Quiz Answer Key
sco.quiz.questions[1] = new SelectTable();
sco.quiz.questions[1].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[1].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].correct = "6,2,1,4,3,5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].question = "Put the following events in their
order of occurrence with respect to mountain-valley breeze
circulation. Start the sequence in the morning after sunrise.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].instruction = "Use the selection box to choose
the correct number.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][0] = "As the boundary layer becomes
isolated from the flow, fog may form in the valley, especially when the
valley contains a local moisture source.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][0] = "Initial rising motions combined
with high relative humidity sometimes result in low clouds and fog that
\"climb\" the mountain slopes as the circulation becomes established.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][0] = "Local mountain winds begin as
the sun heats south- and east-facing slopes.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][0] = "At night, the circulation
reverses itself as it becomes a drainage current.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][0] = "The valley breeze reaches its
maximum intensity and can contribute to thunderstorm development.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[5][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][0] = "Valley areas continue to cool
and stabilize due to both drainage and radiative heat losses. ";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][5] = "5";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[6][6] = "6";
sco.quiz.questions[2] = new Radio();
sco.quiz.questions[2].points_possible = 1;
sco.quiz.questions[2].correct = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[2].question = "Which statement best describes the
fundamental differences between blocked flow and upslope flow and their
effects on fog and stratus development?";
sco.quiz.questions[2].instruction = "Choose the <b>best</b> answer.";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[1] = "Upslope flow occurs when there is
sufficient flow for the air to make it over the terrain barrier. It is
typically stronger than blocked flow and may not be as stratified.
Reduced ceilings and visibilities are generally found near the crest of
the terrain barrier in upslope cases. In blocked flow, ceiling and
visibility impacts mostly occur lower on the terrain and upstream of
the barrier. ";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[2] = "Blocked flow occurs when the flow
cannot make it over the terrain barrier. The air is less stratified
than in upslope flow cases, and the flow is weaker. Reduced ceilings
and visibilities are generally found near the crest of the terrain in
blocked flow cases, as opposed to upslope cases where the impacts are
near the base and upstream of the terrain barrier.";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[3] = "Upslope flow occurs when there is
sufficient flow for the air to make it over the terrain barrier. The
air is typically more stratified than in blocked flow cases, and the
upslope flow is weaker. Reduced ceilings and visibility are generally
found near the crest of the terrain barrier in upslope cases and close
to the bottom of the terrain barrier in blocked cases.";
sco.quiz.questions[3] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[3].points_possible = 7;
sco.quiz.questions[3].correct = "2,3,4,6";
sco.quiz.questions[3].question = "When forecasting the breakup of a
cold air damming event, which of the following would you look for? ";
sco.quiz.questions[3].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[1] = "Cold air depth increasing";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[2] = "Surface pressures falling in the
cold air";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[3] = "Evidence of warming (or warm
advection) at the surface, including southerly winds";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[4] = "A pressure gradient (or pressure
changes) conducive to westerly flow that would decrease the depth of
the cold air mass";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[5] = "Increased strength of the
overrunning flow";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[6] = "Snow cover decreasing and/or
rainfall decreasing and/or ground surface warming";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[7] = "Precipitation increasing or
ceilings lowering";
sco.quiz.questions[4] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[4].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[4].correct = "1,3,4,5";
sco.quiz.questions[4].question = "Advection of marine fog and stratus
over adjacent land areas is primarily dependent on which of the
following characteristics of the coastal environment? ";
sco.quiz.questions[4].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[1] = "Coastal shape";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[2] = "Coastal soil type";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[3] = "Coastal orientation relative to the
prevailing flow";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[4] = "Topography of the coastal region";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[5] = "Coastal sea surface temperatures";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[6] = "Coastal vegetation";
sco.quiz.questions[5] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[5].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[5].correct = "1,3,6";
sco.quiz.questions[5].question = "Which statements best describe the
effects of coastal shape on potential fog or stratus development? ";
sco.quiz.questions[5].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[1] = "Over a concave coastline, onshore
flow becomes divergent, working against the uplift along the sea breeze
front and decreasing cloud and fog potential.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[2] = "Over a convex coastline, onshore
flow becomes divergent, working against the uplift along the sea breeze
front and decreasing cloud and fog potential. ";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[3] = "Over a convex coastline, onshore
flow becomes convergent, enhancing convergence and uplift along the sea
breeze front and increasing cloud and fog potential. ";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[4] = "Over a concave coastline, onshore
flow becomes convergent, enhancing uplift and cloud and fog
formation.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[5] = "Bays and coves are commonly
associated with an increase in fog and cloud formation.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[6] = "Capes and points are commonly
associated with an increase in fog and cloud formation.";
sco.quiz.questions[6] = new Radio();
sco.quiz.questions[6].points_possible = 1;
sco.quiz.questions[6].correct = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[6].question = "Approximately how far inland does
onshore flow <b>typically</b> push the sea breeze front and any marine
fog or stratus?";
sco.quiz.questions[6].instruction = "Choose the <b>best</b> answer.";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[1] = "Two hundred miles";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[2] = "Twenty-five miles ";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[3] = "Five miles";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[4] = "Two miles";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[5] = "Ten miles";
sco.quiz.questions[7] = new SelectTable();
sco.quiz.questions[7].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[7].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[7].correct = "2,2,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[7].question = "Determine whether the following
statements are True or False:";
sco.quiz.questions[7].instruction = "";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[1][0] = "Land breezes are generally too
weak to dissipate fog. ";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[1][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[1][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[2][0] = "Sea, river, and lake breezes are
most common in the fall and winter. ";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[2][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[2][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[3][0] = "Sea breezes are favored under
weak synoptic flow. ";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[3][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[3][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[4][0] = "Upwelling can enhance fog
formation through cooling.";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[4][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[4][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[8] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[8].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[8].correct = "1,2,3,4";
sco.quiz.questions[8].question = "Which of the following surface
characteristics affect fog development?";
sco.quiz.questions[8].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1] = "Soil moisture";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2] = "Soil composition";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3] = "Vegetation type and coverage";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4] = "Surface state (frozen or snowcovered)";
sco.quiz.questions[9] = new SelectParagraph();
