MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
HEALTHY AND SAFE WORKPLACE
Strategic Human Resources Business Branch
Corporate Management Division
UPDATED BLACK BEAR
ENCOUNTER
SAFETY POLICY
Subject: Black Bear Encounter Safety Policy
Policy #:
Compiled by: Strategic Human Resources
Business Branch
Section:
Replaces Policy Title:
Black Bear Encounter Policy
Policy #:
Associated Policy:
New
[ ]
Revised
[ X ]
Date of Issue:
March 26, 2012
Oct 1, 2009
Sept 6, 2006
Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Purpose
Policy Statement
Application & Scope
Definitions
Mandatory Requirements
Responsibilities
Appendix One: Guideline for Black Bear Awareness and Encounter Techniques
Appendix Two: Bear Spray – Safe Work Procedures
Appendix Three: Sample of “Bear Spray Inventory Form”
Appendix Four: Transportation of Bear Spray – Aviation Services Policy
Appendix Five : References – Efficacy of Bear Deterrent Spray – Alaska Study;
Fatal Attacks by American Black Bear on People; Field Use of Capsicum Spray as
a Bear Deterrent; Attraction of Brown Bears to Red Pepper Spray Deterrent –
Caveats for Use
INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Natural Resources undertakes a variety of operations that involve
employees working in black bear habitat. Encounters with black bears during these
operations are quite possible and this policy is intended to provide direction for
managers and employees.
PURPOSE
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To ensure that individuals to whom this policy applies are aware of the ways to
prevent and respond to a black bear encounter.
The policy is primarily intended for surprise black bear encounters arising out of
chance situations, but also provides general information that is useful for intentional
encounters arising out of black bear management.
For clarity, this policy does not govern problem black bear management activities
(i.e. dispatching, immobilizing, trapping, trapping/releasing of bears etc.), and does
not replace any existing ministry direction related to such activities.
To provide a means for employees to request that they be issued bear spray, and
address the hazards introduced into Ministry workplaces by the use of such bear
spray.
To address Ministry requirements arising out of the Occupational Health and Safety
Act, and to address Criminal Code of Canada implications regarding the use of
prohibited weapons (i.e. bear spray).
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BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
POLICY STATEMENT
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As a reasonable precaution in the circumstances, all employees with work duties that
take them out-of-doors from their headquarters to field locations that are also black
bear habitat shall be provided training in black bear awareness and encounter
techniques, prior to engaging in such work duties.
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The carrying of bear spray shall be mandatory when conducting field work in
locations that are also black bear habitat if a hazard identification and risk
assessment is unable to mitigate the concerns related to black bear encounters in
certain circumstances or situations.
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Bear spray must be handled in accordance with Appendix Two – Bear Spray Safe
Work Procedures
DEFINITIONS:
Bear Spray - non-lethal close range bear deterrent
Oleoresin capsicum – oily residues from ground red peppers containing the substance
capsaicin that irritates mucous membranes
UDAP container – example of a safe containment device for storage and transportation
of Bear spray in motorized vehicles and in confined spaces
APPLICATION & SCOPE
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This policy applies to all Ministry employees, classified or unclassified, who may be
required as part of their work duties to work out-of-doors from their headquarters in
field locations that are also known to be black bear habitat.
Where the Ministry has directly contracted to pay another party to deliver services on
its behalf, this policy also applies. Contractors must have knowledge of black bear
awareness and encounter techniques, although their use of Appendix One is
optional if their instruction is equal to or better than Appendix One.
This policy also applies to employees who have responsibility for the storage and/or
transportation of Ministry issued bear spray, but may not have work duties that take
them to field locations.
While Appendix One only applies to black bears, bear spray may also be used for
any encounters with non-black bears (e.g. brown or polar bears).
Appendix Two Bear Spray Safe Work Procedures must still be followed, where bear
spray is to be used for such purposes.
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
While engaged in field activities, employees shall at no time wear personal head phones
or listening devices, except those required for health and safety purposes.
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All employees wearing hearing protection must be aware of the need to scan horizons
and work location for potential dangers.
Training and Instruction:
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Employees must have received training or instruction in black bear awareness, and
encounter techniques prior to any field work being undertaken. Such training will be
repeated every three years.
Training in black bear awareness and encounter techniques must meet the
requirements of the 'Black Bear Encounter Safety Policy Training Standard'.
Records of training and instruction in black bear awareness and encounter
techniques, safe work procedures for bear spray shall be kept on file at the local
workplace, and must be made available to the local Joint Health and Safety
Committee, upon request.
Training in bear spray procedures must meet the requirements of the 'Black Bear
Encounter Safety Policy Training Standard”
Bear Spray:
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An employee may only be assigned the duty to issue, store or transport bear spray,
after the employee has received instruction on bear spray safe work procedures, as
provided in Appendix Two.
A Supervisor may only issue bear spray to an employee after the following three
conditions have been met:
1. The employee has received black bear awareness and encounter training
and instruction, and,
2. The employee has received training or instruction on bear spray safe work
procedures (unless the employee is a Conservation Officer, who has already
received similar training or instruction), and,
3. Where the employee has a medical condition (e.g. allergy, or respiratory
concern such as asthma) the employee must first obtain clearance/approval
from a physician that indicates the employee may carry and use the bear
spray.
All bear spray canisters are to be a maximum of 230 grams in size, and must display
a Pesticide Control Products Act registration number.
Where an employee has been issued bear spray, the employee must:
1. Store the bear spray in a locked cabinet or other secure location when not
needed for field work activities.
2. Transport the bear spray in a vehicle in an approved transportation container
(UDAP container – the same that is used for aircraft – Appendix Four) and in
such a way that if it accidentally discharges while in transit, personnel are not
affected.
3. Transport the bear spray in MNR aircraft according to: “Transportation of
Dangerous Goods by Air – Defensive Spray Bear Spray and Bear Bangers”
dated June 2, 2009. Appendix four.
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4. When required, bear spray shall be carried in an approved holster and when
worn must be visible and position so it is easily accessible.
5. Ensure it is not shared or available for use by any other person who has not
received training or instruction in bear spray safe work procedures.
6. Return any discharged or partially discharged bear spray canister for
replacement.
Using the form in Appendix Three, a record of a unique identifier number and the
employee to whom the bear spray was issued must be kept on file at the local
workplace, and must be made available to the local Joint Health and Safety
Committee, upon request.
All issued bear spray remains Ministry property, and must be returned by the
employee:
1. At the end of the field season during which they might encounter a black
bear, or
2. When their employment with the Ministry of Natural Resources ends, or
3. Following accidental or intentional discharge, for replacement, or
4. Under any other circumstances, upon the request of the Ministry.
All instances of accidental or intentional discharge of bear spray (except those for
training purposes) are to be documented and reported to:
1. The supervisor, and,
2. The local Joint Health and Safety Committee, and,
3. The Health and Safety Consultant for MNR, Centre for Employee Health,
Safety & Wellness
All lost canisters of bear spray are to be reported to the supervisor, and the
designated bear spray issuer.
Other Deterrents:
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While engaged in field activities, all employees must carry on their person, either a
pea-less whistle (e.g., FoxPro40), or an air-horn, or both. These devices to be used
as an alternative means of deterring an encounter with bears by acting as a startle
device. These devices can also be used to signal to a co-worker in the event of such
an encounter.
If an air-horn is to be transported by air, three conditions must be met as follows:
1. The air-horn must contain Tetrafluoroethane, so that it is not listed as a
dangerous good for transport by air, and
2. The air-horn must be disassembled, and a cover placed on the canister
valve, and
3. The pilot must be advised of the presence of the air-horn.
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Contractors:
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Where the Ministry has contracted for the services of another employer, confirmation
must be obtained from the contractor that the contractor is aware of this Policy and
has satisfactorily addressed the above Mandatory Requirements.
RESPONSIBILITIES
Manager:
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Reviews work activities to determine the application of the policy.
Ensures that the work is organized in accordance with this policy, and that the
mandatory requirements have been addressed and implemented in local operating
procedures.
Ensures that all applicable safe operating procedures are followed
