Marine Science
Lecture 1 & 2
What is Marine Science?
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Two Main Divisions
_____________________________
Living organisms’ taxa
Characteristics of growth
Food web interactions
Sub Groups
Veterinary medicine
Resource management
Aquaculture
Education
Behavior/psychology
______________________
Tides, waves, currents
Ocean floor geology
Water chemistry
Sub Groups
Engineering
Archeology
Military
Meteorology
Energy management
Professional Opportunities
Education
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International Policy of the Sea
_________________________________________
Ocean engineering
World Trade – Global Shipping
Mapping, Exploration, Research
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College Departments (Expanding with new discoveries and technology)
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
Marine Careers
History - Learning from the Past
Oceanography and Marine Biology ___________________
________________________________________________
 Minoans and Phoenicians used the Mediterranean for ______________.
 ______________calculated the Earth’s size, shape and latitude lines.
o Eratosthenes' Calculation of Earth's Circumference
o By comparing the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon at
Alexandria and Syrene, and knowing the distance between the two, he
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Marine Science
Lecture 1 & 2
calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 stadia (about
_____________________)
 Vikings, led by ______________________, colonized Iceland in 700 A.D. and
North America by 100 A.D.
 Arabs and Chinese
o Developed the _______________________
o Used earliest from of navigations
o The Chinese developed ______________________ on Junks before the
Europeans.
 Polynesians used ______________to explore Micronesia in double hulled
canoes.
 Voyages of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1522) began the
“__________________________________________”
Lecture 2: History of Marine Science
 Ponce de Leon found the ___________________________ by accident enroute to Cuba.
 ______________________________________ - In 1760, he solved the
problem of calculating longitude.
 James Cook
o In 1786, James Cook’s 3 voyages discovered ______________
__________________________________________. He and his crew were
killed in Hawaii.
 Ben Franklin named and mapped the __________________________ while
serving as Postmaster general for the colonies
 Matthew Fountaine Maury
o _______________________________________
o He published the first oceanography text as a ____________________
for use during the Civil War.
 The Birth of Oceanography
o 1872, _______________________________ was the first scientific
voyage. It lasted only 3 years, but took 20 years to analyze the data
collected.
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Marine Science
Lecture 1 & 2
 The First School
o In 1900, ________________________________ established the first
Oceanographic School.
 The Titanic Disaster
o ____________- April 15, the White Star Liner Titanic sinks with
horrendous loss of life after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic
Ocean. This leads to a concerted effort to devise an acoustic means of
discovering objects in the water forward of the bow of a moving vessel.
 Meteor Explorations.
o 1925-1927 - The ____________________________ expedition
systematically surveys the South Atlantic with echo-sounding equipment
and other oceanographic instruments, proving beyond a doubt the
continuity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
o made 14 crossings of the _______________________________
 William Beebe
o made a descent of 3028 ft. in the first bathysphere in 1934.
 Cousteau
o During WWII, Cousteau invented _____________________ and many
other devices that opened the ocean to millions.
o _________________________ stands for _________________
_________________ ____________________ ______________
 1950 IGY, International Geophysical Year –
___________________________________________
 _______________________ (bathyscaphe)
o Descended 36,000 ft. into the Mariana Trench in the Pacific – the
deepest depth in the ocean.
 Project FAMOUS
o (_________________________________________________________
__________) and Deep Sea Drilling Project researched plate tectonics
with the ship, Glomar Challenger.
 Satellite
o 1978 _____________________________ satellite launched for
measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave
heights.
 ________________________________
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Marine Science
Lecture 1 & 2
o 1987- Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling drilled on
the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into the ocean
floor sediments.
 GPS
o 1990’s – __________________________________ were opened for
public access.
 International Year of the Ocean 1998
o By declaration of the _____________________________, The purpose
of YOTO is to promote public awareness and understanding of the
oceans, a dominant aspect of the environment.
 ________________________________ passed by Congress on July 25, 2000,
and signed into law by the President on August 7, 2000.
o To establish a commission to make recommendations for a coordinated
and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote:
(1) ___________________ of life and property
(2) ___________________ of ocean and coastal resources
(3) protection of marine environment and prevention of marine
pollution
(4) ______________________ of maritime commerce
(5) expansion of human knowledge of the marine environment
(6) _____________________ in technologies to promote energy and
food security
(7) close cooperation among government agencies
(8) U.S. leadership in ocean and coastal activities.
Ocean Literacy
2005, NOAA publishes Ocean Literacy Standards to address the importance of
Ocean Education.
Ocean literacy is an understanding of the oceans influence on you and your influence
on the ocean.
An _______________________________ understands:
- the essential principles and fundamental concepts,
- can communicate about the oceans in a meaningful way,
- is able to make informed and responsible decisions regarding the oceans and
its resources.
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