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BIOL
BIOLOGY
Students should note that in the Science Faculty the minimum acceptable grade in a course
which is required by a particular program or is used to meet a prerequisite, is a "C". Any student
who fails to attain a "C" or better in such a course must repeat the course (at the next regular
session) until a grade of "C" or better is attained. Students will not be eligible for graduation
until such deficiencies are removed. The only exception will be granted for a single course with
a “D” grade that is a normal part of the final year of that program, and is being taken for the
first time in the final year.
Note: See Courses -> Saint John or Fredericton -> Standard Course Abbreviations in the online
undergraduate calendar for an explanation of abbreviations, course numbers and coding.
BIOL
1001
Biological Principles,
Part I
3 ch (3C)
Surveys principles of biology from the molecular level to the cell. Topics include an
introduction to the structure, function and synthesis of biological molecules, major cellular
structures and processes such as proliferation, energy capture and metabolism, and
reproduction and heredity. Examples are presented from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells. Students intending to major in Biology must also take BIOL 1006.
BIOL
Applications in Biology,
2 ch (3L) [W]
1006
Part I
Instruction and laboratory work dealing with applications of Biology at the level of
biological molecules and the cell. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 1001.
BIOL
Biological Principles,
3 ch (3C)
1012
Part II
Evolution provides the theoretical framework within which biologists work. Through
a quantitative lens, this course 1) discusses the mechanisms of evolution and
speciation; 2) surveys the biological diversity that results from these processes; and 3)
describes a variety of metabolic, behavioural, and ecological processes that relate to
survival and reproduction. Note: Students intending to major in Biology must also
take BIOL 1017. Prerequisite: BIOL 1001.
BIOL
Applications in Biology,
2 ch (3L) [W]
1017
Part II
Instruction and laboratory work dealing with applications of Biology at the level of
organisms and their ecological interactions. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006. Pre- or
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co-requisite: BIOL 1012.
BIOL
Topics in Biology I: Life
3 ch (3C)
1621
on a Changing Planet
This course will introduce students to the biodiversity, ecology, and evolution of life
on Earth through exploration of the ever-changing nature of Earth’s ecosystems. We
will address topics such as major groups of plants and animals through the history of
life; responses of individual organisms, populations, and species to changing
environments; climate change in past, present and future; and human impacts on the
biosphere. Note: This course is not equivalent to BIOL 1001 or 1012, and is restricted
to students who have not received prior credit for Biology 1001 or 1012.
BIOL
Topics in Biology II: Life
3 ch (3C)
1622
on Smaller Scales
This course will introduce students to biological concepts that apply to everyday life.
Topics will be chosen to help students understand the molecular interactions that are
essential for life, the cellular processes that are required for survival and
reproduction, and the importance of these to human health, industry, and the
environment. Note: This course is not equivalent to BIOL 1001 or 1012, and is
restricted to students who have not received prior credit for Biology 1001 or 1012.
BIOL
Human Anatomy I
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
1711
This course is a general study of human anatomy which will include the following
systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous (including eye and ear),
cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive. Limited
enrollment; priority given to Kinesiology and Nursing students. Biology majors and
minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. Co-requisite:
BIOL 1001 or permission of the instructor. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 1711
and 1719.
BIOL
Human Anatomy I 4 ch (C/L)
1719
Online
This course is the online version of BIOL 1711. Nursing and Kinesiology students must
first take BIOL 1711. BIOL 1719 is available to students prior to enrolment in Nursing
and Kinesiology and current students with permission of the instructor. This course is
also available to other students (e.g. from Science) as an elective. The course is a
general study of human anatomy which will include the following systems:
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous (including eye and ear), cardiovascular,
lymphatic, urinary, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive. Co- or prerequisite: BIOL
1001, or permission of the instructor. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 1711 and
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1719.
BIOL
Human Physiology I
4 ch (3C 2L)
1782
An introduction to the various systems that comprise the human body. Emphasis will
be on integration of these systems for maintenance of homeostasis. Limited
enrollment; priority given to Nursing and Kinesiology students. Biology majors and
minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. Prerequisite:
BIOL 1711.
Introduction to the
Vascular Plants of New
4 ch (C/L)
Brunswick
An intensive seven day course, normally offered in the intersession or summer
semester, exploring the floristic diversity of NB concentrating on the southern region.
There will be an emphasis on plant identification and an introduction to botanical
classification. The program for each day consists of morning lectures and lab work,
afternoons in the field, and evenings with more lectures and lab work. Biology majors
and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective.
BIOL
1846
Energy and Nutrient Flux: from Ecosystems
3 ch (3C)
to Cells
This course provides an overview of energy and nutrient acquisition by terrestrial and aquatic
organisms, taking a top-down approach from ecosystem to sub-cellular scales. The ecology of
energy and nutrient flux is considered at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The
energetics of autotrophs and heterotrophs are discussed, with an emphasis on the synthesis
of high-energy molecules, and the transfer and use of mineral nutrients. Enzyme structure
and function are considered within the context of primary metabolism. The course concludes
by considering the effects of anthropogenic climate change on metabolism, organisms, and
ecosystems. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Corequisite: BIOL 2008.
BIOL 2003
BIOL 2008 Laboratory in Energy and Nutrient Flux
3 ch (3L)
This course is a companion course to BIOL 2003. In this course, students use laboratory
experiments to investigate core concepts in energy and nutrient acquisition by terrestrial and
aquatic organisms. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017. Co-requisite: BIOL 2003.
