Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
APPENDIX S2 Results from analyses using a “lumped” primate taxonomy. For these analyses,
we use 31 December 2000 as the closing date for information on primate species. Our treatment
of the genus Cheirogaleus follows the pre-Groves (2000) arrangement. We use 1 July 2009 as
the closing date for information on non-primate species. Higher-level taxonomy follows Wilson
& Reeder (2005). Ecoregion classifications follow Burgess et al. (2004). The presence/absence
“lumped” taxonomy data matrix is available from the authors on request. See also Muldoon
(2006).
1
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
Figure S2-1 Scatter plot showing Dice
similarity versus geographic distance
for (a) 496 pairwise comparisons of 32
mammal communities (those spanning
an elevational gradient have been
pooled; Z = - 0.608, P < 0.001); (b)
120 pairwise comparisons of 16
eastern mammal communities (Z = 0.542, P < 0.001); (c) 45 pairwise
comparisons of 10 western mammal
communities (Z = - 0.618, P < 0.01).
2
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
Figure S2-2 Dendrogram summarizing taxonomic similarity between mammal communities.
Ecoregions are labelled in lower case italics, unclassified sites are in uppercase. All internal
nodes of the dendrogram obtained 100% support from the jackknife procedure, except where
noted. Scale represents Dice similarity coefficient values. Cophenetic correlation = 0.9348.
3
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of
Biogeography.
Figure S2-3 Bivariate plot of the first two axes of the PCO. Open circles represent spiny thicket; open triangles, succulent woodlands;
open squares, dry deciduous forest; closed triangles, subhumid forests; closed circles, lowland humid forests; stars, unclassified
mammal communities. The eigenvalue for Coordinate 1 = 4.3981 and represents 50.0% of the variation in species composition. The
eigenvalue for Coordinate 2 = 0.82083 and represents 9.3% of the variation in species composition. Abbreviations: Is, Isalo; Mk,
Mikea; Anlv, Analavelona; KM, Kirindy-Mitea; Ajy, Ambohijanahary; LM, Loky-Manambato.
4
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of
Biogeography.
Table S2-1 Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test statistics for comparisons of ecological variables of non-volant mammal
communities among ecoregions in Madagascar.
Kruskal-Wallis
d.f.
P-value
4
0.000*
% Insectivory
χ2
23.007
% Omnivory
21.269
4
0.000*
% Arboreal
quadrupedalism
16.682
4
0.002*
% BM21
21.011
4
0.000*
% BM62
16.177
4
0.003*
Mann-Whitney
Comparisons
Spiny thicket & dry deciduous forest
Spiny thicket & subhumid forest
Succulent woodland & dry deciduous forest
Succulent woodland & subhumid forest
Dry deciduous forest & subhumid forest
Dry deciduous forest & humid forest
Spiny thicket & humid forest
Succulent woodland & subhumid forest
Succulent woodland & humid forest
Dry deciduous forest & subhumid forest
Dry deciduous forest & humid forest
Spiny thicket & dry deciduous forest
Succulent woodland & dry deciduous forest
Dry deciduous forest & subhumid forest
Dry deciduous forest & humid forest
Spiny thicket & subhumid forest
Spiny thicket & humid forest
Succulent woodland & humid forest
Succulent woodland & humid forest
Dry deciduous forest & subhumid forest
Dry deciduous forest & humid forest
Spiny thicket & humid forest
Succulent woodland & subhumid forest
Succulent woodland & humid forest
U
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
3.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.500
0.000
P-value
0.021
0.003*
0.064
0.027
0.003*
0.011
0.054
0.027
0.042
0.003*
0.010
0.020
0.032
0.003*
0.010*
0.003*
0.008*
0.009
0.019
0.003*
0.010
0.010*
0.010*
0.020
*Indicates a significant comparison.
1
BM2 refers to body mass category 2 (mammals weighing 25.0-49.9 g).
2
BM6 refers to body mass category 6 (mammals weighing 400.0-799.9 g).
5
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
Table S2-2 Pooled within-group canonical structure matrix for predictor variables retained in the
multiple discriminant analysis of non-volant mammal communities in Madagascar1.
Function 1
Function 2
Function 3
% Insectivory
0.505*
-0.468
-0.143
% Omnivory
-0.699*
0.172
0.310
% Arboreal quadrupdealism
-0.345
0.257
0.746*
% BM2 (25.0-49.9 g)2
0.448
0.038
0.064
% BM6 (400.0-799.9 g)2
0.229
0.314
-0.074
Eigenvalue
7.246
4.903
2.523
% of variance
49.3
33.4
17.2
Canonical Correlation
0.937
0.911
0.846
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
P-value
1
Variables were arcsine transformed before inclusion in the multiple discriminant analysis. Pin
(probability for variables to be included in the discriminant function) = 0.05; Pout (probability for
variables to be excluded from the discriminant function) = 0.10.
2
BM2, body mass category 2; BM6, body mass category 6.
* Indicates the largest absolute correlation between a predictor variable and a discriminant
function.
6
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
Figure S2-4 Canonical plot of the first two discriminant functions of the multiple discriminant
analysis (MDA) of ecological diversity of non-volant mammal communities in Madagascar.
Open circles represent spiny thicket; open triangles, succulent woodlands; open squares, dry
deciduous forest; closed triangles, subhumid forests; closed circles, lowland humid forests; stars,
unclassified mammal communities. The grey squares represent group centroid. Note that dry
forest group centroids do not overlap. Abbreviations and MDA classifications for the
unclassified communities are: Isalo (Is) = spiny thicket; Mikea (Mk), Analavelona (Anlv),
Kirindy-Mitea (KM) = succulent woodlands; Ambohijanahary (Ajy) = subhumid forest; LokyManambato (LM) = dry deciduous forest.
7
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
Figure S2-5 (a) Bivariate plot of the proportions of omnivorous vs. insectivorous non-volant
mammals among the terrestrial ecoregions of Madagascar. Markers indicating Mikea and
Kirindy-Mitea are overlapping in this plot; (b) Bivariate plot of the proportions of body mass
category 6 (400.0 – 799.9 g) vs. arboreal quadrupedal mammals in the terrestrial ecoregions of
Madagascar. Legend and abbreviations are as described for Figure S3-4
8
Muldoon, K.M. & Goodman, S.M. Ecological biogeography of Malagasy non-volant mammals: community
structure is correlated with habitat. Journal of Biogeography.
REFERENCES
Burgess, N.D., D'Amico Hales, J., Underwood, E.C., Dinerstein, E., Olson, D., Itoua, I.,
Schipper, J., Ricketts, T.H. & Newman, K. (2004) Terrestrial ecoregions of Africa and
Madagascar: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
Groves C.P. (2000) The genus Cheirogaleus: unrecognized biodiversity in dwarf lemurs.
International Journal of Primatology 21, 943-962.
Muldoon, K.M. (2006) Environmental change and human impact in southwestern Madagascar:
evidence from Ankilitelo Cave. PhD Dissertation, Washington University in St. Louis, St.
Louis.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.A. (2005) Mammal species of the world, 3rd Edition. Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore.
9