NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 1 of 7
Assessment Schedule – 2010
Biology: Describe the functioning of human digestive and skeletomuscular systems (90166)
Evidence Statement
Question
Evidence
ONE
(a)
Ball & socket found:
 shoulder
 hip
NOT pelvis.
OR
Hinge found:
 elbow
 knee
 fingers
NOT arm.
OR
Gliding found:
between fingers (carpals) or toes (tarsals),
Between breastbone & collar bone
(sternum and clavicle), between shoulder
blade and collar bone (scapula and
clavicle).
OR
Pivot found
 neck:
 joint near the elbow between the two
bones in the forearm.
OR
Saddle found:
 joint joining thumb to the hand
OR
Condyloid / ellipsoidal found
 joint at the base of the finger.
Achievement
Names TWO different Joints and
gives location where the two named
joints can be found.
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 2 of 7
(b)
Joints are where two bones meet. Both of
these joints (eg ball & socket, and hinge)
are examples of synovial joints, they allow
movement to occur where the two bones
meet.
OR
Ligaments hold the joint together by
linking the bones and provide strength.
Tendons allow the antagonistic pair of
muscles to attach to the bone so that
movement can be created by muscles
contracting and relaxing.
OR
These joints have a tough capsule
surrounding the two bones which is filled
with synovial fluid, which lubricates the
joint, allowing movement to occur easily.
They also have a layer of cartilage over
the ends of the bones that reduces friction.
AND
Links range of movement to the joint
structure, eg:
These two joints provide a different range
of movement. With a hinge joint
movement is only possible in one
direction because of the way the two
bones join, compared to a ball and socket
joint, where the ball shaped bone fits into
a cup-shaped bone and allows movement
over three planes; this offers a more
extensive range of movement than the
hinge joint, which only allows flexion and
extension.
Describes a aspect of the joint AND its
movement.
Eg, names and describes:
 ligaments link bones
 cartilage reduces friction
 synovial fluid lubricates
 bone provides attachment for muscles
 tendons attach muscles to bone
 muscles work in pairs (Antagonistic pair)
OR
Labelled diagram.
AND
Any ONE type / range of movement, eg:
 Ball & socket: Move in three planes
(360) / all directions
 Hinge: Move on one plane only (180) /
forward and backwards
 Gliding: Bones glide over each other.
 Pivot: moves around / 360o
 Saddle: moves in two directions
 Condyloid / ellipsoidal: allows side to
side and back to forth movement
For Achievement Q1
1A
Explains BOTH the function of TWO
named components and ONE range of
movement.
 Ligaments – join bones.
 Cartilage – attaches to end of bone &
reduces friction, produces synovial
fluid.
 Synovial fluid – nourishes and
lubricates joint, allowing easier
movement.
 Bone – provides support, place for
attachment of muscles, ligaments.
 Tendons – attach muscle to bone
 Muscles – working in pairs to pull (do
not accept push).
AND
Discusses how FOUR components of
the joint interact / work to create
movement and allow a range of
movement.
Eg: The hinge joint is made up of
ligaments which join/ attach the two
bones together and keep the bone in
place. This is surrounded by the
cartilage which secretes synovial fluid.
This fluid lubricates the joint by
forming a layer between the bone ends
therefore reducing friction. The tendons
join / attach bone to the muscle and
work in pairs / Antagonistic pairs
pulling the muscle up.
AND
Any ONE range of movement
explained, eg:
 Ball & socket: Move in 3 planes
allows full range of movement (eg
flexion & extension, abduction &
adduction, and rotation).
 Hinge: Move on one plane only,
similar to a hinge door – flexion and
extension.
 Gliding: Bones glide over each other,
producing side to side or back and
forth movements only.
 Pivot: movement around the axis of
the joint.
For Merit Q1
1M
Any TWO range of movement
compared e.g. with the ball and socket
joint there is 360 o movement or
movement in 3 planes this means the
joint can flex and extend, rotate and
abduction and adduction.
AND
How the structure allows for the
movement e.g. the ball shape of one
bone fits into the socket – like (bowl
shape) shape of the other so that the
joint can move in all three directions.
For Excellence Q1
1E
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 3 of 7
TWO
(a)
(b)




protection
support (shape)
movement
storage of minerals (phosphate and
calcium)
 production of blood
 hearing (sound transmission).
Names TWO function of the skeleton.
Osteoporosis
Cause: lack of calcium in diet,
menopause
Effect: Low bone density makes the
bones brittle and weak, increasing the
risk of fractures.
Describes a cause AND effect for the
chosen malfunction.
Osteoarthritis
Cause: Cartilage wearing between
joints/ loss of synovial fluid often as a
result of previous injury
Effect: Joint becomes stiff and painful,
becomes worse with age.
(c)
The skeleton provides support for the
body to hold it up and stand upright and
move. It provides attachment points for
muscles (antagonistic pairs eg, tricep,
bicep) and protection for vital organs
(eg, brain and lungs) and makes blood.