BIOL 2013 Evolutionary Genetics
3 ch (3C)
The overarching goal of this course is to provide students with an understanding of the
genetic basis for evolutionary change, integrating molecular and population scales. Topics
include: molecular evolution, the genetic basis for evolutionary change, population,
quantitative and speciation genetics, and evolution and culture. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001,
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1006, 1012, 1017. Co-requisite: BIOL 2018.
BIOL 2018 Laboratory in Evolutionary Genetics
3 ch (3L)
This course is a companion course to BIOL 2013. In this course, students use laboratory
experiments and computer simulations and analyses to investigate core concepts in
population, quantitative and speciation genetics. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
Co-requisite: BIOL 2013.
BIOL 2023 Biochemistry and Cell Biology
3 ch (3C)
An overview of the processes required for life from biochemical, molecular, genetic and
cellular perspectives. Major topics will include the structure and function of biological
macromolecules, and the pathways and mechanisms of gene expression, enzymes, and cell
signaling. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Corequisite: BIOL 2028.
Laboratory in Biochemistry and
3 ch (3L)
Cell Biology
This course teaches experimental techniques used to investigate processes required for life
from biochemical, molecular, genetic and cellular perspectives. Topics will include the
quantitative analysis of biological macromolecules, gene expression, enzyme kinetics, and cell
signaling. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Corequisite: BIOL 2023.
BIOL 2028
BIOL
Research Foundations
4 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
2025
in Cellular Biology
Includes techniques and approaches to the study of life at the cellular level; topics in
Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL
1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; and CHEM 1012, 1017, or CHEM 1982, 1987.
BIOL
Biochemistry
3 ch (3C)
2033
An introduction to the molecular nature, chemical properties and activities of the
major biological macromolecules: nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes,
carbohydrates and lipids. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; and CHEM
1001, 1006, 1012, 1017, or CHEM 1001, 1006, 1982, 1987. Pre- or Co-requisite: CHEM
2401 or CHEM 2421 or permission of the instructor. Chemistry (Majors and Honours)
students and Chemical Engineering students are not required to have taken BIOL 1006
and BIOL 1017.
BIOL
3043
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Cell Biology
3 ch (3C)
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A detailed look at the structure and function of pro- and eukaryotic cells, focusing on the
molecules and molecular mechanisms mediating the activities of membranes, cellular
compartments, protein and vesicular transport and targeting, cytoskeletal construction and
dynamics, the cell cycle, regulation of cell size, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cellular
differentiation and the development of multicellular organisms. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033,
2053. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2025.
BIOL
Genetics
3 ch (3C 1T)
2053
Basic concepts of classical genetics including Mendelian genetics, gene interactions,
sex linkage, linkage mapping and recombination, complementation are introduced.
These are integrated with current topics including gene and chromosome structure
and function, mutation, gene expression, transposable elements, extra nuclear
genetics, quantitative and population genetics. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017.
BIOL 2063 Biological Diversity
3 ch (3C)
Biological diversity, life on planet Earth, is an interconnected continuum in time and space. All
life is connected through genetic ancestry, but also through interactions in and with changing
environments. The course provides students with a well-rounded understanding of biological
diversity, including the concepts of and tools to study biological diversity, the innovations
underlying the large biological diversity on our planet, a broad overview of biological diversity
on our planet in the past and present, and importance of biological diversity to humans and
the biosphere we inhabit. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Co-requisite: BIOL
2068.
Laboratory in Biological
3 ch (3L)
Diversity
This course is a companion course to BIOL 2063. It provides training in generating and
interpreting phylogenetic trees; provides exposure to molecular and morphological data (in
extant and extinct organisms) to identify organisms and test hypotheses about their
relationships; provides exposure to a variety of different organisms to explore key innovations
that have led to changes in biological diversity; and teaches techniques to study organisms
and biological diversity (computer software, binomial keys, microscopy, dissection,
comparative observation, and sampling and collecting). Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017. Co-requisite: BIOL 2063.
BIOL 2068
BIOL
Fundamentals of
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
2073
Microbiology
An introduction to the physiology, ecology and biotechnology of micro-organisms.
Topics include bacterial structures and their function, metabolic diversity, interactions
of bacteria with their environments including their impact on human health, and the
exploitation of microbes by industry. Fundamental aspects of viral infection will be
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introduced with an emphasis on prokaryotic viruses. Limited enrollment.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Botany
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
2083
Explores diversity in form, structure and function in major plant groups, and how
these organisms live and reproduce in their particular environments. Probable
homologies and evolutionary relationships are discussed. Limited enrollment.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Zoology
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
2093
Classification, functional morphology, development and evolution of the major animal
groups. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Research Foundations
4 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
2105
in Ecology/Populations
Techniques and approaches to the study of life at the populations level. Includes
topics in Ecology, Population Biology and Evolution. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites:
BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
An Introduction to
3 ch (3C)
2113
Ecology
Introduces concepts of ecology common to terrestrial, freshwater and marine
ecosystems. Major themes studied are adaptations by species and the ecology of
populations, communities, and ecosystems. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017.
BIOL
Evolution
3 ch (3C)
2143
An introduction to the development of a body of theory explaining biological
diversity, from pre-Darwinian ideas to current issues in evolutionary biology.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Clinical Microbiology
3 ch (3C)
2251
Introduction to the fundamental concepts of infectious disease microbiology.