Ensures that all required protective equipment is issued and is maintained in good
condition
Ensures that employees are trained in the use of personal protective equipment and
use it in the appropriate manner
Provides the local Joint Health and Safety Committee, or Health and Safety
Representative, with a copy of this policy.
Supervisor:
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Ensures that employees are provided training and instruction in black bear
awareness and encounter techniques, and where bear spray is issued, that
employees are provided training/instruction in bear spray safe work procedures
Ensures that all required protective equipment is issued and is maintained in good
condition
Ensures that employees are trained in the use of personal protective equipment and
employees use it in the appropriate manner
Ensures that all applicable safe operating procedures are followed
Confirms that the employees comply with bear spray safe work procedures and all
applicable safe operating procedures
Ensures that records of all training and instruction and records of bear spray
numerical identifier are maintained
Ensures that bear spray is accounted for in the workplace by reconciling all bear
spray and unique identifiers at end of season, end of contract, return by employee, or
other shorter period of time as appropriate
Reviews all reports of bear spray use by employees, conducts an investigation
where required, and reports such cases to the Health and Safety Consultant for
MNR, Centre for Employee Health, Safety & Wellness, and their local Joint Health
and Safety Committee
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Worker:
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Works in compliance with this policy, and the training and instruction provided by the
Supervisor, and uses issued bear spray only in accordance with Ministry instructions
Works in compliance with all applicable safe operating procedures
Uses and maintains all provided personal protective equipment and reports damaged
or malfunctioning personal protective equipment
Does not carry bear spray that appears defective or unsafe, and promptly reports
such cases to their Supervisor.
Reports any black bear encounter where the employee felt threatened or
endangered, and reports any use of bear spray, whether accidental or intentional
(other than during training), to the Supervisor
Joint Health and Safety Committee or Health and Safety Representative:
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Monitors the application of the policy as part of conducting regular committee duties
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APPENDIX ONE: GUIDELINE FOR BLACK BEAR AWARENESS & ENCOUNTER
TECHNIQUES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Attacks by black bear are very rare, but employees working in bear country must be
aware of and trained in ways to prevent or avoid close encounters. Employees who are
aware and prepared increase the likelihood of responding safety and effectively if a
black bear is encountered.
Employees should take extra precautions when working in bear country. Carrying and
receiving appropriate training in the use of bear spray, first aid/survival gear,
communication devices (portable radio, cell/satellite phone, “Spot” transmitters), working
in pairs and leaving a daily work plan at the workplace will improve personal safety.
Some field operations carried out by MNR have specific safe operating procedures that
have been created and must be followed (e.g. Conducting Field Operations within the
direct area (1km) of a Wildlife Monitoring or Assessment Plot or Station that has been or
is in the process of being baited).
Employees are encouraged to make use of the Provincial Communications Unit (PCU);
telephone 1-800-656-8626, for logging in and out each day with details of their work
plan. The use of “Spot” locators is also encouraged for those working in remote areas.
Employees should consider having the PCU designated as one of the email addresses
that the “Spot” sends a signal to because of their ability to monitor and dispatch around
the clock.
2.0 Understanding Bears:
2.1 General:
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Behaviour – Bears are generally shy and will take steps to avoid humans. Females
with cubs generally want nothing more than to be left alone; however, they will likely
defend their young if they feel they or their cubs are threatened. You will be warned if
you are too close and bluff charged if you fail to heed the warning. Though being
bluff charged can be unnerving, physical contact is extremely rare because adult
female bears do not want to risk injury, or jeopardize the survival of their cubs.
Nevertheless, do not put yourself at risk by approaching a female accompanied by
cubs. Large, dominant males should be given lots of personal space. They are
historically most likely to be involved in attacks that result in serious human injury or
death.
Growth and Survival - From October/November to late June or early July, from just
prior to entering the den in the fall until quality food is available in late spring or early
summer, most black bears lose weight. Prior to hibernation, the bear only has
roughly 4 months time to put on enough fat and energy stores to survive the winter.
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Most bears double their body weight in this period. If insufficient food is available,
then reproduction will be affected, and growth and survival may also be affected.
Food sources – Hard mast crops (the fruit of forest trees such as hazel, oak and
beech) and soft mast food crops (berries) are the primary sources of food bears rely
on to survive. However, as an omnivorous animal bears are opportunists and will
take advantage of any high-energy food source available to them. Bears will travel
more than 100 km to a known food source, such as a berry patch or a stand of beech
trees. Bears are highly intelligent and will learn where food sources can be found
and seek them out. Many bear foods are highly variable in production from one year
to the next. In poor food years, bears will travel more and may be more likely to be
involved in human-bear conflict.
Reproduction – Bears mate in late June to early July, but have delayed implantation.
Females that gain sufficient weight in summer and fall will successfully give birth
over winter; females that do not gain sufficient weight will not reproduce successfully.
2.2 Bear Attraction:
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The majority of bear problems occur as a result of improperly stored garbage. Bears
quickly learn to associate human residences and campsites with a readily available
food source.
Bears are also attracted to pet food that is left outdoors, bird feeders, barbecues,
composters, fruit trees, beehives, sweet corn, and grain fields.
Landfills provide a concentration of readily available food that often attracts bears.
Bears lose their natural fear of humans through repeated exposure to people in
areas where food is intentionally or unintentionally provided. Such bears are
“human-habituated” and/or “food conditioned”. In such cases, conflict with humans is
inevitable; bears may even become destructive or dangerous.
Never intentionally feed any wildlife especially bears, even if you are in a vehicle
or other piece of equipment where the bear is unlikely to be able to do you harm.
Bears quickly learn to associate humans with food. Habituated, food-conditioned
bears have learned to tolerate humans at closer distances but may still react either
defensively or aggressively if their comfort zone is invaded.
3.0 Preventative Measures and Procedures
3.1 Working in the field
Whenever possible work in groups of 2 or more. Avoid being alone if you can help it.
Published scientific research shows that black bears are less likely to attack larger
groups.
Where an activity has a safe operating procedure such as Conducting Field Operations
within the direct area (1km) of a wildlife monitoring or assessment plot or station that has
been or is in the process of being baited, that procedure will apply in addition to the
following:
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Activities that require frequent stooping/bending over such as tree planting,
geological surveys and where hearing protection is required, distract the individual
from their surroundings and may leave them more vulnerable to an encounter. Such
activity also increases the likelihood of a surprise encounter. Employees should
frequently stand up and scan the area for bears.
Travelling in the bush on windy days or under noisy conditions (rushing rivers, lake
shores) lessens the likelihood of you being able to detect a bear's approach and
increases the chances of a surprise encounter. Similarly, working in very thick bush
also decreases your detection and reaction ability. Where possible, avoid working
under these conditions when alone.
Seasonal food sources such as spring fish spawning runs, various ripening berry
species, beech and oak stands and landfills all can potentially concentrate bears.
Also, the smell of rotting carrion and presence of scavengers (ravens, turkey vultures
or bald eagles) indicates the presence of a carcass, which may be being utilized by a
bear. Where possible, employees should be aware of local and seasonal food
sources and use extra caution when working in those areas.
Studies have shown that most black bear predatory attacks happen between May
and September with the majority of them falling in the month of August. Though
these months likely simply coincide with the period of major bear activity as well as
increased human presence in bear habitat, extra caution should be taken during
these months. Most attacks involve a single large dominant male.
Learn to recognize bear sign and avoid or leave areas that have abundant, fresh
signs, such as:
o scat (droppings)
o tracks
o evidence of recent digging (for dens or insects)
o evidence of feeding include the following: trampled berry patches, torn
stumps/logs and overturned rocks, carcasses, excavated wasp or bumble
bee nests, broken branches of aspen trees in spring, or mountain ash, beech
or oak trees in fall
o marking trees/posts (claw marks)
o old sign will be dry whereas fresh sign will be moist
In spring, females with cubs of the year are less mobile and therefore less likely to
flee than females with yearlings or single bears.
Typically, females with cubs of the year will send them up a large tree, known as a
sanctuary or refuge tree when she detects danger. Most often, these trees are largediameter conifers such as white pine or hemlock, but any rough barked tree could be