Protection
Osteoporosis – bones become brittle
and weak and so less able to protect
vital organs.
Arthritis – no significant influence.
Support (shape)
Osteoporosis - no significant influence.
Arthritis – Depending on where
arthritis located.
Movement
Explains normal function of the
skeleton.
OR
Explains how the malfunction effects
the skeletons function
Eg: A person suffering from
osteoarthritis has little cartilage between
the bones, causing friction/ bone rubbing
between the bones which is felt as pain.
Eg: A person suffering from osteoporosis
has weaker bones because they are less
dense due to less calcium being deposited
in the bones.
OR
LINKS the named malfunction to the
skeleton’s inability to function.
AND compares normal skeletal function
to the effect of the named malfunction.
Must link the named malfunction to
protection/ support / or movement.
Eg: A person suffering from osteoarthritis
has little cartilage between the bones,
causing friction between the bones which is
felt as pain and the joint swell up, so the
person has limited movement in the joint.
Arthritis – depending on where arthritis
located, movement becomes slow and
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 4 of 7
Osteoporosis – bones become brittle
and weak, unable to support weight of
body as well, so movement slow and
painful.
Arthritis – depending on where arthritis
located, movement becomes slow and
painful due to inflammation and
swelling in the joints, eg arthritis in
fingers does not affect movement.
Eg: Bones contain the protein collagen
and minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus, which make the collagen
hard and dense. To maintain bone density
and make bones hard, the body needs
adequate calcium and other minerals and
certain levels of hormones, including
oestrogen in women and testosterone in
men. Bones grow more and more dense
until around the age of 30. After about
40, bone breaks down slightly faster than
it is replaced and bones slowly become
less dense.
Storage
Osteoporosis – lack of calcium due to
inadequate diet, thus inadequate storage
of calcium and phosphate.
Arthritis – no significant influence.
painful due to inflammation and swelling in
the joints, eg arthritis in fingers does not
affect movement.
Eg: A person suffering from osteoporosis
has weaker bones because they are less
dense due to less calcium being deposited
in the bones. The bones are more prone to
breakage or are unable to support the
persons weight as effectively and therefore
they often slouch.
OR
Production of Blood
Osteoporosis – no significant influence.
Arthritis – no significant influence.
Eg: Osteoblasts are cells which originate
in the bone marrow and contribute to the
production of new bone. These cells
build up the matrix of the bone structure
that makes bones strong. Bone is
constantly being built up and broken
down by the body. The counterpart to the
osteoblast is the osteoclast, a cell which
is responsible for breaking down bone.
As people get older, their production of
osteoblasts decreases resulting in brittle
bones which are at risk of fracture, and
The bone health is influenced by the
amount of available calcium in the diet,
as osteoblasts need calcium to build
bone.
Hearing
Osteoporosis, arthritis and fractures –
no significant influence.
Loss of leverage caused by injury of
malfunction (Must be linked to
NAMED malfunction) can mean
antagonistic muscle pairs that work
together by attaching to the skeleton
may no longer be able to move parts of
the skeleton to create movement. This
may lower the effectiveness of the
skeleto-muscular system, making
movement painful and difficult.
For Achievement Q2
2A
For Merit Q2
1A + 1M
For Excellence Q2
1A + 1E
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 5 of 7
THREE
The small and large intestines form the
latter part of the alimentary canal.
Peristalsis moves chyme through both
sections of the tract via waves created
by involuntary muscular contractions.
In the small intestines surface area is
increased by projections of the lining
called microvilli. Following digestions
by a range of enzymes (eg Lipase,
Amylase, Protease), smaller soluble
nutrients are absorbed by the villi into
the blood system and taken to parts of
the body to be utilised.
In contrast, no digestion occurs in the
large intestine. By the time the chyme
reaches the large intestine digestion is
complete. There are no villi or
digestive enzymes present, however
there are thousands of bacteria which
convert undigested material to faeces.
Both the large and small intestines
absorb water; however this is
primarily done in the large intestines
after nutrients have been absorbed into
the blood system from the chyme in the
small intestines. In the large intestines
water is reabsorbed into the blood
stream to preserve and to facilitate the
forming of faeces, which are then
stored in the rectum awaiting egestion.
Describes at least FOUR ideas in total
from the aspects of the intestine’s
structure and / or digestive process.
Eg, structure:
Small intestine
 Has villi.
 Longer and thinner – 6 m long, 2.5 cm
wide.
 Rich blood supply.
Large intestine
 Shorter and wider – 1.5 m long, 5 cm
wide.
 Appendix attached.
 No villi.
 Crypts
 Caecum
 Colon
 Rectum
 Auns
OR digestive process:
Small intestines
 Takes 5 – 6 hours.
 Completes digestion.
 Enzymes secreted – amylase, lipase,
protease.
 Secretions of pancreatic juice from
pancreas.
 Secretion of bile from gall bladder.
 Absorbs digested molecules
Large intestine
 12–24 hours.