Discusses bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, helminths and arthropods. Note: This
course is not equivalent to BIOL 2073, and is restricted to students who have not
received prior credit for BIOL 2073. As well, Biology majors and minors cannot count
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this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective.
BIOL
Work Term I
Cr
2289
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term in a field of Biology as part
of the Co-operative Education Program in Science. Credit for the course is dependent in
part on the employer's evaluation of the student's work. (Students must have a GPA
of 2.7 or better for BIOL Co-op placement.)
BIOL
Pathophysiology I
3 ch (3C) (LE)
2501
Introduces students to the study of the disruption of the normal balance of selected
systems of the human body by disease and other perturbations. Limited enrollment.
Nursing students and BMLS students have first priority; others need permission of the
instructor. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit,
only as an elective. Prerequisite: BIOL 1782. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 2501
and 2509.
BIOL 2509 Pathophysiology I - Online
3 ch (3C)
This course is the online version of BIOL 2501. Nursing and BMLS students must first take
BIOL 2501. BIOL 2509 is available to students prior to enrolment in Nursing, and current
Nursing and BMLS students with permission of the instructor. This course is also available to
other students (e.g. from Science) as an elective. The course introduces students to the study
of the disruption of the normal balance of selected systems of the human body by disease
and other perturbations. Prerequisite: BIOL 1782. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 2501
and 2509.
BIOL
Pathophysiology II
3 ch (3C) (LE)
2513
A continuation of BIOL 2501 with emphasis on perturbations to the normal
functioning of organ systems.Limited enrollment. Nursing students and BMLS
students have first priority; others need permission of the instructor. Biology majors
and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective.
Prerequisite: BIOL 2501 or 2509. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 2513 and 2519.
Pathophysiology II 3 ch (3C)
Online
This course is the online version of BIOL 2513, and is a continuation of BIOL 2501 (or BIOL
2509) with emphasis on perturbations to the normal functioning of organ systems. Nursing
BIOL 2519
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and BMLS students must first take BIOL 2513. BIOL 2519 is available to current Nursing and
BMLS students with permission of the instructor. This course is also available to other
students (e.g. from Science) as an elective. Prerequisite: BIOL 2501 or 2509. Credit will not be
given for both BIOL 2513 and 2519.
BIOL
Human Physiology II
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
2721
This course is a continuation of BIOL 1782 with emphasis on metabolism, muscle and
bone physiology , immune responses and healing. Limited enrollment;, Kinesiology
students have first priority. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a
Biology Credit, only as an elective. Prerequisite: BIOL 1782.
BIOL
Introduction to Human
3ch (3C)
2753
Anatomy
This course examines human anatomy from a regional perspective. It will emphasize
the musculoskeletal, nervous and cardiovascular systems. Note: Biology majors and
minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. Students
cannot get credit for both this course and BIOL 2812.
BIOL
Human Physiology –
3ch (3C)
2761
Metabolism
This is an introductory level course in human physiology. Selected topics covered
include metabolism, muscle and bone physiology, the immune system, healing and
homeostasis. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology credit,
only as an elective. Students cannot get credit for both this course and BIOL 2721.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006.
BIOL
Human Physiology 3 ch (3C)
2792
Systems
This course will introduce students to the various systems that comprise the human
body with emphasis on the integration of these systems for maintenance of
homeostasis. The systems that will be covered in detail are the cardiovascular system,
pulmonary system, renal system, endocrine system, gastro-intestinal system and the
nervous system. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology
Credit, only as an elective. Students cannot get credit for both this course and BIOL
1782.
BIOL
Human Anatomy II
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
2812
This course is a continuation of BIOL 1711 which will study human anatomy from a
regional perspective, and will expand especially upon the musculoskeletal, nervous,
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and cardiovascular systems. Limited enrollment; Kinesiology students have first
priority. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only
as an elective. Prerequisite: BIOL 1711 or 1719.
BIOL
Cell Signaling
3 ch (3C)
3031
Examines the principles of gene expression and cellular regulation. The perception of
extra- and intracellular signals, intracellular signal transduction pathways and the
control of cell function will be examined while emphasizing experimental approaches.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, Recommended: BIOL 2053.
BIOL
Genetic Analysis
4ch (5C/L/T) (LE)
3058
Laboratory
An exploration of gene inheritance, mutation, regulation of gene expression, and
genetic interactions. The laboratories involve the use of model eukaryotic organisms
to ask questions about physiology and development at the organismal, cellular and
molecular levels. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2053.
BIOL
Biochemical Aspects of
3 ch (3C)
3073
Gene Expression
The structures and functions of all biological entities are dependent upon regulated
gene expression. In this course, we will explore selected topics in gene expression
from a molecular genetic and biochemical perspective. Topics may include: genome
and gene structure, the processes of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, the structures and functions of RNA polymerase and the ribosome, the
fine scale structures of gene promoters, and a detailed mechanistic examination of
how gene expression is regulated in the cell. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2053, 2073.
Recommended: BIOL 2025.
BIOL
Somatic Cytology and
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)
3102
Histology (O)
A study of cell structure using prepared slides. Normally offered in intersession or
summer session. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Evolutionary Ecology
5 ch (3C 3L)
3113
This lecture and lab-based course explores key ideas about ecological causes of
evolutionary change. Topics will include natural and sexual selection, life histories,
phenotypic plasticity, mating systems, evolutionary conflict, and co-evolution.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2113, 2143.