used. The adult female will often sit at the base of the tree but may climb the tree as
well. The sound of a cub climbing a tree (i.e. claws on bark) is unmistakable;
assuming your path is clear, leave the area the same way you entered if this sound
is heard.
Though females accompanied by cubs are infrequently involved in dangerous
encounters with humans they are still potentially dangerous, therefore female bears
with cubs should be avoided.
Making noise when moving through the forest (talking, singing, etc.) may reduce the
likelihood of startling a bear. Making noise at the truck site (i.e. blowing the truck
horn) prior to entering the work site may also reduce the likelihood of encountering a
bear. Although bells may be hung on your person or pack to emit an unusual sound
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as you move through the bush, the constant noise also reduces your ability to hear
wildlife nearby. In addition, what little research is available suggests that the sound
of “bear bells” does not carry far, bears may become habituated to the noise, and the
human voice carries further and is a distinct noise that has a higher likelihood of
startling a bear
Always properly store food and garbage. Avoid carrying food on you. If you must
carry food on your person in the field it should be stored in airtight containers (e.g.
double wrapped in zip-loc bags) to reduce odours that might attract bears.
Avoid any animal carcasses you see. If you inadvertently get very close to one move
away from the area slowly, preferably in a direction that is more open, keeping watch
for bears. Ravens, turkey vultures or bald eagles congregating in a specific location
usually indicate the presence of a large carcass.
If your job requires you to crouch down, look around for bears before crouching down
and again before getting up. Suddenly standing up might startle a bear that was
nearby or one that was approaching when you were down. If you will be spending a
lot of time in a crouching or sitting position you should be working in pairs with one
member standing at all times. This will reduce the likelihood of bears assuming you
are smaller than you are, or not recognizing you as a human, and approaching you
as potential prey.
Bear hunters typically hunt bear over baits. Baiting at a specific location can begin
as early as July 1st and is generally concluded by October 1st. Bait usually consists
of sweet material that will not rot placed into large plastic containers. It is likely that
several bears may be attracted to these sites even when baiting has stopped
Dogs: Generally, dogs are not advised as an effective deterrent against bears and
untrained dogs may, in fact, instigate a chase response from a bear which most often
leads the bear straight towards the human owner. While some breeds may have
been specifically bred or trained to be aggressive toward bears and may offer
effective protection from a bear attack, all dogs should remain leashed in wilderness
areas to prevent the harassment of wildlife.
3.2 Overnight stays in the field (tents, trailers, and cabins):
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Avoid areas often used by others; the more people that use the site the greater the
likelihood of local bears having obtained food from them in the past.
Base sites or camps in bear country often attract bears. Taking preventative
measures by managing attractants, primarily food and garbage, before a bear arrives
is vital to avoiding conflicts with bears.
Plan your camp to reduce the likelihood of setting up near areas of abundant natural
food sources. For example, don’t set up near a sucker spawning area in the spring or
near a large stand of mountain ash, beech or oak in the fall.
Select a site that is open and gives people a view prior to stepping outdoors so as
not to inadvertently startle a bear.
Keep your campsite clean. Burning food scraps or fat drippings thoroughly in a hot,
blazing fire is preferable to burying them at the campsite.
Do not cook, eat, or store food or toiletries in your tent. Keep them in the trunk of a
vehicle, or hang them at least 4 m off the ground, between two trees, and well away
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from the campsite. Commercially available bear-resistant food canisters have
proven to be effective in denying bears access to stored food.
If bears at the site are proving to be aggressive enough to enter tents or trailers,
thought should be given to finding an alternate location or installing electric fencing
around the area. Portable solar powered units are commercially available at a
reasonable cost.
4.0 ENCOUNTERS:
4.1 Being Approached by a Bear – The Reasons Why
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Defensive – you are simply too close – the bear will display signs of stress.
Curious – the bear may not have identified you as human. The bear may stand to
get a better look at you. Ears will be up or forward and the nose raised (trying to
smell you). This is not an aggressive posture; the bear is merely trying to gather
more information and determine whether you are a threat.
Testing dominance – the bear may occasionally glance at you with ears up showing
no signs of stress.
Human-habituated and/or food conditioned – the bear has not received a bad
experience on first contact with humans. It may have learned that people may
provide a source of high-energy food in that they may feed a bear, leave garbage, or
improperly store food that the bear can then access. The bear may be very bold,
and show few signs of stress.
Predatory – the bear will be intent on you (eyes fixed, staring, following you even
after you have identified yourself as human). The bear will generally approach
quietly and intently and is unlikely to make huffing or 'popping' sounds, swat or beat
the ground with forepaws. Instead, it may press closer and closer to its intended
prey, assessing whether it is safe to attack. Such attacks are extremely rare but if
you are in such a situation it must be taken seriously as there is the real risk of
serious human injury or death.
4.2 The Common Encounter:
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A bear may avoid you without your knowledge – the most common encounter of
all is when the bear has sensed human activity and is gone without you knowing
of its presence.
If sighted from a distance, a bear may leave the area – the next most common
encounter. The bear runs in the opposite direction when it first sees you. The
bear wants to avoid humans.
General statement on avoidance – if the bear seems unconcerned with your
presence it usually means you are outside its personal space. The bear may be
feeding. Do not approach.
A common encounter could escalate into a close encounter
Common Encounter Response:
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4.3
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If a bear at a distance has seen you and does not run away - remain calm and let
the bear identify you as human; raise your arms and talk to the bear in a calm
voice (you are reassuring the bear that you pose no threat).
If it is safe to do so, continue facing the bear and slowly and carefully back away,
slowly increase your distance and leave the area, most likely along the way you
came. Ensure your movements do not block the bear’s escape route. The bear
may not be willing to run across a road or past stationary equipment or dive into
a lake to avoid you.
DON’T RUN. DON’T PLAY DEAD. DON’T CLIMB A TREE.
The Close Encounter:
Why would a bear not avoid you? The bear could be curious, asserting dominance,
or in extremely rare cases, predatory.
Most encounters that lead to contact happen because the bear has been surprised
or startled at close range. Making noise while you are walking or working may alert
the bear to your presence.
Similar to humans, every bear has a personal space or comfort zone and each
individual bear’s zone is different in size. A female with cubs can be expected to be
less tolerant of your presence than one without cubs. A bear that has been human
habituated and/or food conditioned will have a smaller zone than one that has never
seen humans before.
A close encounter with any bear may be accompanied by a vocalizing in the form of
huffing, moaning or jaw popping and may also result in a bluff-charge.
A female bear with cubs wants nothing more than for you to leave. Her life is
occupied with raising her young. She does not want a confrontation that could lead
to an injury, thus jeopardizing the survival of her offspring. Nevertheless, give her
and her cubs lots of personal space. Exercise caution.
When you are too close, the bear will let you know you are in its personal space.
This is normal behaviour. Follow the tips below in "Your Response" and increase the
distance between you and the bear immediately, in order to reduce the bear's
anxiety.
The following are signs that a bear is stressed, in order of increasing intensity:
 Any change in body posture, such as head down, eyes narrowed, ears back,
yawning
 Avoiding eye contact
 Snorting or huffing noises
 Jaws “popping” (snapping the jaws together to make a loud noise)
 Swatting at vegetation, foot stomping the ground, short lunges in your
direction
 A bluff charge (chance of contact)
Close Encounter Response:
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If a bear displays signs of stress and begins to act defensively – DON’T RUN!
Running may solicit an attack and no matter how fast you think you are, you
cannot outrun a bear.
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You need to immediately create distance, (in order to reduce the bear's anxiety)
by backing up slowly. Use a startle device (air horn or FoxPro whistle) to discourage
the bear from approaching.
If the bear does approach you, continue to back up slowly while being aware of
obstructions in your path. It is time to prepare to use your bear spray. While
facing the bear, simultaneously draw and aim the bear spray with one hand while
raising one arm to appear large. Speak in a firm voice and cover your target.
Try to move upwind of the bear if possible.
If the bear is in range (8 metres or less) use bear spray in short, controlled 2-second
blasts directed towards the bear’s face while performing quick glances at the
surroundings and creating distance, seeking cover behind obstacles and/or moving
to higher ground.
Note that a 230g can on bear spray holds approximately 4-6 2-second doses of
spray.
DON’T RUN. DON’T PLAY DEAD. DON’T CLIMB A TREE.
4.4 Predatory Encounter


