STAT 101
1
1.21.2016
Syllabus, Data & Variables, etc.
Orange Sheet #1, Syllabus; Assignment Schedule; Anatomy of Statistics: 1) Statistical
Alphabet, 2) Statistical Relationships
All handouts plus PowerPoint for the Nature of Statistics
1) Obtain text ( see syllabus). Scan through text for general format, etc. a.
Review: Ch. 1, section 1.1
2) Review the terminology on the Anatomy of Statistics sheet.
3) Go online to the Anatomy of Statistics link and look at a couple of these documents.
4) Go online and scan through the second section of the SPSS manual (SPSS Procedures section) to get an idea of the current manual’s format.
5) PowerPoint slides: if you want a copy go online and obtain the “Nature of Statistics” PowerPoint from the Stat 101
“Supporting Materials” link
6) Items below – be prepared to discuss these items.
Nature of Statistics - Terminology
: Be able to: 1) define “Data”; 2) define a “Variable”; 2) distinguish between objective (response) and explanatory variables; and 3) identify variables to be studied when provided a study scenario.
Data: Data are “factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation” (Merriam-Webster online dictionary definition).
Variables: Variables are pieces of information (characteristics) gathered from people, squirrels, cumquats, fruit flies, businesses or other sources and which vary from one unit of the population to another. A person’s hair color and handedness represent variables, as does the circumference of ball bearings.
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There are two basic types of variables: o Objective Variables (Dependent, Response): These variables represent the characteristics about which you want to learn – weight, eye color, speed of cars; life span of monarch butterflies. o Explanatory Variables (Independent, Predictor): These variables help us refine our understanding of the
Objective Variables of interest – gender, age, business size, environmental conditions.

Variables have Values o Values may be word or numerical in nature. o The values of a variable are what are compared via data analysis processes.
According to a study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association
FOR RELEASE AUGUST 4, 2009 [excerpt from ADA webpage 8.26.2009]
CHICAGO – The intake of added sugars in the United States is excessive, estimated by the US Department of Agriculture in 1999-2002 as
17% of calories a day. Consuming foods with added sugars displaces nutrient-dense foods in the diet. Reducing or limiting intake of added sugars is an important objective in providing overall dietary guidance. In a study of nearly 30,000 Americans published in the August 2009 issue of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, researchers report that race/ethnicity, family income and educational status are independently associated with intake of added sugars. Groups with low income and education are particularly vulnerable to eating diets with high added sugars.
1. Identify an objective variable for this study. What values could this variable assume?
2. Identify three explanatory variables. What values could these variables assume?
A heart researcher is interested in studying the relationship between diets which are high in calcium and blood pressure in adult females. The researcher randomly selects 20 female subjects who have high blood pressure. Ten subjects are randomly assigned to try a diet which is high in calcium. The other ten subjects are assigned to a diet with a standard amount of calcium. After one year the average blood pressures for subjects in both groups will be measured and compared to decide if diets high in calcium decrease the average blood pressure.
1. Identify an objective variable for this study and its associated values.
2. Identify some potential explanatory variables and their associated values (they may not be specifically identified in the paragraph) .
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Researcher Penny Larson and her associates wanted to determine whether young couples who marry or cohabitate are more likely to gain weight than those who stay single. The researchers followed 8,000 men and women from 1995 through 2002 as they matured from the teens to young adults. When the study began, none of the participants were married or living with a romantic partner. By 2002, 14% of the participants were married and 16% were living with a romantic partner. At the end of the study, married or cohabitating women gained, on average, nine (9) pounds more than single women, and married or cohabitating men gained, on average, six (6) pounds more than single men.
[p21sullivan]
1. Identify an objective variable for this study and its associated values
2. Identify an explanatory variable and its associated values.
Scientists were interested in learning if abdominal obesity is related to coronary artery calcification (CAC). The scientists studied 2,951 participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study to investigate a possible link. Waist and hip girths were measured in 1985-86, 1995-96 (year 10) and in 200-01 (waist girth only). CAC measurements were taken in 201-02. The results of the study indicated that abdominal obesity measured by waist girth is associated with early atherosclerosis as measured by the presence of CAC in participants. [p21sullivan]
1. Identify an objective variable for this study and its associated values
2. Identify an explanatory variable and its associated values.
(By NICHOLAS BAKALAR. Published: September 19, 2006. The New York Times)
A British study suggests that at least in some situations, bicycling with a helmet may be more dangerous than going without. Dr. Ian Walker, a professor of psychology at the University of
Bath, was his own subject in a study that measured how closely cars drove to bicycles they passed on the road.
Dr. Walker, using a bicycle fitted with a well-concealed video camera and ultrasonic sensor, measured his distance from cars as they passed by his bicycle. He rode with and without a helmet, and with and without a wig that made him look like a woman.
He covered 200 miles at various times of day and made more than 2,500 observations. The study will appear in a future issue of Accident Analysis and Prevention.
Dr. Walker found that cars consistently passed closer to him when he was wearing a helmet than when he was bareheaded, that trucks passed closer than cars, and that drivers passed closer to him without the wig than when they thought he was a woman.
Cycling farther from the curb, sometimes recommended as a way of keeping cars at a safe distance, did not work. The farther he rode from the curb, the closer drivers came to his bicycle.
Dr. Walker was hit by a bus and a truck during the study, both times while wearing a helmet. He sustained a minor injury in the truck accident. But he warned that abandoning headgear was not the answer. “As for helmets,” he said, “the advice goes to the drivers rather the cyclists — treat them all with lots of care and respect, because no matter how skilled they are, this doesn’t stop a gust of wind knocking them sideways, or a pedestrian stepping out in front of them.”
So what variables are out there for this study?
2