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BIOL
Selected Topics in
3 ch (3C)
3133
Biochemistry I (A)
Principles of intermediate metabolism with particular reference to physical exercise
and selected biomedical topics. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL
Independent Studies
3 ch (R) [W]
3149
Allows academically strong, highly motivated students to write a report on a subject
of interest. The student should discuss the topic with the staff member best qualified
to give approval of the subject matter and to give guidance during the year.
Application is made to the Director of Undergraduate Studies (Biology Department).
BIOL
Selected Topics in
3 ch (3C)
3153
Biochemistry II (A)
A medically oriented course which emphasizes molecular underpinnings of the
healthy and diseased states with particular reference to topics in blood biochemistry.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL
Selected Topics in
3 ch (3C)
3163
Biochemistry III (A)
A medically oriented course which emphasizes molecular underpinnings of the
healthy and diseased states with particular reference to topics in bone and joint
biochemistry. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL
Marine Biology Field
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
3173
Course
Introduces the study of the seashore and coastal waters. Emphasizes nature and
ecology of littoral flora and fauna and practical methods of study. Held at the
Huntsman Marine Science Centre in St. Andrews, N.B. Twelve days in length, given
immediately after spring examinations. A charge for accommodation is required.
Enrollment limited, selection based on CGPA. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017.
BIOL
Embryology
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)
3181
A laboratory investigation of the dynamics of embryonic development in
animals. Students will observe and manipulate the development of living and fixed
embryos representing a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species, focusing on
developing a conceptual understanding of the establishment of embryonic axes,
origins of tissues and organs, the spatial and temporal relationships between
structures, and the technological approaches to investigating the cellular and
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molecular mechanisms underlying developmental specification and morphogenesis.
Advanced microscopy and image processing, micro-dissection, histochemical and
molecular biological techniques will be applied. Students will be required to develop
and demonstrate a novel laboratory investigation elucidating some aspect of animal
development and/or develop a technique or teaching tool that can be applied to the
investigation of embryonic development. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL
2043, 2053. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2033, 2093.
BIOL
Advanced Microbiology
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE) [W]
3206
Laboratory
Biochemical, molecular and genetic methods are applied to the study of bacteria and
their viruses. Projects examine cell structure, function and physiological responses of
bacteria, and the life cycle, genetics and assembly of bacteriophage T4. Limited
enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2033, 2043, 2053, 2073, or equivalents. Pre- or
co-requisite: BIOL 3261. Recommended: BIOL 3493.
BIOL
Molecular Evolution
3 ch (3C)
3242
The course provides a synthesis of our understanding of evolution at the molecular
level. It covers the dynamics of evolutionary change (i.e., rates and patterns), the
driving forces behind the evolutionary process, the effects of various molecular
mechanisms and processes on the structure and evolution of genes and genomes.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2033 , 2053. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2143.
BIOL
Microbial Physiology
3 ch (3C)
3261
Principles of prokaryotic physiology including synthesis and function of cellular
components, metabolism and growth, and regulation of cellular processes. Topics
include the response of bacteria to environmental factors, the physiology of bacterialhost interactions, bacterial genetics, and molecular and genomic tools to study
microbial physiology. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2053, 2073.
BIOL
Work Term II
Cr
3279
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term in a field of Biology as part
of the Co-operative Education Program in Science. Credit for the course is dependent in
part on the employer's evaluation of the student's work. (Students must have a GPA
of 2.7 or better for BIOL Co-op placement.) Prerequisite: Work Term I in a field of
Science.
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BIOL
Work Term III
Cr
3289
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term in a field of Biology as part
of the Co-operative Education Program in Science. Credit for the course is dependent in
part on the employer’s evaluation of the student’s work. (Students must have a GPA
of 2.7 or better for BIOL Co-op placement.) Prerequisite: Work Term II in a field of
Science.
BIOL
Population Genetics
4 ch (3C 2L)
3293
An introduction to the branch of evolutionary biology concerned with the genetic
structure of populations and how it changes through space and time. Topics will
include the main evolutionary forces and their effects on patterns of phenotypic and
molecular variation within and among populations, molecular markers and their
applications in evolutionary and conservation biology, and an introduction to unifying
concepts such as the genetics of speciation, molecular evolution, and population
genomics. Laboratory sessions will emphasize the use of different computer packages
for the analysis and interpretation of the data encountered in population genetics.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2053, 2143; STAT 2264 or equivalent. Recommended: BIOL 2113.
BIOL
Taxonomy of the
5 ch (3C 3L)
3301
Flowering Plants (O)
Why is it that the flowering plants are the most recently evolved of all the major plant
groups yet they are by far the most diverse and abundant? The diversity of flowering
plants and their identification, description and classification will be emphasized in
relation to the flora of New Brunswick and major flowering plant families of the
world. Prerequisite: BIOL 2083.
BIOL
Immunobiology
3 ch (3C)
3311
Production and function of the immunoglobulins, characteristics of immunogens,
prevention of infectious disease, hypersensitivity and allergy, transplantation and
autoimmune diseases. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Research Foundations
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
3383
in Field Ecology
Introduces field biology with emphasis on the organism, population and ecosystem
levels of complexity. Based on direct observation, field techniques and analysis. Held
just prior to the beginning of the academic year - 6 days in length. Further work must
be completed during the Fall term. Enrollment is limited, based on CGPA. The location
of this course may vary. Depending upon the location, accommodation will be
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required. Please refer to notices posted in the Biology Department. Prerequisite: BIOL
2113 or equivalent.
