Food Security: Dewey 1989; *Panter-Brick
and Eggerman 1997; Lappe and Collins 1977
3-18: Selective Survival: Scheper-Hughes 1998;
*Finerman 1995
3-20: General: Inhorn and Whittle 2001; Paolisso
and Leslie 1995; *Doyal 2000; Lane 1994; Sen
1992
4-1: Population Policy/Family Planning: Wilson, et
al. 1999;Bongaarts 1994;Bledsoe, et al. 1998;
*Browner 2001
4-3: Maternal Mortality: Thaddeus and Maine
1994; *Wall 1998; *Hay 1999; Abouzahr and
Wardlaw 2001; Hill, et al. 2000
4-3: Midwives and TBAs: Justice 1999
4-3: Abortion: Berer 2000; Miller 2001
4-8: STDs: Wasserheit 1989; *Hawkes and Hart
2000; Lambert 1998
4-8: Infertility: Inhorn 1994
4-10: Tobacco: Nichter and Cartwright 1998;
Bartecchi, et al. 1995; *Stebbins 2001; Ernster, et
al. 2000
4-15: Alcohol and Other Drugs: Singer, et al.
1998; Singer 2001; *Lu and Janes n.d.
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VII.
Health Transition
Demography, fertility,
models of the health
transition
Aging
Chronic illness
Cardiovascular disease
Mental health
Complex Humanitarian
Emergencies/political
violence
Environmental health
Injury
Disability
Contamination of medicines
Theories of Stress and
Health
April 17-May
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VIII. Globalizing Medicines
Distribution of
pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical practice
IX. Equity, Social Justice,
Health and Human Rights
Health equity
Theories of justice
Health as a human right
May 6
Second takehome
examination
distributed
May 1, Due
May 14.
May 8
Final project
papers due
4-17: Theories of the Health Transition: Caldwell
1993; Frenk, et al. 1994; *Eaton, et al. 1998
4-17: Aging: *Bicknell and Parks 1989; Restrepo
and Rozental 1994
4-17: Adult Nutrition; Obesity: Brown and
Konner 1998; *Evans, et al. 2001a; Popkin 2002
4-17: Cancer: Chavez, et al. 1999; Hall, et al. 1999
4-17: Diabetes: Ritenbaugh and Goodby 1998
4-22: Injury: Barker 1999
4-22: Disability: *Albrecht and Verbrugge 2000
4-24: Environmental Health: Hunt, et al. 1999;
Chen and Huang 1997
4-29: Stress and Health: Dressler and Bindon
2000, *Cassel 1976
5-1: Mental Health: Patel 2001; *WHO 2000
5-1: Complex Emergencies/violence: Zwi and
Ugalde 1989;Waldman and Martone 1999;
Guerrero 2002
Etkin, et al. 1999; *van der Geest, et al. 1996;
Radyowijali and Haak 2002;Reich 2000; Larsson,
et al. 2000; Trouiller, et al. 2001; Silverman, et al.
1982
5-8: Heggenhougen 1998; Gwatkin 2000; Farmer
1999, pp. 262-282; *Basch 1999, pp. 170-234;
Evans, et al. 2001b; Krieger, et al. 1993
Alphabetical List of Required and Supplementary Readings
Note: All of the readings listed below are available either in the required texts, or electronically
through the course website.
Abouzahr, Carla, and Tessa Wardlaw
2001 Maternal mortality at the end of a decade: signs of progress? Bull World Health Organ
79:561-573.
Albrecht, Gary L., and Lois M Verbrugge [On order]
2000 The global emergence of disability. In The Handbook of Social Studies in Health and
Medicine. G.L. Albrecht, R. Fitzpatrick, and S. Scrimshaw, eds. Pp. 293-307. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Alnwick, David
2000 Roll back malaria -- what are the prospects? Bull World Health Organ 78:1377.
Armelagos, George J
1998 Health and disease in prehistoric populations in transition. In Understanding and
Applying Medical Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 59-69. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
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Asthana, Sheen, and Robert Oostvogels
2001 The social construction of male 'homosexuality' in India: implications for HIV
transmission and prevention. Soc Sci Med 52:707-721.