Nature of Statistics

HANDOUTS
Orange #2; Green worksheet #1&2: 1)100 Movie Quotes and 2) Twenty-Five Q’s classification

AVAILABLE ONLINE: All handouts listed above; Sampling ppt.; Extra Credit (EX) #1 & #2
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Readings: Ch. 1: sections 1.1-1.2; 1.3 (p. 20-24; sampling)
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Problems: p. 6 # 1-13, 21,24, 26, 28, 29-32 p. 13 # 1-12, 15, 16, 19–22, 29

Finish Worksheets #1 – 100 Movie Quotes and #2 - Twenty-Five Questions
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Items below
Nature (cont.?); Sampling; Combinations
2
1.26.2016
: Be able to: 1) define terms and relationships as presented on the sheet Anatomy of the Basics: Statistical Terms and Relationships ; 2) identify variables and their characteristics
A population is defined by the characteristics that distinguish it from others groups. How would you describe the members of this class so that it would represent a population and thereby not be confused with other populations?
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An 8x12, 20 page Shutterfly photo book costs $29.00. How much would it cost given full potential of the above discount?
A heart researcher is interested in studying the relationship between diets which are high in calcium and blood pressure in adult females. The researcher randomly selects 20 female subjects who have high blood pressure. Ten subjects are randomly assigned to try a diet which is high in calcium. The other ten subjects are assigned to a diet with a standard amount of calcium. After one year the average blood pressures for subjects in both groups will be measured and compared to decide if diets high in calcium decrease the average blood pressure.
1) Identify the population.
2) What characteristic of the population is being measured?
3) Identify the sample.
4) Is the purpose of this data collection to perform descriptive or inferential statistics? [P15#1H&M]
5) Could blood pressure be used as an explanatory variable in this situation?
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Heroin Use: The National Center for Drug Abuse is conducting a study to determine if heroin usage among teenagers has changed. Historically, about 1.3 percent of teenagers between the ages of 15 and 19 have used heroin one or more times. In a recent survey of 1,824 teenagers, 37 indicated they had used heroin one or more times.
1) Identify the population.
2) Identify a variable of interest.
3) Identify a sample.
4) Is the purpose of this data collection descriptive or inferential?
Cell Phone Frau d: Lambert and Pinheiro (2006) described a study in which researchers try to identify characteristics of cell phone calls that suggest the phone is being used fraudulently. For each cell phone call, the researchers recorded information on its direction (incoming or outgoing), location (local or roaming), duration, time of day, day of week, and whether the call took place on a weekday or weekend. [WSed3p6]
1) Identify the observational units in this study.
2) Identify the qualitative variables and their characteristics.
3) Identify the quantitative variables and their characteristics.
4) Would call duration be a good explanatory variable? Why/why not?
Student Characteristics: A Case represents all of the information collected from one source, such as a student.
Student #1 is a male who does not smoke, who lives in an urban area, and who would prefer to win an Olympic gold medal over an Academy
Award or Nobel Prize. He indicates that he exercises 10 hours a week, watches television one hour per week, and has a GPA of 3.33. A resting pulse rate of 58 beats per minute, the oldest of three children and a desire to become a fireman represent other characteristics of this student.
Identify the variables for which data were obtained and classify them as qualitative (categorical)/quantitative, discrete/continuous, and provide a measurement level for each variable.
If similar information were obtained from 49 other students, which variables might most likely be used as explanatory variables?
Iceland: According to World Bank data, 90% of Icelanders have access to the Internet. In order to determine this value, what were the units from which this figure was obtained? What was the variable of interest (objective variable) and what were the values of this variable?
Identify the variable’s characteristics (Qual/Quant etc.) (L5p.7)
If one were to look at the number of people worldwide with access to the Internet, we could record the proportion within each country. In doing so, what would be the population units? What was the variable of interest (objective variable) and what were the values of this variable? Identify the variable’s characteristics (Qual/Quant etc.)
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Nature of Statistics; Sampling