 Bacteria present.
 Undigested material becomes firmer.
 Rectum stores faeces.
 Absorbs water
Explains aspects of at least TWO the
intestine’s structure - at least one
aspect form small intestines and one
aspect from the large intestines AND
at least ONE digestive process.
Eg:
 The small intestine has villi. These
increase the surface area for
absorption.
 The large intestine contains bacteria.
These bacteria in the colon convert
undigested material to faeces.
 Enzymes in the small intestine, such as
amylase, lipase and protease, digest
food from large insoluble molecules to
smaller soluble molecules.
 In the large intestine, undigested
material becomes firmer because water
has been absorbed, largely consisting
of cellulose and fibre, forming faeces.
 In the large intestines there are crypts
which are inward folds that provide
housing for the bacteria and produce
the mucus.
 The large intestine is the tube where
faeces or stool is found. It contains the
undigested food and some fluids. The
large intestine has four main regions.
They are the caecum, colon, rectum
and anus.
 Caecum – a pouch, conn.ecting the
ileum colon.
 Colon –has inward folds, it extracts
water and salt from solid wastes,
bacteria convert undigested material
into faeces.
 Rectum - temporary storage site for
faeces.
 Anus – opening where faeces egested.
Compares and contrasts at least TWO of
the roles/ processes and structures of the
small intestine AND large intestine
during digestion.
 e.g. the small intestines is split into the
duodenum and ileum. The duodenum is
first and secretes enzymes such as
amylase, lipase and protease, which
digests food from large insoluble
molecules to smaller soluble molecules
that can be absorbed in the ileum, while
no enzymes are secreted in the large
intestines. In the second part of the small
intestines/ ileum the small digested
molecules are absorbed into the blood. To
aid this the ileum has finger like
projections called villi and microvilli,
which increase the surface area for
absorption. The large intestines are where
water is absorbed and bacteria, housed in
the crypts/ inward folds, in the colon
convert the undigested material into
faeces. This faeces is them temporary
stored in the anus before being egested
out the anus.
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 6 of 7
FOUR
(a)
Enzymes are produced by glands
Examples:
Salivary gland – Amylase
Stomach – Protease
Pancreas – Amylase, Protease, Lipase
Small intestines – Amylase, Protease,
Lipase.
Describes any TWO examples of
enzyme production / action.
(b)
Enzymes speed up (catalyse) chemical
reactions in the digestive system. They
are specific and only react with one
type of food. Our diet consists of
different food types thus we require a
range of different enzymes capable of
catalysing different digestive reactions.
Describes aspects of enzymes and their
function, eg:
Enzymes carry out chemical reactions in
the digestive system
OR
Enzymes break up large complex
molecules into smaller molecules
Amylase is produced by the salivary
gland and breaks down complex
carbohydrates to simple glucose
molecules in the mouth.
AND ONE OF:
OR
Enzymes are specific.
OR
Each enzyme can only catalyse one type
of reaction
OR
Amylase
Carbohydrate  Glucose
OR
Protease
Protein  Amino Acids
Explains at least TWO aspects of
enzymes and their function, eg:
Enzymes are produced by glands located
at different parts of the gut and are
secreted into the digestive system to
break down molecules / speed up
digestion reactions
OR
Digestive enzymes break down large
insoluble molecules into smaller soluble
ones, so they can then be absorbed into
the blood.
OR
Explains why enzymes are specific e.g.
substrate fits into enzyme / active site
Discusses aspects of enzymes and their
function related to a specific example in
the digestive system and the named
product. Must include why enzymes are
specific – discusses how shape of enzyme
only allows specific foods/ substrates to
fit into them.
Enzymes are produced by glands located at
different parts of the gut and are secreted
into the digestive system to break down
molecules / speed up digestion reactions,
these enzymes are specific as they only
speed up one type of chemical reaction due
to the shape of the enzymes / active sites
Eg: The enzyme in saliva – amylase is
specific for starch / carbohydrate digestion
and will break only these up into simple
sugars.
OR
Explains how a named enzyme will only
digest a certain chemical e.g. enzyme in
saliva – amylase is specific for starch/
carbohydrate digestion and will break
only these up into simple sugars
OR
Lipase
Fats  Fatty acids + glycerol
For Achievement Q4
1A
For Merit Q4
1M
For Excellence Q4
1E
NCEA Level 1 Biology (90166) 2010 — page 7 of 7
Judgement Statement
Achievement
Achievement
with Merit
Achievement
with Excellence
Total of THREE opportunities answered to
Achievement level or higher:
Total of at least THREE opportunities answered
correctly:
Total of at least THREE opportunities answered
correctly:
At least one from Question One or Two
AND
At least one from Question Three or Four
At least one Merit level or higher from Question One or
Two
AND
At least one Merit level or higher from Question Three
or Four.
At least one Excellence from Question One or Two
AND
At least one Excellence from Question Three or Four.
3A
2M+1A
2E+1M