Barker, Judith C
1999 Road warriors: driving behaviors on a Polynesian island. In Anthropology in Public
Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 211-234. New York: Oxford.
Bartecchi, Carl E, Thomas D MacKenzie, and Robert W Schrier
1995 The global tobacco epidemic. Scientific American 272(May):44-51.
Basch, Paul F
1999 Textbook of International Health. New York: Oxford U Press.
Bassett, Mary T, and Marvellous Mhloyi
1991 Women and AIDS in Zimbabwe: the making of an epidemic. International Journal of
Health Services 21.
Berer, M
2000 Making abortions safe: a matter of good public health policy and practice. Bull World
Health Organ 78:580-592.
Berman, Peter, Carl Kendall, and Karabi Bhattacharyya
1994 The household production of health: integrating social science perspectives on microlevel health determinants. Soc Sci Med 38:205-215.
Berman, Stephen
1991 Acute respiratory infections. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 5:319-336.
Betran, Ana P, et al.
2001 Ecological study of effect of breast feeding on infant mortality in Latin America. British
Medical Journal 323:303-323.
Bicknell, William J, and Cindy Lou Parks
1989 As children survive: dilemmas of aging in the developing world. Soc Sci Med 28:59-67.
Bledsoe, Caroline, Fatoumatta Banja, and Allan G Hill
1998 Reproductive mishaps and western contraception: an African challenge to fertility theory.
Population and Development Review 24:15-57.
Bongaarts, John
1994 Population policy options in the developing world. Science 263:771-776.
Brown, Peter J
1998 Cultural adaptations to endemic malaria in Sardinia. In Understanding and Applying
Medical Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 79-91. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
Brown, Peter J, Ronald L Barrett, and Mark B Padilla
1998 Medical anthropology: an introduction to the fields. In Understanding and Applying
Medical Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 10-19. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
7
Brown, Peter J, and Melvin Konner
1998 An anthropological perspective on obesity. In Understanding and Applying Medical
Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 401-414. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
Browner, Carole H
2001 Situating women's reproductive activities. American Anthropologist 102:773-788.
Caldwell, John C
1993 Health transition: the cultural, social and behavioral determinants of health in the Third
World. Soc Sci Med 36:125-135.
Cassel, John
1976 The contribution of the social environment to host resistance. American Journal of
Epidemiology 104:107-123.
Chavez, Leo, F. Allan Hubbell, and Shiraz I. Mishra
1999 Ethnography and breast cancer control among Latinas and Anglo women in southern
California. In Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 117-141. New York: Oxford.
Chen, Meei-shia, and Chang-Ling Huang
1997 Industrial workers' health and environmental pollution under the new international
division of labor: the Taiwan experience. American Journal of Public Health 87:1223-1231.
Costello, Anthony, and Harshpal S Sachdev
1998 Protecting breast feeding from breast milk substitutes: the WHO code is widely violated
and needs monitoring and supporting. British Medical Journal 316:1103-1104.
Desowitz, Robert S.
1976 Chapter 4, How the wisemen brought Malaria to Africa, in New Guinea Tapeworms and
Jewish Grandmothers. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Desowitz, Robert S.
1976 Chapter 8, Controlling the Schistosome at a snail’s pace, in New Guinea Tapeworms and
Jewish Grandmothers. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Desowitz, Robert S.
1998 The fly that would be king. In Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology. P.J.
Brown, ed. Pp. 92-97. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
Dettwyler, Katherine
1994 Dancing skeletons: life and death in west Africa. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Dewey, K. G.
1989 Nutrition and the commoditization of food systems in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Soc Sci Med 28:415-24.
Dollar, D.