BIOL
Forest Tree Genetics
3 ch (3C)
3423
and Genomics (A)
Principles of variation and inheritance in forest trees will be introduced. Then, various
genetics, genomics, biotechnology and breeding concepts and principles and their
applications in tree biology, tree improvement, silviculture, conservation of genetic
resources and sustainable forest management, will be discussed. The topics will
include: basic principles of quantitative, molecular, population and conservation
genetics; genetic variation, differentiation and evolution of populations; reproductive
biology; ecophysiological genetics of adaptation; tree improvement concepts,
methods and programs; silvicultural practices and genetic resource conservation;
discovery and functional analysis of genes; organization and mapping of genomes;
marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding; and genetic engineering of forest
trees. This course is cross-listed as FOR 3425; students cannot receive credit for both
BIOL 3423 and FOR 3425. Prerequisite: BIOL 2053 or permission of the instructor.
Forest Ecology:
Populations and
4 ch (3C 3L)
Communities
To understand and link processes acting on individuals, populations and communities
in space and time. To predict the response of individuals, populations and
communities to disturbance, and to understand the implications of such responses for
management of populations, communities and ecosystems. This course is cross-listed
as FOR 3445; students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 3441 and FOR 3445.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2083, 2113, or FOR 2425, 2505.
BIOL
3441
BIOL
Economic Botany (O)
3 ch (3C)
3459
Discusses concepts and principles that can be derived from the biological, sociological
and economic impact of the use of plants for food, shelter, landscaping and general
well-being. Considers the different methods and reasons why various plants are
cultivated and/or utilized by humans. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Introduction to Virology
3 ch (3C)
3493
This course covers the fundamental features of virology including the structure and
classification of viruses. We will examine the processes of viral attachment,
replication, expression and assembly, and discuss various virus-host interactions
including transmission, latency, evolution and disease. Modern advances in virology
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will also be addressed such as antivirals, vaccines, prion diseases and viral ecology.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043. Recommended: BIOL 2073.
Plant Function:
Physiology and
5 ch (3C 3L)
Metabolism
The course will focus on the mechanisms underlying the uptake, transport and use of
carbon, water, and mineral nutrients to provide an introduction to how plants make a
living. Photosynthesis, respiration, water and mineral relations are discussed at the
biochemical, cellular, whole-leaf and whole-plant scales. The relationship between
primary metabolism and global atmospheric climate change will be discussed.
Additional topics include the effect of abiotic environmental stresses on plants,
including herbivory, extreme temperature, drought, flooding, and pollution.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2033.
BIOL
3521
BIOL
Plant Ecology (A)
5 ch (3C 3L)
3541
A course on the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of plants, how
pattern and structure at the level of populations and communities can be described
quantitatively, and how these arise from the interaction of abiotic (climate, fire, soil)
and biotic (competition, herbivory) factors. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017.
BIOL
3593
Basic Animal Histology
4 ch (2C 3L)
Histology, or micro-anatomy, is the study of cells, tissues, and organs using microscopic
techniques. The aim of this course is to integrate both the form and function of animal
tissues, and examine why tissues and cells are arranged the way they are. At the end of the
course, students should be able to identify and describe histological images and understand
how the cellular arrangement of organs enables them to perform specialized functions. This
course is intended for upper level undergraduates having at least some knowledge of cell
biology, and will be of particular interest to students wanting a career in biomedical sciences
and health professions. Prerequisite: BIOL 2033. Co-requisite: BIOL 3043.
BIOL
Invertebrate Zoology
5 ch (3C 3L)
3602
(A)
A study of the invertebrate phyla, emphasizing evolutionary origins, adaptive
morphology and physiology, while covering anatomical ground plans and basic
developmental patterns. Laboratory exercises include numerous dissections, and
students doing an anatomical atlas of an invertebrate animal of their choice.
Prerequisite: BIOL 2093.
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BIOL
Biological
3 ch (3C)
3633
Oceanography
This course considers how oceans, which cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface,
act as a dominant environmental force. It examines the processes regulating the
abundance, diversity, distribution and production of microbes, phytoplankton,
zooplankton and higher trophic levels. By exploring the influences of physical factors
(i.e. tides, waves, upwelling, light), we will see how temporal and spatial scales are
critical for understanding the living ocean. Prerequisites: BIOL 2113; and CHEM 1001,
1006, 1012, 1017. Recommended: two of BIOL 2073, 2083, or 2093. Note: Students
planning to take the Marine Block Semester should take BIOl 3633 in advance.
BIOL
General Parasitology
3 ch (3C)
3673
The biology of parasites of humans, animals of veterinary significance, and wildlife
species. This course serves to integrate parasite life history, epidemiology, molecular
interactions at the host-parasite interface, mechanisms of infection, host
immune responses, parasite immune evasion mechanisms, pathology, diagnostics,
control strategies, and therapeutics. Prerequisite: BIOL 2033. Recommended: BIOL
2093.
BIOL
Vertebrate Zoology
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE)
3703
Stresses interrelationships between structure and function particularly as responses
to a variable environment. Considers phylogeny and taxonomy of major groups.
Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093.