sco.quiz.questions[9].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[9].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[9].correct = "2,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[9].question = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].instruction = "Use the selection boxes to choose
the answers that <b>best</b> complete the paragraph.";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1][0] = "Snow cover can inhibit fog when
the boundary-layer moisture is ";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1][1] = "deep";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1][2] = "shallow";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1][3] = "mixed";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1][4] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2][0] = " and radiative processes are ";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2][1] = "dominant";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2][2] = "negligible";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2][3] = "absent";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2][4] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3][0] = " . This is true because the
saturation vapor pressure is ";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3][1] = "lower";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3][2] = "higher";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3][3] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4][0] = " for ice crystals than for water
droplets and rapid ";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4][1] = "cooling";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4][2] = "warming";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4][3] = "deposition";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4][4] = " can cause frost to grow at the
expense of fog droplets, depleting the boundary layer of the excess
moisture it needs to form fog.";
sco.quiz.questions[10] = new SelectParagraph();
sco.quiz.questions[10].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[10].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[10].correct = "2,2,2,1";
sco.quiz.questions[10].question = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].instruction = "Use the selection boxes to choose
the answers that <b>best</b> complete the paragraph.";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1][0] = "Snow cover may enhance fog
development during ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1][1] = "advective ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1][2] = "radiative ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1][3] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2][0] = " events when moisture extends
through a significant portion of the boundary layer. The deeper
moisture allows ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2][1] = "depletion ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2][2] = "replenishment ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2][3] = "recirculation ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2][4] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3][0] = " of low-level moisture that may
have been ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3][1] = "increased ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3][2] = "depleted ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3][3] = "evaporated ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3][4] = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4][0] = " by frost formation. During
advective events, snow can enhance fog as a ";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4][1] = "warm, moist";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4][2] = "cold, moist";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4][3] = "warm, dry";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4][4] = " air mass passes over the snowcovered or frozen ground. ";
sco.quiz.questions[11] = new Radio();
sco.quiz.questions[11].points_possible = 1;
sco.quiz.questions[11].correct = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[11].question = "Parcel mixing is most important in
what stage of a fog or stratus event?";
sco.quiz.questions[11].instruction = "Choose the <b>best</b> answer.";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[1] = "Final dissipation";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[2] = "Formation";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[3] = "Maintenance";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[4] = "Formation and early maintenance";
sco.quiz.questions[12] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[12].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[12].correct = "2,3";
sco.quiz.questions[12].question = "At night, wet soils contribute to
fog development by which of the following means? ";
sco.quiz.questions[12].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[1] = "Absorbing heat ";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[2] = "Enhancing surface inversion
development";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[3] = "Evaporation";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[4] = "Condensation";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[5] = "Sealing the subsurface layer";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[6] = "Inhibiting surface inversion
development";
sco.quiz.questions[13] = new SelectTable();
sco.quiz.questions[13].points_possible = 7;
sco.quiz.questions[13].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[13].correct = "2,1,1,1,1,1,2";
sco.quiz.questions[13].question = "Determine whether each of the
following statements is true or false with respect to turbulence and
heat transfer.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].instruction = "Use the selection box to choose
True or False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[1][0] = "Turbulent heat transfer occurs
below the level of radiation and conduction.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[1][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[1][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[2][0] = "The role of turbulence in fog
development can be quite complex, and there are differences in how it
influences development in radiation and advection fog cases.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[2][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[2][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[3][0] = "The size and shape of turbulent
eddies, as determined by boundary layer features and stability,
influence fog formation, location, intensity, and duration.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[3][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[3][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[4][0] = "In radiation fog events, it is
the cessation of turbulence and the balance between radiational heat
loss and heat flux from the ground that help to initiate fog
formation.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[4][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[4][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[5] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[5][0] = "In advection fog events,
turbulent mixing is responsible for fog formation and may be assisted
by radiative heat losses.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[5][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[5][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[6] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[6][0] = "Conductive heat transfer occurs
only within a few millimeters of the surface, while radiation occurs up
to a few meters.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[6][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[6][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[7] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[7][0] = "Turbulent heat transfer is
driven by radiative processes strong enough to mix the stable air near
the surface. ";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[7][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[7][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[14] = new Radio();
sco.quiz.questions[14].points_possible = 1;
sco.quiz.questions[14].correct = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[14].question = "Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) in
predominantly maritime environments tend to result in fog that contains
______.";
sco.quiz.questions[14].instruction = "Choose the <b>best</b> answer.";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[1] = "large droplets and causes severe
reduction in visibility";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[2] = "small droplets and causes severe
reduction in visibility";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[3] = "small droplets and has higher
visibilities";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[4] = "large droplets and has higher
visibilities";
sco.quiz.questions[15] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[15].points_possible = 5;
sco.quiz.questions[15].correct = "2,4,5";
sco.quiz.questions[15].question = "Droplet growth is a key element in
all fog types, and the rate of growth is dependent upon the ______. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[1] = "amount of latent heat release
occurring";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[2] = " temperature and degree of
supersaturation of the air parcel";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[3] = "number of ice crystals present";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[4] = "nature of the droplets";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[5] = "droplet curvature";