2001
Is globalization good for your health? Bull World Health Organ 79:827-33.
Doyal, Lesley
2000 Gender equity in health: debates and dilemmas. Soc Sci Med 51:931-939.
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Dressler, William W., and James R. Bindon
2000 The health consequences of cultural consonance: cultural dimensions of lifestyle, social
support, and arterial blood pressure in an African American community. American
Anthropologist 102:244-260.
Dunn, Frederick L
1988 Human factors in arbovirus ecology and control. In The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and
Ecology. T.P. Monath, ed. Pp. 281-290, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press.
Dunn, Frederick L, and Craig R. Janes
1986 Introduction: medical anthropology and epidemiology. In Anthropology and
Epidemiology. C.R. Janes, R. Stall, and S. Gifford, eds. Pp. 3-34. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D.
Reidel.
Eaton, S. Boyd, Marjorie Shostak, and Melvin Konner
1998 Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. In
Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 21-32. Mtn View, CA:
Mayfield.
Enarson, D, and et al.
1995 The challenge of tuberculosis: statements on global control and prevention. The Lancet
346((8978)):809-819.
Epstein, Paul R
1995 Emerging diseases and ecosystem instability: new threats to public health. American
Journal of Public Health 85:168-172.
Ernster, Virginia, et al.
2000 Women and tobacco: moving from policy to action. Bull World Health Organ 78:891901.
Etkin, NIna L, Paul J Ross, and Ibrahim Muazzamu
1999 The rational basis of "irrational" drug use: pharmaceuticals in the context of
development. In Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 165-181. New York: Oxford.
Evans, Mike, et al.
2001 Globalization, diet, and health: an example from Tonga. Bull World Health Organ
79:856-862.
Evans, Timothy, et al.
2001 Introduction. In Challenging Inequities in Health. T. Evans, M. Whitehead, F.
Diderichsen, A. Bhuiya, and M. Wirth, eds. Pp. 2-11. New York: Oxford U Press.
Farmer, Paul
1999
Infections and inequalities: the modern plagues. Berkeley: California.
Finerman, Ruthbeth
1995 "Parental incompetence" and "selective neglect": blaming the victim in child survival.
Soc Sci Med 40:15-18.
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Frenk, Julio, et al.
1994 Elements for a theory of the health transition. In Health and Social Change in
International Perspective. L. Chen, A. Kleinman, and N.C. Ware, eds. Pp. 25-49. Cambridge:
Harvard U Press.
Green, Edward
1999 Engaging indigenous African healers in the prevention of AIDS and STDs. In
Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 63-83. New York: Oxford.
Griffiths, Marcia, and Michael Favin
1999 Cultural tailoring in Indonesia's National Nutrition Improvement Program. In
Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 182-210. New York: Oxford.
Gubler, Duane, and Gary Clark
1995 Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever: the emergence of a global health problem.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1:55-57.
Guerrero, Rodrigo
2002 Violence is a health issue. Bull World Health Organ 80:767.
Gutierrez, Emily C. Zielinski, and Carl Kendall
2000 The globalization of health and disease: the health transition and global change. In The
Handbook of Social Studies in Health & Medicine. G.L. Albrecht, R. Fitzpatrick, and S.
Scrimshaw, eds. Pp. 84-99. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gwatkin, D.R.
2000 Health inequalities and the health of the poor: what do we know? what can we do? Bull
World Health Organ 78:13-18.
Hahn, Robert
1999 Anthropology and the enhancement of public health practice. In Anthropology in Public
Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 3-26. New York: Oxford.
Hall, Roberta L, Kerri Lopez, and Edward Lichtenstein
1999 A policy approach to reducing cancer risk in Northwest Indian tribes. In Anthropology in
Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 142-164. New York: Oxford.
Hawkes, Sarah, and Graham Hart
2000 Men's sexual health matters: promoting reproductive health in an international context.
Tropical Medicine and International Health 5(7):A37-A44.