HANDOUTS: Orange #3; Green #3

AVAILABLE ONLINE: Orange #3; Green #3; PowerPoint placed online (2): Sampling;
Combinations & Permutations

Text Readings: Ch. 1: pp. 20-24;
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Text Problems: p. 6 #14-20, 22, 25, 27, 35, 38; p.13 #17, 18, 23-25, 30
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Items below
Sampling; Combinations; Exp. Design; Quiz #1 (Terms & relationships); Extra Credit #2 due
3
1.28.2016
: Be able to: 1) think critically when reviewing tables, charts, and other statistical presentations (assess data presentations for appropriateness of presentation and interpretation); 2) understand relationships among basic statistical terms. If we get there: Sampling: 1) identify sampling approaches; 3) calculate samples using selected approaches (tentative).
The grade for this course is based upon 400 points. These points are converted to a 100-point base to result in a final course grade.
1.
How many of the 400 points represent one point of the final grade?
2.
Extra credit points are added to those you have accrued throughout the course via exams, etc. If you complete ten extra credit exercises, and receive full credit for them all (i.e. 10 points), by how many points will your final grade increase?
3.
Over the course of the semester Elijah elects to not submit three, 12-point class assignments. By how many points would his final grade decrease as a result of not having submitted these three assignments?
Fifty randomly selected Fortune 500 Company CEO’s were asked if they would hire someone who submitted a resume containing typos. “No” was the response of 58% of the CEO’s.
1) What is the population? 2) What is a unit of the population?
3) What is the sample? 4) What is the variable of interest?
5) What are the likely response options (values)?
6) Is the second sentence descriptive or inferential? 7) If descriptive, can one make an inference?
During a prior semester the statistics classes went to the Alumni Field House, flew various types of balsa wood airplanes and collected information about the flight distances and flight times of these planes. Identify the units of interest for this study
(information source for our study).
A) Class members B) Balsa wood airplanes C) Flight distances and times D) Campus buildings
Burglaries : ADT Security Systems advertised that “when you go on vacation, burglars go to work.” Their ad stated that
“according to FBI statistics, over 26% of home burglaries take place between Memorial Day and Labor Day.” What is misleading about this statement? (Triola7ed,p15#6)
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Election: Review the cartoon to the right. Assume that there are 100 boys and 100 girls. Demonstrate using these 200 students how this student’s conclusion is either correct or incorrect. Present your answer using both numerical computations and sufficient discussion to support your findings.
Variables: Identify the explanatory and objective variables in the following pairs of variables.
A) Lung capacity and number of years smoking cigarettes
B) Blood alcohol content and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed
C) Year and world record time in a marathon
O-Tiger price hike: For many years Oneonta had a single-A farm team of the NY Yankees, which was followed by a farm team of the Detroit Tigers. When the Tigers arrived, the prices for seating changed. The following comes from an editorial in the local newspaper about the rise in ticket prices for the local single-A professional baseball team. “General admission season passes for adults will be $155, up from $70, in 2009, while six-seat boxes will go up 500 percent, from $300 to $1,500.”
(source: The Daily Star, In Our Opinion column for Feb. 7 & 8, 2009, p D3; this team has since left town)
A) The $85 increase in the single seat price represents how much in terms of a percentage increase?
B) Demonstrate using a numerical analysis whether or not the cost of a six-seat box increased by 500%.
Seat Belts: Suppose that there are 300 students taking statistics and that they are asked if the always use seat belts.
A) If 27% of the students indicate that they do not always use seat belts, how many students is this?
B) Suppose that in different course 20% of the students do not use seat belts and that the 20% represents 43 students.
How many students are in this class?
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Sampling; Combinations & Permutations
4
2.2.2016