BIOL
Animal Physiology
3 ch (3C)
3801
This course examines, at a fundamental level, the ways by which animals function,
with an emphasis on physiological adaptations to the environment. Topics covered
include respiration and circulation, metabolism and bioenergetics, thermal
adaptation, ionic and osmotic regulation, and integrative neuromuscular, endocrine,
and sensory physiology. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Strongly
recommended: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2093.
BIOL
3833
Thanatobiology
4 ch (3C 2L 1S)
Death is inevitable for all organisms; yet we are fascinated by death because, for most of us, it
remains a mystery. The process by which humans sustain life, through both natural and
artificial means, has been exhaustively studied by medical professionals. While most people
think of death as instantaneous event, it is in fact a chain of biological and chemical events.
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This individualised process depends on a wide range of variables, yet with the same inevitable
result. This course will examine the science behind the process of dying in humans, and the
changes that occur in the body before, during and after death, with an introduction to
forensic sciences. Prerequisite: One of BIOL 2033, 2053, 2113, 2753, 2812, or ANTH 1002, or
permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Ethology
3 ch (3C)
3873
Considers physiological foundations of behaviour and deals with topics of motivation,
displacement behaviour, hormones, evolution and learning. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001,
1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL
Entomology (O)
5 ch (3C 3L)
3883
Ecology, evolution, taxonomy, and diversity of insects, both terrestrial and aquatic.
This course studies the most diverse group of animals on Earth: the Insecta. Topics
include insect body plans, growth, and development; major evolutionary groups of
insects; ecological and economic importance of insects; insect collection and
identification. Students will make and curate insect collections (this will be
accomplished most easily by students who begin the summer before taking the
course; interested students should contact the instructor for more information).
Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Laboratory Studies in
3 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
3908
Vertebrate Physiology
A study of selected physiological concepts via laboratory experimentation, with
emphasis on presentation and interpretation of data in relation to the literature.
Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2025; pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 3801.
BIOL
Hypothesis Testing in
3ch (C/L/S)
3943
Biology
This course provides an introduction to methods that Biologists use to address,
develop and test hypotheses in biology. We will ask: How do students, researchers,
and professionals in biology set up questions for their research and/or assess
evidence? How do they design their experiments? What traps and pitfalls do they
know to look out for? How do we know if a scientific study is flawed? This course
focuses more on ideas about why we do statistics and how to interpret them, rather
than the mathematical details of different tests. Examples will range from cell biology
to community ecology. Students will be exposed to a range of computer software
necessary to explore, interpret and understand data and test hypotheses. This course
will be important for students taking upper-year lab or field courses and Honours by
thesis. Prerequisite: Stat 2264 or equivalent.
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BIOL
Advanced Genetics
3 ch (3C)
4082
Selected topics in genetics that include both classical and molecular approaches, such
as genome organization, biochemical genetics, developmental genetics, behavioural
genetics, and regulation of cell growth. The process of research, particularly
experimental design and interpretation of results is emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL
2033, 2043, 2053, 2073, or equivalent. Recommended: Completion of the Year II
Organismal component.
BIOL
Honours Thesis Project
6 ch [W]
4090
Honours students in Biology or in an interdepartmental program with Biology (e.g., BiologyChemistry) who wish to undertake a thesis project in Biology are encouraged to make
their wishes known to individual members of faculty. If a potential supervisor is
found, the student will obtain an instruction sheet from the Undergraduate Biology
office and make application to the Chair of Biology for admission into BIOL 4090
before preregistration at the end of the third year. This course involves preparation,
design and execution of a research project under the direct supervision of a member
of the Department as well as the preparation of a formal thesis and defense of the
thesis in a seminar presentation. Note: Minimum CGPA for acceptance is 3.0. A
student cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4090 and 4149.
BIOL
Selected Topics in
3 ch (3C)
4123
Evolution
“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky, 1964). This
course discusses the most important developments in modern evolutionary biology,
and includes topics such as the origin of life; the evolution of cells; the evolution of
multicellularity, development and cancer; the evolution of individuality and
complexity; the evolution of cooperation and altruism; the evolution of sex and
death; the evolution of societies and languages. In addition, the course examines
specific evolutionary mechanisms, forces and consequences, such as mutation and
selection, symbiosis, life history traits, germ-soma separation and cell differentiation.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2043, 2053, 2143.
BIOL
Senior Research Project
5 ch [W]
4149
Gives academically strong and highly motivated students in Year IV an opportunity to
do a literature or research project on a subject of interest. The student should discuss
the topic with the staff member best qualified to give approval of the subject matter
and to give guidance during the year. Application is made to the Biology Director of
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Undergraduate Studies. A student cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4090 and 4149.
BIOL
Developmental Biology
3 ch (3C)
4162
of Animals
In-depth discussion and analysis of animal development emphasizing biochemical and
molecular aspects of the phenomena involved using selected examples. Prerequisites:
BIOL 2033, 2043, 2053. Recommended: BIOL 2093 and 3181.
BIOL
Wildlife Management
3 ch (3C)
4191
(A)
Studies biological, economic, and human factors affecting wildlife populations.
Prerequisite: BIOL 2113.
Diversity, Evolution and
Ecology of Marine
5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
Plants
This course will survey the diversity of marine plants (seaweed and phytoplankton)
relative to one another and the other key lineages of life; exploring their diverse
anatomical, cytological, life history and ecological attributes. In the laboratory
students will use microscopy to explore vegetative and reproductive features of the
various marine plants in our area. A significant component of the laboratory portion
of the course will derive from work in the field collecting specimens for personal
herbaria and completing biodiversity assessments (a cost may be associated with this
trip). Prerequisite: BIOL 2083 or permission of the instructor. Limited enrollment.
Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4641, 4851, 4991 as part of the Marine
Biology Concentration.
BIOL
4221
BIOL
Conservation Biology
3 ch (3C)
4233
An overview of the theory and practice of maintaining biological diversity at genetic,
species, and ecosystem levels. The course focuses on scientific principles and
technical tools in conservation biology. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 2113 or permission
of the instructor.
BIOL
Communication in the
3 ch (4S) (LE) [W]
4272
Biochemical Sciences
A project-oriented course for students in their last year of study in the Biology-Chemistry
program. Students will select, investigate, discuss and communicate (written and oral) the
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important principles of their topic to different target audiences. The topic will have a
biochemical focus, but students are expected to explore the political, social, economic
and ethical aspects to consider the impact on society as a whole. Limited enrollment;
students in Biology may enroll with the permission of the instructor and availability of space.
Prerequisites: BIOL 3031, 4082.
BIOL
Work Term IV
Cr
4289
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term in a field of Biology as part
of the Co-operative Education Program in Science. Credit for the course is dependent in
part on the employer’s evaluation of the student’s work. (Students must have a GPA
of 2.7 or better for BIOL Co-op placement.) Prerequisite: Work Term III in a field of
Science.
Climate Change and
Environmental
3 ch (3C)
Response
Examines theories and patterns of climate change since the last Ice Age. A variety of
paleoecological techniques applied to a number of fossil organisms will be discussed
in relation to the information they yield about past environments. Prerequisite:
Introductory course in anthropology, biology, or geology. May only be taken by
students who have completed two years of their program.
BIOL
4352
BIOL
Environmental Plant
3 ch (3C/S)
4413
Physiology (O)
An advanced seminar-style course emphasizing the responses of photosynthesis and
other key aspects of plant metabolism to short - and long - term environmental
variation. Among the topics that may be considered are the effect of changing
atmospheric CO2, the acclimation to elevated temperatures, the physiological
adaptations that influence plant energy balance, and the regulation of
photosynthesis. Prerequisite: BIOL 3521 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Resource Conservation
3 ch (3C)
4423
Genetics (A)
This class will examine the application of genetic principles, concepts and
biotechnologies in conservation, sustainable management and restoration of natural
and managed resources. The topics will include: concepts of genetic resources,
genetic biodiversity and other population genetic parameters, demography,
conservation, sustainable management, ecological restoration, and minimum viable
population size; indicators for population viability; exploration, evaluation, utilization,
and conservation of genetic resources; genetic consequences of habitat
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fragmentation, resource management practices, domestication, climate change, and
natural disturbance; and challenges, opportunities and strategies for conservation
and sustainable management of genetic resources. This course is cross-listed as FOR
4425; students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4423 and FOR 4425. Prerequisite:
BIOL 2053 or 2143, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
International Ecology
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
4443
Field Course (A)
This course allows students an on-site exposure and understanding of ecological
interactions of soil, climate, plants and animals in a region outside of the Maritimes. A
10-14 day field trip to the region is required. Weekly seminars will be held in the
period before the field trip. Students will be charged for travel and costs associated
with the course. Limited enrollment. Open to biology and forestry students, or with
permission of the instructor.
Bioinformatics:
Computational Analysis
4ch (2C 4L) (LE)
of Genes and Genomes
Explores computational methods used in sequence analysis of genomes, genes, RNAs,
and proteins. Topics include sequence alignment, genome database searching, gene
prediction, RNA and protein structure, DNA and protein sequence comparison, and
phylogenetic analysis. These topics will be integrated into the context of research in
genetics and molecular biology. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043,
2053, 2025.
BIOL
4533
BIOL
Mathematical Biology
3 ch (3C)
4563
(A)
Overview of the field of mathematical biology. Development, simulation and analysis
of simple mathematical models describing biological systems. Equal emphasis is
placed on developing simple models and case studies of successful models. The
principal mathematical tools are differential and difference equations, finite
mathematics, probability and statistics. This course is intended for students in their
third or fourth year having an interest in biological research. Prerequisites: a course in
statistics, MATH 2003, 2013 or equivalent, or permission of the instructor. This course
is cross-listed as MATH 4563. Credit may not be obtained for both MATH 4563 and
BIOL 4563.
BIOL
Coastal Marine Ecology
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5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
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4641
This course examines the ecology of shorelines, with a focus on the Atlantic coast.
Topics include the setting (continental drift, sea level, species origins, water
movement), primary and secondary production, reproduction and recruitment,
patterns (zonation) and processes (competition, mutualism, predation, disturbance),
and main habitats (rocky shores, mudflats, salt marshes) There may be an additional
charge for one-day field trips. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2093, 2105,
2113. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4221, 4851, 4991 as part of the
Marine Biology Concentration.
BIOL
Applied Studies in
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE) [W]
4688
Parasitology
Designed as a follow up to a general lecture-based course in Parasitology, and to be
offered during intersession or summer session. This course emphasizes the hands-on
study of animal parasites and will incorporate both field investigations and laboratory
work. Students will receive training in postmortem examination, microscopy,
histology, diagnostics (morphological, molecular, and immunological), experimental
design, scientific writing and data presentation. There may be an additional charge for
field trips (e.g. to aquaculture sites, domestic livestock farms). Limited enrollment.