Hay, M. Cameron
1999 Dying mothers: maternal mortality in rural Indonesia. Medical Anthropology 19:173-201.
Heggenhougen, Kristian H
1998 The epidemiology of functional apartheid and human rights abuses. In Understanding and
Applying Medical Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 434-438. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
Henderson, Ralph H
1994 Vaccination: successes and challenges. In Vaccination and World Health. F.T. Cutts and
P.G. Smith, eds. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
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Hill, Kenneth, Carla AbouZahr, and Tessa Wardlaw
2000 Estimates of maternal mortality for 1995. Bull World Health Organ 79:182-193.
Hunt, Linda M, et al.
1999 Balancing risks and resources: applying pesticides without using protective equipment in
soutern Mexico. In Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 235-256. New York: Oxford.
Inhorn, M. C.
1994 Interpreting infertility: medical anthropological perspectives. Introduction. Soc Sci Med
39(4):459-61.
Inhorn, Marcia, and K. Lisa Whittle
2001 Feminism meets the "new" epidemiologies: toward an appraisal of antifeminist biases in
epidemiological research on women's health. Soc Sci Med 53:553-567.
Justice, Judith
1999 Neglect of cultural knowledge in health planning: Nepal's assistant nurse-midwife
program. In Anthropology in Public Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 327-344. New York: Oxford.
Kendall, Carl, et al.
1991 Urbanization, dengue, and the health transition: anthropological contributions to
international health. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 5:257-268.
Kim-Farley, R., and Expanded Programme on Immunication Team
1992 Global immunization. Annual Rev Pub Hlth 13:223-237.
Krieger, N.
1999 Questioning epidemiology: objectivity, advocacy, and socially responsible science. Am J
Public Health 89:1151-3.
Krieger, N., et al.
1993 Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and wellbeing. Am J Prev Med 9 (supp 7):82-122.
Lambert, Helen
1998 Methods and meanings in anthropological, epidemiological, and clinical encounters: the
case of sexually transmitted disease and Human Immunideficiency Virus control and prevention
in India. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3:1002-1010.
Lane, Sandra D
1994 From population control to reproductive health: an emerging policy agenda. Soc Sci Med
39:1303-1314.
Lappe, Frances Moore, and Joseph Collins
1977 Why can't people feed themselves? In Food first: beyond the myth of scarcity. F.M.
Lappe and J. Collins, eds. New York: Ballantine.
Larsson, Mattias, Goran Kronvall, and Nguyen T K Chuc
2000 Antibiotic medication and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: a survey of children in a
Vietnamese community. Tropical Medicine and International Health 5:711-721.
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Levine, Myron M, and Orin S Levine
1994 Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal
diseases, including cholera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 91:2390-2394.
Lu, Tsung-Hsueh, and Craig R. Janes
n.d.
Political economy of the betel epidemic in Taiwan.
Marmot, Michael
2001 Economic and social determinants of disease. Bull World Health Organ 79:988-989.
Martorell, Reynaldo
1998 Body size, adaptation, and function. In Understanding and Applying Medical
Anthropology. P.J. Brown, ed. Pp. 39-45. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
McCombie, Susan C
1999 Folk flu and viral syndrome: an anthropological perspective. In Anthropology in Public
Health. R. Hahn, ed. Pp. 27-43. New York: Oxford.
McKeown, Thomas
1998 Determinants of health. In Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology. P.J.
Brown, ed. Pp. 70-76. Mtn View, CA: Mayfield.
McKinlay, J.B., and L.D. Marceau
1999 A Tale of 3 Tails. American Journal of Public Health 89(3):295-298.
Miller, Barbara D
2001 Female-selective abortion in Asia: patterns, policies, and debates. American
Anthropologist 103(4):1083-1095.
Monto, Arnold S.
1989 Acute respiratory infection in children of developing countries: challenge of the 1990s.
Reviews of Infectious Diseases 11(3):498-505.
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