Instead of making stressful noises and acting defensively, predatory behaviour
usually involves a silent approach. The bear will be intently focused on you, ears up,
stalking, pressing closer looking for an opportunity to attack. There may be no
warning. Based on historical attacks, often the presence of the bear was not known
to the victim until it was <50m away. Be extra cautious if a bear has suddenly
appeared.
Predatory encounters are extremely rare and almost always involve dominant males.
Predatory Encounter Response







DON’T RUN, DON’T PLAY DEAD, DON’T CLIMB a TREE, no matter how fast you
think you are, you cannot outrun or out climb a bear. You must act as though you
are dominant to the bear.
Shout aggressively with loud verbal warning/calls for help to co-workers while
simultaneously drawing and aiming bear spray, performing quick glances at the
surroundings and moving away in a controlled fashion in the direction of cover or
safety.
If the bear closes to within 8 metres or less, use bear spray in short, controlled 2-3
second blasts directed towards the bear’s face while continuing to create distance,
moving behind obstacles and/or to higher ground.
Direct contact with you by a predatory bear is highly likely, so prepare yourself.
Be Aggressive! You are in real danger! Arm yourself with whatever is available
(stick, shovel, rocks etc). You want the bear to think it is risking injury if it persists.
Be Aggressive! Arm yourself with whatever is available (stick, shovel, rocks etc).
You want the bear to think it is risking injury if it persists.
If a black bear makes contact with you for whatever reason, your response is the
same. DO NOT PLAY DEAD; fighting back against a black bear is your best
chance to persuade a bear to stop its attack. Fight back with everything you have
available. Strike at the face and eyes. Use a rock or stick, or anything else on hand.
March 26, 2012
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Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY



There are many examples of people saving themselves from serious injury or from
being killed by fighting back aggressively against a predatory black bear.
In extremely rare cases, a female black bear with cubs may not be intimidated by a
smaller-bodied human such as a child or small adult and fighting back may not be
effective. In that case, if fighting back has not proven effective, lying still (‘playing
dead’) is recommended.
Most black bear attacks are predatory in nature. If you are attacked by a black bear
FIGHT BACK. Studies have shown that male black bears are most likely to attack.
It is very rare for a female black bear with cubs to attack although they should be
avoided as mentioned earlier.
March 26, 2012
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Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
APPENDIX TWO: BEAR SPRAY - SAFE WORK PROCEDURES
Introduction

Bear spray is a sound non-lethal spray that has proven itself effective against bears
in enough instances as to warrant its use by staff working in bear country.

Between 1984-1994, Dr. Stephen Herrero and Andrew Higgins, Environmental
Science Program, Faculty of Environment Design, University of Calgary analyzed 66
cases of field use of Bear spray and concluded that in most cases, Bear spray had
the effect of stopping the behaviour that the bear was displaying immediately prior to
being sprayed. (Herrero and Higgins 1998 – Appendix Five)

A more recent study (Smith et al, 2008) based on data from 1985-2006 has
confirmed that Bear spray is effective in close range encounters with bears.
Appendix Five).

Bear spray is no substitute for appropriate conduct when working in bear country. It
should only be used as a last resort to resolve – a human-bear encounter.
Effectiveness

A typical can of Bear spray consists of 3 compounds:
1) Oleoresin capsicum (oily residues from ground red peppers containing the irritant
capsaicin)
2) A "carrier" fluid into which the oily oleoresin capsicum is mixed to thin it out for
dispersal, i.e. methyl chloride, water and alcohol
3) A propellant (commercial propellant C-134A is most commonly used)

Oleoresin capsicum (abbreviated O.C.) contains over 15 capsaicin compounds;
however, the one primarily responsible for the "heat" or pungency is capsaicin.

Capsaicin elicits an intense burning sensation on the skin, causing pain receptors to
send the same impulses as those generated by burning heat. However, what really
makes Bear spray an effective defensive weapon is the way it affects the mucous
membranes, primarily those of the eyes, nose and lungs. To be effective, one has to
spray into eyes and nose of the aggressive bear. If applied correctly, capsaicin
immediately causes these tissues to swell and the result is a near total, yet
temporary, loss of sight and severe restriction of breathing.
Use
March 26, 2012
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Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY

Bear spray is a close-range bear deterrent, and you may get some spray on yourself.
If you can deliver a two-or-three second burst on a bear's face (the snout and eyes)
at 3 or 4 meters, you will in most cases see an immediate reaction. A 230 g. can of
Bear spray will contain about 4 two-second bursts.

The spray comes out in a cone shape configuration that is about 75 cm in diameter
at an effective range of about 4-5 meters. The first meter of spray blast has most of
the bear spray chemical locked up in the oil base; then after that distance, the air
resistance starts to break up the blast into a fine mist with the chemical exposed.

Bear spray effects are temporary. After you have successfully stopped a bear, leave
the area immediately, as the bear will recover from the effects of the chemical in little
time, sometimes within 15 minutes.

Bear spray must be carried on your person at all times while in the field, for quick
access. Bear spray shall be worn in an approved nylon or neoprene holster with a
protective Velcro closure to guard the safety and trigger area of the bear spray. The
holder must provide sufficient protection so the spray will not be accidentally
discharged. The liner of the holder should not have any metal on the inside that
might rub on the aluminum canister and eventually cause accidental discharge. This
holder must be visible and worn on a belt in a position for easy access by both
hands. Practice getting the can out quickly and be familiar with removing the safety
flap.

Pay attention to wind direction and if possible, manoeuvre yourself upwind from the
bear, to eliminate or minimize your exposure to any discharged spray.

Pay attention to the location of other people in the immediate area and if possible,
manoeuvre yourself so that after the bear is sprayed, it does not head towards
another person after it has been sprayed. This means that, if possible, you should
try to be between other people and the bear.

Don't use bear spray for any purpose other than spraying an attacking bear in the
face. Improper use of bear spray is a contravention of the Criminal Code of Canada
Transportation

Bear spray is extremely dangerous if there is an accidental discharge in a vehicle.

If you are going to travel with bear spray, use an approved transportation container
(UDAP container - the same as that used for aircraft - Appendix Four).

Ensure that the container is positioned and secured within the vehicle to protect it
from any potential damage.
March 26, 2012
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Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY

For MNR aircraft, follow the Ministry safety bulletin titled “Transportation of
Dangerous Goods by Air – Defensive Spray, Bear Spray and Bear Bangers. Dated
June 2, 2009. Appendix Four.
Storage

Bear spray must be stored and handled as a weapon.