HANDOUTS: Orange #4; Green #4A Sampling; #4B Combinations, etc.; Table of
Random Numbers (& Table of Critical Values for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient; for later use)
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AVAILABLE ONLINE: Orange #4; Green #4A & 4B; Related Anatomy Sheet: Anatomy of a Systematic Random
Sample, Extra Credit #2. Table sheet is not available online.
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Text Readings: Ch. 1, section 1.3 – experimental design and sampling; Ch. 3, section 3.4 – combinations, etc.
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Text Problems: p. 23 #1-3, 7-10, ODD problems 19-27
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Problems on Green #3 & #4 (As assigned in class)
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Items below
Sampling, Combinations (if needed); Experimental Design (maybe); Qualitative Data
: Be able to: 1) describe a probability-based random sample; 2) identify different sampling approaches; 3) obtain samples using various probability sampling approaches – SRS, Stratified, etc., 4) determine the number of samples via combinations; 5) calculate permutations, tree diagrams and the multiplication rule for independent events.
Identify the variables and their characteristics :
1: The number of doctors who wash their hands between patient visits.
2: The majors of randomly selected students at a university.
3: The average weight of mature German Shepherds.
4: The category which best describes how frequently a person eats chocolate: Frequently, Occasionally, Seldom, Never.
5: The temperature this morning at 7:00 a.m.
6: The diameter of major league baseballs.
7: The average horsepower of ten randomly selected 1.6L MINI Cooper engines.
Data Source* Variable Qual/Quant Discrete/Cont Nom/Ord/Int/Ratio
4:
5:
1:
2:
3:
__________
__________
__________
__________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________ _______________ __________ __________ __________
6: __________ ______________ __________ __________ __________
7: __________ ______________ __________ __________ __________
*NOTE: Data Source is the population or sample unit from which you obtain the data, not the variable information (data) collected.
The Tax Man Cometh : The Internal Revenue Service wants to sample 1000 tax returns that were submitted last year to determine the percentage of returns that had a refund. Identify a sampling method that would be appropriate in this situation.
Prescription Drug Program : The director of a hospital pharmacy chooses at random 100 people age 60 or older from each of three surrounding counties to ask their opinion of a new prescription drug program. Identify the type of sampling used.
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Descriptive statements merely, report data presented in a table or graph/chart. To write a paragraph about a table: 1) introduce the table; 2) provide descriptive sentences containing statistical data contained within the table/graph; 3) write a summary sentence.
Example using the table to the right.
[1)Intro=>] The following table presents village residents’ ratings of life in the village. [2) Descriptives=>] Approximately 78% of surveyed residents rated life in the village positively (good to excellent). In contrast, 77 of 347 residents (22.2%) rated life in the village as poor to fair. [3) Conclusion=>] In general, it would appear that most residents
(77.8%) are satisfied with the quality of life in the village.
Valid
Ra ting of qua lity of life in vill age
Ex cellent
Very Good
Good
Frequency
4
83
183
60
Percent
1.1
23.1
50.8
16.7
Valid P ercent
1.2
23.9
52.7
17.3
Cumulative
Percent
1.2
25.1
77.8
95.1
Missing
Fair
Poor
Total
Sy stem
17
347
13
360
4.7
96.4
3.6
100.0
4.9
100.0
100.0
NOTES: The Rating of Quality table is a SPSS generated table.
Total
1) Use the VALID PERCENT column for percentages. DO NOT use the “Percent” column as it includes missing data.
2) If you use words such as most, more than, fewer, approximately, etc., you MUST include supporting statistical evidence. Example: “Most residents rated life in the village as good.” How much is “most,” 30%, 80%? In contrast,
“Most residents (52.7%) rated life in the village as good,” provides the reader with context for the descriptive statement.
3) If you start a sentence with a number write it out (e.g. NOT “7 respondents liked …,” but rather “Seven respondents liked …” The numbers one (1) through ten (10) are generally written out within sentences.
4) If you include numbers representing counts, also include the associated percentage value (e.g. “Eight respondents
(15%) liked the movie.”). It is much easier for a reader to understand 15% than to have to figure out what 8 of 53 represents (15%).
Seat Belt Usage : Use the table to the right to determine the following values.
A) Determine the Totals
B) Determine the percent who are: Men; Women:
Always Use; and Don’t Always Use
C) Are men more or less likely to use seat belts?
D) Write a descriptive statement pertaining to some of the information contained within the table.
Write a paragraph containing: a sentence introducing the table; two sentences that contain descriptive statements resulting from the table’s content; and a conclusion you can draw from these data.
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Combinations; Group Work; Qualitative Data Analysis

