Chapter 1 Lesson 1~ Cells
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cells split or divide to form new cells
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1 ½ million organisms have been identified (over 1 billion have not been
named)
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more multicellular than unicellular have been identified
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organelles perform life functions
Animal Cell
(cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole)
~ cell membrane: gives shape, controls what moves in & out (ticket taker)
~ cytoplasm: gel-like liquid
~nucleus: control center (brain)
~mitochondria: supplies energy (rechargeable battery)
~ vacuole: storage (water, food, waste)
Plant Cell
(cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast)
~ cell wall: strength (only in plants)
~ vacuole (one large) stores water
~ chloroplast: green, energy from sun turns to food
Cell Organization
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cell: building block
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tissue: group of cells with same job
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organ: group of tissues with same job
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organ system: organs that work together to do a certain job
Chapter 1 Lesson 2~ Classifying Life
Classification: grouped by shared characteristics
Kingdom: grouped by internal form/structure
The 6 kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Plant & animal kingdoms only contain multicellular organisms
Animal kingdom
 Vertebrates: have backbone
 Invertebrates: no backbone
Plant kingdom
 Vascular: contains tubes or vessels
 Nonvascular: no vascular tissue
Fungus kingdom
 Differ from plants (must get food from other organisms)
 Only other kingdom to have a cell wall
Bacteria Kingdom
 No nucleus or mitochondria
 Rod-shaped, sphere-shaped, spiral-shaped
Protist Kingdom
 Unicellular or multicellular
 Make own food or eat other
 Bigger than bacteria (most microscopic)
Viruses
 Bridge the gap between living/nonliving
 Not alive, but reproduce
Chapter 1 Lesson 3~ Plants
Nonvascular: small, no transport system (moss)
Vascular: all sizes, tube system (flowers, trees)
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Seed plants: produce seeds (oak tree-acorn)
Seedless plants : produce spores (ferns)
Types of Seed Plants
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Gymnosperm: no flowers (evergreens)
Angiosperm: produce flowers (apple tree, tulip, corn)
Roots: absorbs water, stores food, anchors plant
Parts of a Root
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Root hair: absorbs like a sponge (part of epidermis)
Root cap: protects root
Epidermis : absorbs water & nutrients
Cortex: stores food & nutrients
Transport vessels: Xylem & Phloem
Types of Roots
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Aerial : never touch the ground
Fibrous: thin branching, not deep
Taproots: single main root, deep in ground
Prop roots: grow at bottom of plant’s stem, support
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Support (soft & woody)
Transport
~ xylem: move water & minerals UP the stem (one-way system)
~ phloem: moves sugars from leaves to other parts (two-way system)
Stems
~ cambium: separates & produces xylem & phloem
Leaves
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Function: photosynthesis (process of making food) 6CO2 +6H2O + energy = C6H12O6 +
6O2
Cuticle: top layer (prevents evaporation)
Stomata: tiny pores allow air to enter
Guard cells: allows water & air to leave the plant
Transpiration: loss of water through plants leaves
Cellular respiration: breaking down of sugars
Chapter 1 Lesson 4~ Classifying Animals
SIMPLE INVERTEBRATES
Sponges: only animal without real tissue or organs (asymmetrical)
Cnidarians: soft-bodied, aquatic (radial symmetry)
Worms: all have bilateral symmetry
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Flatworms: flat body, head with eye, mouth
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Roundworms: simple nervous & digestive system
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Segmented worms (annelids): divided into sections, two-way digestive system; have
a stomach, heart, brain
COMPLEX INVERTEBRATES
Mollusks: muscular foot or tentacles, mantle, internal organs, bilateral symmetry
Echinoderms: skeleton inside the body (endo), radial symmetry, use water pressure for
functions
Arthropods: small & light with hard skeleton on outside (exo), bilateral symmetry
VERTEBRATES
Fish: cold-blooded animals
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Jawless: forced to suck their food
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Cartilaginous: cartilage instead of bone, fins & jaws
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Bony: bone covered nerve cord, jaws, fins, & swim bladder
Amphibians: cold-blooded, bridge the gap between land and water (spend life in both)
Reptiles: land animal with 1 or 2 lungs, thick scaly water-proof skin, cold-blooded
Birds: 2 legs, 2 wings, hollow bones, feathers, warm-blooded
Mammals: milk, hair, & large brains, warm-blooded
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Monotreme: lays eggs, fed milk from mothers
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Marsupial: pouched mammal
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Placental : develop within mother
Chapter 1 Lesson 5~ Animal Systems
Skeletal System: bones, tendons, ligaments (protection & support)
Muscular System: cause movements by contracting & relaxing
Digestive System: food is broken into nutrients to be used
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Esophagus: tube from mouth to stomach
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Stomach: contains acid to break down foods
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Small intestine: absorbs nutrients
Excretory System: removes waste
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Liver: breaks down toxins
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Kidney: filters waste from blood
Respiratory System: lungs & passages that lead to them (oxygen IN~ carbon
dioxide OUT)
Circulatory System: heart & blood vessels (gets nutrients from intestine & carries
to the rest of the body)
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Capillaries: waste passes through these into the blood
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Closed circulatory: blood is carried through blood vessels
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Open circulatory: arthropods, animals blood moves around the body cavity
Nervous System: brain, nerve cord, nerves, sense organs
Endocrine System: glands that produce hormones
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Adrenaline: helps body adjust to stress