Keep out of reach of children or any other person who has not been provided training
or instruction in safe work procedures, and authorized to use bear spray.

Never leave it in a vehicle over winter or store it where it will be subjected to
extremes of heat or cold. Aerosol cans must be stored within temperature limits
identified on the label.

For further information concerning the storage of bear spray see the “Black Bear
Encounter Safety Policy Questions and Answers”
Exposure and First Aid







Staff with respiratory disorders, e.g. asthma, must consult their physician before they
can be issued Bear spray.
Staff who use contact lenses are advised to remove them and use prescription
glasses when in possession of Bear spray.
If external contact is made with Bear spray, remain calm; flush the area thoroughly
with water.
If contact is made with eyes, flush eyes with water, for at least 10 minutes.
If inhaled, move to fresh air.
Symptoms usually disappear within one hour. If symptoms persist, obtain medical
attention.
All exposures must be reported to the supervisor as soon as practically possible.
Responsibilities of the Bear Spray Approver
The supervisor will:
1. Assess the need for bear spray, and approve or deny employee requests, on a case
by case basis, except where the carrying of bear spray is mandatory by safe
operating procedures.
2. Ensure the person responsible for issuance of bear spray has received training or
instruction required by this Policy, and that inventories of bear spray are managed
using the form at Appendix Three.
3. Authorize the issuance of bear spray to an employee only after an employee has
received the training or instruction required by this Policy or other applicable safe
operating procedures.
Responsibilities of the Bear Spray Issuer
March 26, 2012
Page 18 of 36
Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
The person issuing the can of bear spray must:
1. Safely store any bear spray that has not been issued or that has been returned, in a
locked cabinet or other secure area at a Ministry of Natural Resources work location.
2. Confirm that the person issued the bear spray has received training or instruction as
required by this Policy.
3. Maintain records about the issuance of the bear spray on the form provided at
Appendix Three.
4. For each can of bear spray, the issuer will also provide an approved nylon or
neoprene holster with a protective Velcro closure to guard the safety and trigger area
of the bear spray. If a container is to be used, ensure that it conforms to the
requirements of the 'Transportation' section above with respect to colour, and
labelling.
Responsibilities of the Bear Spray User
The person receiving the can of bear spray must:
1. Review and be familiar with the direction in this Policy and Appendices, and agree to
accept and follow the direction contained in this Policy and Appendices, without
exception.
 Student, seasonal or other unclassified contract staff, will return bear spray to the
supervisor at the end of the employment contract, or at anytime on the request of
the supervisor
 Classified staff must return bear spray to the supervisors no later than December
1st each year, or at anytime on the request of their supervisor.
 The Bear Spray Issuer or Supervisor will ensure that written records related to
bear spray inventory are updated.
2. Acknowledge that Bear spray is a weapon, and that any inappropriate use,
horseplay, unauthorized discharge or use of bear spray by an unauthorized person is
considered a serious violation of this policy and may be a violation of the Criminal
Code of Canada. An employee who engages in such activity may be disciplined, up
to and including dismissal.
3. Report any discharge for any reason to the supervisor.
March 26, 2012
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Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
APPENDIX THREE: BEAR SPRAY INVENTORY FORM
Brand of Bear
Spray Issued
Container
Size & Weight
Serial Number
Expiry Date
on Can
Issued to
(Employee’s
Name)
Signature of
Employee
Date of Issue
Date of Return
Completed by Bear Spray Issuer (Name/Title): _____________________________________ Date: ________________
Supervisor Issuance Authorization (Name/Title): ____________________________________ Date: ________________
(Note: One form is to be completed per Supervisor)
Page 20 of36
APPENDIX FOUR: TRANSPORTATION OF BEAR SPRAY
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AVIATION SERVICES
ALL MINISTRY SAFETY BULLETIN
TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS
GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND
BEAR BANGERS
Date: June 2, 2009
Page 21 of 36
TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 23
PURPOSE .................................................................................................................... 23
MNR AIR TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS PROCEDURES ......................... 23
Appendix I ................................................................................................................. 25
SA 6001 Defensive Spray and Handguns for Enforcement Officers ............................. 25
Appendix II ................................................................................................................ 26
SA 8335 Bear Banger (Signal Cartridges) .................................................................... 26
Appendix III ............................................................................................................... 28
SA 8185 Bear Spray on MNR helicopter fleet ............................................................... 28
Appendix IV ............................................................................................................... 29
SA 10010 Commercial Bear Spray (230 ml) on MNR fixed wing fleet .......................... 29
Appendix V ................................................................................................................ 30
The Pepper Powder Aerosol Safety Case for Bear Spray Canisters Manufactured by
UDAP Industries ........................................................................................................... 30
ACQUISITION OF THE UDAP CONTAINER ............................................................... 31
Appendix VI – Required Labels for UDAP Canister................................................... 32
LABLES FOR COMMERCIAL BEAR SPRAY ............................................................... 32
Labels Displayed for Commercial Size Bear Spray....................................................... 34
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
INTRODUCTION
Ministry of Natural Resources - Aviation Services is providing the following update
regarding the transportation of Defensive Spray, Bear Spray (Oleoresin Capsicum) and
Bear Bangers (Signal Cartridges) on Ministry aircraft.
PURPOSE
Four (4) Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) permits authorized
Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Aviation Services to carry restricted dangerous
goods on board its aircraft providing they are prepared and transported in accordance
with the specific requirements outlined within the permits. These approvals include:
1. SA 6001 Defensive Spray and Handguns for Enforcement Officers (Appendix I).
2. SA 8335 Bear Banger (Signal Cartridges) (Appendix II).
3. SA 8185 Bear Spray on MNR helicopter fleet (Appendix III).
4. SA 10010 Commercial Bear Spray (230 grams) on MNR fixed wing fleet
(Appendix IV).
It must be recognized by all employees the importance of adhering to the Transportation
of Dangerous Goods Regulations. An accidental discharge of bear spray in the cabin of
an aircraft has the potential of incapacitating all onboard including the pilot. This could
lead to a catastrophic event. There is also a risk of explosion should a bear banger
prematurely ignite while onboard an aircraft.
MNR AIR TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS PROCEDURES
The attached written procedures must be followed by all passengers traveling on MNR
fleet aircraft, specific to the carriage of dangerous goods. It is imperative these
procedures are communicated to all employees and the requirements followed without
exception.
1. The person requisitioning an aircraft must declare their intent to transport dangerous
goods with the MNR, Aviation Services Flight Coordinator at the time of booking MNR
air transportation.
2. For aircraft assigned to Fire and long term bookings, the person transporting
dangerous goods must record any dangerous goods information on the manifest prior
to departure and ensure the pilot is notified, approves the carriage and oversees the
loading.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
3. All dangerous goods must be packaged in accordance with TDG requirements and
have two (2) labels affixed to clearly identify the product being transported:



the “Class” of dangerous good(s) sticker including subsidiary class - if any;
label indicating shipping name, classification (primary first, then subsidiary - if any,
UN number, and Packing Group);
A sample is included in appendix VI.
The following describes the location of carriage for each MNR aircraft type:




All Helicopters: Baggage compartment aft of the fuselage or in an external basket;
Turbo Beaver: In the compartment located in the forward area of the floats;
King Air: Wing lockers, aft engine area.
Twin Otter: In the aft baggage compartment upper shelf in the plastic case marked
“Bear Spray”
It is mandatory that all dangerous goods be declared to the pilot(s) and approved for
carriage by the pilot, prior to departure. Your safety and the safety of others depend on
your adherence to these important procedures.
The pilot in command (PIC) will be the final authority to approve or deny the transport of
dangerous goods onboard MNR aircraft, should they feel that the TDG requirements of
the permits have not been met.
NOTE: Bear Spray is a dangerous good and cannot be carried on any aircraft.
The Ministry of Natural Resources Aviation section applied, and was granted certain
Transportation of Dangerous Goods permits allowing for the carriage of this product on
MNR aircraft only, under strict conditions that must be adhered to, including use of the
UDAP secondary containment canister, (appendices attached).
Non Ministry aircraft that have met our standards and reside on the Aviation’s Eligibility
List, must apply for their own individual permits for the carriage of bear spray through the
Transport Canada Transportation of Dangerous Goods section, allowing for carriage of
this product. Please verify with the Aviation Services Centre in Sault Ste. Marie (705945-6666; 800-364-9442) that carriers flying for the Ontario Government possess the
appropriate documentation when travel includes non Ministry aircraft. Carriers not
holding these specific permits will not be selected for hire.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix I
SA 6001 Defensive Spray and Handguns for Enforcement Officers
Permit for Equivalent Level of Safety SA 6001 (Ren.8) allows the MNR to handle or
transport by aircraft Defensive Spray (Oleoresin Capsicum) and hand guns including
ammunition. [Small Arms Ammunition- Class 1.4S, Packing Group II, UN0012; Aerosols,
(Oleoresin Capsicum); Class 2.2 Non Flammable Gas, (6.1) UN1950].
CONDITIONS
1. Quantities per aerosol that do not exceed 80 grams.
2. Have two means of protection against actuation.
3. Transported in checked baggage that is not accessible during flight.
4. A copy of this permit accompanies each consignment of dangerous goods.
5. Only MNR pilots, (including the necessary flight crew), Conservation Officers, and
Police Officers, may take and declare this product.
6. Secondary containment containers must include Dangerous Goods labelling
clearly identifying “Bear Spray” Aerosol Class 2.2(6.1), UN1950, and a Class 2 non
flammable gas dangerous goods label.
Pilots have been advised to report any individual not declaring a dangerous good for
appropriate management action.
NOTE: This permit allows the MNR to carry a maximum of 80 gram issued Defensive
Spray. This permit is issued in the spirit of enforcement duties only.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix II
SA 8335 Bear Banger (Signal Cartridges)
Permit for Equivalent Level of Safety SA 8335 (Ren.2) allow the MNR to handle and transport
Bear Bangers (Signal Cartridges) where access is limited or no other practical means of transport
is available. Dependant on which type of product:
[Cartridges, Signal- Class 1.3G, UN0054 Packing Group II, and Cartridges Signal- Class 1.4G,
UN0312, Packing Group II].
CONDITIONS
1. The dangerous goods are transported on the same aircraft to or from a location where
access is limited, with stops permitted only at another limited access location or for an
emergency or refuelling.
2. Persons other than Government of Ontario employees must produce a document that
includes the UN number, the shipping name, the primary class, the subsidiary class, if
any, and the quantity of dangerous goods prior to the goods being transported. The
pilot will record information in the flight log, and the person in possession of the
dangerous goods will keep the documentation on file for a period of 2 years from the
date it was prepared.
3. The person having charge, management or control of the explosives (The pilot in
command):
a. complies with Part 6 (Training) and Part 8 (Accidental Release and Imminent
Accidental Release Report Requirements) of the Transportation of Dangerous
Goods Regulations;
b. ensures that the explosives have not deteriorated or been damaged;
c. ensures that:
i.
the inner means of containment containing the explosives is the original
manufacturer’s means of containment;
ii. The outer means of containment is rigid plastic; and
iii. There is shock absorbing material between the inner and outer means of
containment.
d. Each signal device has a protective plastic cap secured on the primer base;
e. The total amount of signal devices does not exceed 6 per person per flight.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
4. When the aircraft does not have a separate cargo area the devices containing the
explosives are secured.
5. The air operator retains a copy of this permit as an attachment to the
Dangerous Goods Section of the Operations Manual when handling or transporting
the dangerous goods.
6. Pilots have been advised to report any individual not declaring a dangerous good for
appropriate management action.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix III
SA 8185 Bear Spray on MNR helicopter fleet
Permit for Equivalent Level of Safety SA8185 (Ren.3) to allow the MNR to carry Bear Spray on
our current helicopter fleet where access is limited or no other practical means of transport is
available. [Aerosols, Flammable Gas- Class 2.1 (6.1), UN1950 (Bear Spray), Packing Group II].
CONDITIONS
1. Quantities of the aerosol do not exceed 230 grams.
2. Transported in means of containment that has two separate means of protection
against actuation.
3. Placed in an outer means of containment that is designed, constructed, filled, closed,
secured, and maintained so that under normal condition of transport including
handling, there will be no accidental release of dangerous goods that could endanger
public safety.
4. In a baggage compartment* or an area of the aircraft, approved by Transport Canada
for the carriage of cargo, outside the aircraft fuselage to prevent the dangerous goods
from entering the air supply of the cabin of the aircraft.
5. Secondary containment containers must include Dangerous Goods labelling
clearly identifying “Bear Spray” Aerosol Class 2.1(6.1), UN1950, and a Class 2
flammable gas dangerous goods label.
Pilots have been advised to report any individual not declaring a dangerous good for
appropriate management action.
NOTE: Normal flight operations are enplaning with engines stopped. In the event of a
rotary operation resulting in the PIC keeping power on and at the controls, where the
aircraft is conducting a short, or number of short flights (i.e. project fire), or due to soft
terrain or uneven ground, the PIC will advise the clients the location to load their
canisters.
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix IV
SA 10010 Commercial Bear Spray (230 ml) on MNR fixed wing fleet
Permit for Equivalent Level of Safety SA10010 (Ren. 1) allowing all clients in possession
of commercial size bear spray, to a maximum of 230 grams, carriage on MNR fixed wing
aircraft where access is limited or no other practical means of transport is available. .
[Aerosols, Flammable Gas - Class 2.1 (6.1), UN1950 (Bear Spray), Packing Group II].
CONDITIONS
1. Quantities of the aerosol do not exceed 230 grams
2. Transported in means of containment that has two separate means of protection
against actuation
3. Placed in an outer means of containment that is designed, constructed, filled, closed,
secured, and maintained so that under normal condition of transport including
handling, there will be no accidental release of dangerous goods that could endanger
public safety [UDAP Aerosol Safety Canister (ASC)]
4. In a baggage compartment or an area of the aircraft, approved by Transport Canada
for the carriage of cargo, outside the aircraft fuselage or shall have positive ventilation
to the outside of the fuselage to prevent the dangerous good from entering the air
supply of the cabin of the aircraft.**
5. Secondary containment containers must include Dangerous Goods labelling
clearly identifying “Bear Spray” Aerosol Class 2.1(6.1), UN1950, and a Class 2
flammable gas dangerous goods label
6. Contained in a UDAP Aerosol Safety Case in the aircraft cabin, when transported on a
Twin Otter aircraft, which has no separate area approved by Transport Canada for the
carriage of cargo.
Pilots have been advised to report any individual not declaring a dangerous good for
appropriate management action.
NOTE 1: Aviation Services has tested the UDAP ASC secondary containment canister
utilizing commercial sized bear spray containers. Two activations took place in two
separate tests. The secondary containment canister captured the active ingredient
proving this canister as a safe choice for MNR Aviation aircraft. A picture of the UDAP
ASC canister is included in this information package (Appendix V) and the required labels
to be affixed on the outside of the UDAP canister are also included (Appendix VI).
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix V
The Pepper Powder Aerosol Safety Case for Bear Spray Canisters
Manufactured by UDAP Industries
THE UDAP ASC CANISTER
AEROSOL SAFETY CASE MANUFACTURED BY UDAP INDUSTRIES
•
“Order should be placed for container to contain a 230 gram canister of
bear spray”
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
ACQUISITION OF THE UDAP CONTAINER