Prerequisite: BIOL 3673 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Ornithology
5 ch (3C 3L) [W]
4723
Studies birds; natural selection, morphological adaptations, migration, behaviour, and
reproduction, in an ecological way. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of the
instructor.
BIOL
Mammalogy
5 ch (3C 3L)
4732
Studies mammals, covering taxonomy, adaptations, reproduction, populations,
physiology, behaviour and ecology. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 2093.
BIOL
Fish Biology
2 ch (2C)
4741
A comprehensive study of fishes from the Agnatha to specialized teleosts. Topics
covered include functional morphology, phylogeny, reproduction, predator-prey
relations, behaviour, populations and communities, aquatic ecosystems, and
conservation biology. Prerequisites: BIOL 2093, 2113, or permission of the instructor.
Recommended: BIOL 2105, 2143.
BIOL
Advanced Studies in
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4746
Ichthyology
An intensive course that stresses laboratory and field investigations of aspects of
ichthyology covered in BIOL 4741. Field trips to freshwater and marine sites will focus
on assessing population size, species diversity and environmental impacts. Laboratory
exercises will include ageing, fish taxonomy, and comparative functional morphology.
Work will incorporate both group study and individual projects with an emphasis on
scientific analysis and interpretation of data including a formal seminar presentation.
Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093. Co-requisite: BIOL 4741 or permission of
the instructor.
BIOL
River and Lake
3 ch (3C)
4773
Ecosystems (A)
Provides a foundation of understanding of ecosystem processes in streams, lakes, and
wetlands. Physical and biological components of such systems will be presented, and
concepts and theories defining freshwater ecology will be discussed. Prerequisite:
BIOL 2113.
BIOL
Life in Extreme
3 ch (3C)
4823
Environments
This course will examine the morphology, physiology and (where applicable)
behaviour of organisms that thrive in environments that most living things could not
survive. Collectively referred to as “extremophiles”, these organisms will be studied in
relation to (1) the type of extreme environment they exist in, (2) why the particular
conditions are so difficult for other life forms, and (3) how the particular extremophile
has evolved and/or adapted to allow it to exist under the conditions described.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2143; two of BIOL 2073, 2083, 2093; and one of BIOL 3261, 3521,
3801.
BIOL
Ecology of Marine Birds
5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
4851
This course treats seabirds as important components of marine food-webs.
Fundamental adaptations (structure, function, physiology, life-history) of seabirds will
be linked to the ecological processes driving them. The influence of major
oceanographic patterns (bathymetry, currents, upwellings) on seabird distribution
and numbers will be explored. Through exploration of the role of seabirds as
predators of other marine biota, and in nutrient transfer between marine and
terrestrial systems, students will gain a thorough understanding of the roles played by
seabirds in marine and coastal systems. Course includes an overnight field trip to
Grand Manan Island, for which there may be an extra cost. Examples will be drawn
from current seabird research especially in Atlantic Canada. Limited enrollment.
Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of the instructor. Recommended: BIOL 3633.
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Normally taken in the same term as BIOL4221, 4641, 4991 as part of the Marine
Biology Concentration.
BIOL
Environmental Biology
4 ch (5C/L/S) (LE) [W]
4863
Examines the effects of human activity upon the environment, both locally and
globally. There may be an additional charge for field trips. Limited enrollment. Pre- or
co-requisite: BIOL 2113 or equivalent.
BIOL
Population Analyses
3 ch (5C/L/S)
4899
(O)
An evaluation of basic sampling and statistical issues for the design, analysis, and
interpretation of animal and plant population research. Topics include sampling
allocation, sampling sizes, P and Type errors, power and univariate vs multivariate
tests; density dependence; assumptions and models; survival and natality rate
analyses. Examples are based on contemporary research and literature. Prerequisites:
introductory ecology and statistics courses, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL
Aquaculture in Canada
5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
4991
Aquaculture is the aquatic equivalent to terrestrial agriculture. We are in the midst of
a global transition from hunting and gathering wild aquatic organisms to farming
them. This course examines the biological principles and constraints of commercial
and pilot-scale aquaculture in Canada, with emphasis on the Atlantic region. Although
the focus of the course is on fish culture, consideration is also given to bivalve and
seaweed culture. Topics covered include controlled reproduction, genetics and
biotechnology, nutrition and feeding, stress and disease, and sustainability. Includes
an overnight field trip to the Bay of Fundy to visit commercial and research facilities (a
cost may be associated with this trip). Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or
permission of the instructor. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4221, 4641,
4851 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.
Experimental Design
and Data Analysis in
3 ch (3C, 1T)
Biology and Forestry
Introduces students who have previously taken a formal class in statistics to the
practice and pitfalls of experimental design and data analysis in biology and forestry.
It is intended for both graduate students and final year undergraduates (enrolled in
an honours or senior research project). It will be jointly taught by faculty members
from the Departments of Mathematics/Statistics, Biology and/or Forestry. Topics will
be selected from sampling designs, experimental designs, parametric and nonBIOL
5473
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parametric analysis, power analysis, and regression. The course will include discussion
of examples in the literature. Students will also be analysing and interpreting data
sets arising from their field of research. Prerequisite: STAT 2264 or equivalent.
Series courses:
BIOL
(Graduate courses
6000
offered by the
Department of Biology)
Graduate courses are open to undergraduates who can show that a course is of
special value to them in their area of specialization. For details of courses offered
consult the Calendar of the School of Graduate Studies and Research.
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