HANDOUTS: Orange Sheet #5 (Class Assignment #1)

AVAILABLE ONLINE: Orange #5
5
2.4.2016

Text Readings - Review Ch. 1
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
Text Problems – p. 23 EVEN# 20 - 28; 33 - 36
Class Assignment #1 (below; due at class time next Tuesday; refer to syllabus for late submission penalty)
Permutations: n
P r

( n n !
 r )!
Combinations: n
C r

( n n !
 r )!
r !
CA #1 due; Qualitative Data Analysis
: Be able to: 1) determine the number of samples via combinations; 2) calculate permutations, tree diagrams and the multiplication rule for independent events; 3) identify different types of probability sampling; 4) calculate selected probability samples.
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COMPLETE YOUR ASSIGNED PROBLEMS ON THIS SHEET.

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS DUE AT CLASS TIME TUESDAY.
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Problem point values and point credit distributions are included in brackets [ ].

Please be thorough and neat in the presentation of your responses as they must fit within the space provided.
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General Grading: -.5 for first error; -1 to -2 for multiple errors; 0 minimal effort/not attempted/incorrect.
If your surname (last name) begins with the letter:
“A” through “L,” complete part “A)” of problems 5.2 through 5.4.
“M” through “Z,” complete part “B)” of problems 5.2 through 5.4.
Aging Population [3; see general grading; answer must be within +/- .5% of actual estimate]: It is predicted that there will be 88,547,000 elderly individuals (65 and over) in the U.S. in 2050 and that they will represent 20.2% of the entire population. What will be the estimated U.S. population?
A) Height of CEO’s [3; .5/item] : An economist suspects that chief executive officers of American companies tend to be taller than the national average height of 69 inches, so she takes a random sample of 100 CEO’s and records their heights. [WSed3p7]
B) Marriage [3; .5/item]: A psychologist shows a videotaped interview of married couples to a sample of 150 marriage counselors. Each counselor is asked to predict whether the couple will still be married five years later.
The psychologist wants to test whether marriage counselors make the correct prediction more than half the time.
Place Answers for problem 5.2A or 5.2B below :
What/who are the observational units? _________________
Identify the variable of interest (OBJECTIVE variable): __________________
Circle characteristics: Qual. or Quant. Discrete or Continuous or N/A Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
Identify an EXPLANATORY variable that could help us understand the objective variable: ______________
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Ice Cream [3; 1.5 each; -.5 calculation error; -1.5 wrong formula/answer]: Thirty-one ice cream flavors > three scoops (different flavors) & a banana = one banana split. A) If the order of the flavors did not matter, how many different combinations of ice cream flavors could be made into a banana split? B) How many different ways could a banana split be made if order matters?
B) Coca Cola Directors [3; 1.5 each; -.5 calculation error; -1.5 wrong formula/answer]: There are 11 members on the board of directors for the Coca Cola Company. A) If they must elect a chairperson, first vice president, second vice president; and secretary, how many different slates of four candidates are possible? B) If they must form a fourmember ethics committee, how many different committees are possible?