PERRY’S GREAT NORTHERN GUN AND BOW
SAULT STE MARIE, ON
PHONE: 705-759-8346
EMAIL: perrysgunandbow@shaw.ca
$21.00 CANADIAN EACH – MAY SELL FOR LESS
WITH LARGE ORDER – NIL SHIPPING CHARGES
TO SAULT STE MARIE AND SUDBURY.

CSI – CANADA, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA
PHONE: 204-284-1874
MAY BE AVAILABLE LOCALLY AT A SPORTING GOODS STORE
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Appendix VI – Required Labels for UDAP Canister
LABELS FOR COMMERCIAL BEAR SPRAY
Label 2.1; Flammable Gas: used for commercial sized bear spray to maximum 230 grams. Relates
to the SA 8185 and 10010 permits
CLASS 2.1 (6.1)
UN 1950
PACKING GROUP II
BEAR SPRAY
LABEL FOR COMMERCIAL BEAR SPRAY

CLASS 2 (2.1) COMPRESSED GAS
“FLAMMABLE” (RED INCOLOUR)
AN ADDITIONAL LABEL MUST ALSO BE
AFFIXED: CLASS 2.1 (6.1), UN1950, PACKING
GROUP II, BEAR SPRAY.
BOTH THESE LABELS ARE AVAILABLE AT NO CHARGE FROM:
TYLER WILSON
SECURITY AND SAFETY COORDINATOR
475 AIRPORT ED, RR#1, BOX 2
SAULT STE MARIE ON, P6A 5K6
PHONE: 705-779-4031
Page 32 of 36
TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Page 33 of 36
TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Labels Displayed for Commercial Size Bear Spray
LABELS FOR DEFENSIVE SPRAY
Label 2.2; Non Flammable Gas; used for Defensive Spray maximum 80 grams. Relates to the SA 6001 permit
Enforcement- CO’s, OPP, MNR pilots.
CLASS 2.1 (6.1)
UN 1950
BEAR SPRAY
LABELS FOR DEFENSIVE SPRAY
CLASS 2 (2.2) COMPRESSED GAS
“NON FLAMMABLE GAS” (GREEN IN COLOUR).
AN ADDITIONAL LABEL MUST ALSO BE AFFIXED:
CLASS 2.2 (6.1), UN 1950, BEAR SPRAY.
BOTH THESE LABELS ARE AVAILABLE AT NO CHARGE FROM:
TYLER WILSON
SECURITY AND SAFETY COORDINATOR
475 AIRPORT ED, RR#1, BOX 2
SAULT STE MARIE ON, P6A 5K6
PHONE: 705-779-4031
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TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR DEFENSIVE SPRAY, BEAR SPRAY AND BEAR BANGERS
Labels displayed for Enforcement Defensive Spray
Page 35 of 36
Ministry of Natural Resources
BLACK BEAR ENCOUNTER SAFETY POLICY
APPENDIX FIVE: EFFICACY OF BEAR DETERRENT SPRAY
Efficacy of Bear
Deterrent Spray
Page 36 of 36