Permutation Calculation Combination Calculation
Stratified Sampling: Include a population table with a title, column headings for frequency of occurrence and relative frequency, the calculation process used to obtain the sample; AND the resulting sample in a table format as noted for the population table.
A) Hotels [3; 1/problem section]: A random sample of 80 hotels is to be taken from a population consisting of 3,500 hotels. The hotels have been separated into four strata: Five Star properties, consisting of 600 units; Four Star
Properties, consisting of 1,800 units; Three Star Properties, consisting of 900 units; and Unacceptable Properties, consisting of 200 units. Using proportional allocation, how many hotels will be selected from each property type?
B) Thanksgiving Past [3; 1/problem section]: This past fall semester the college elected to have the Thanksgiving break start on Wednesday rather than take a full week off. To determine the opinion of students regarding this holiday break time frame, the Student Association proposed to survey 450 students. To do so it was determined that the student body should be stratified into four groups: 1) Campus Residents (n = 3200); 2) Off-Campus Students (n =
2400); 3) Commuters (n = 240); and 4) International Students (n = 125). Using proportional allocation, determine the number of students to be surveyed from each strata.
Place “population” table here Show calculations process here Show “sample” table here
10

Qualitative Data; SPSS

HANDOUTS: Orange Sheet #6; Green #6
AVAILABLE ONLINE: Orange #6; Green #6; Qualitative PowerPoint; Anatomy Sheets (4):
Qualitative Frequency Table; Pie Chart; Bar Chart; Pareto Chart;
6
2.9.2016

Text Readings - Ch. 2 – (skip section 2.1); start at p. 56-57 (qualitative graphs)

Text Problems: p.29 Chapter 1 Review #1 – 24; p. 62 #24 - 26 (for #26, make bar chart instead of pareto chart)

Green #6 problems not used in class

Items below
Quantitative Data
: For Qualitative Data be able to: 1) calculate relative frequency for response values; 2) build a qualitative frequency table; 3) build charts appropriate for qualitative data (pie, bar, pareto).
In 2005 a television advertisement for Allstate Auto Insurance noted that last year (2004) 1.3 million people switched to
Allstate. Anything missing here?
Permutations & Combinations: You have ten paintings to hang, but only space to hang three. How many different ways could these paintings be hung if order matters? If order didn’t matter, how many different groups of three paintings could occur?
Village Life: Identify the variable characteristics below.
Variable:
Qual/Quan:
Measurement Level:
Valid
Missing
Total
Ra ting of qua lity of life in vill age
Ex cellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
Total
Sy stem
Frequency
4
83
183
60
17
347
13
360
Percent Valid P ercent
1.1
1.2
23.1
50.8
16.7
4.7
96.4
3.6
23.9
52.7
17.3
4.9
100.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
1.2
25.1
77.8
95.1
100.0
Earth: Using the table below, write a paragraph containing an introductory statement, two descriptive sentences using table data, and a summary statement. [Remember to use the valid percent column for percentages.]
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