CP Biology Worksheet - Carbohydrates
1.
2.
What is a carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates are organic molecules made of sugar molecules.
What types of atoms make up sugars? carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
3.
How does the number of H atoms in a simple sugar compare to the number of O and C atoms?
There are twice as many H atoms as there are C or O.
4.
What is the simplest type of carbohydrate?
A monosaccharide (simple sugar) is the simplest type of carbohydrate.
5.
What suffix is found at the end of sugar names? -ose
6.
Name two examples of monosaccharides.
glucose and fructose
7.
How are sugars used in a cell?
They are used for energy for cellular work. The carbon chains from sugars can also serve as building
blocks for other cellular molecules.
8.
What is a disaccharide?
A disaccharide is a double sugar formed by linking two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis.
9.
What is the most common disaccharide? sucrose (formed by linking a glucose with a fructose)
10. What is a polysaccharide?
A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharide monomers. The most common types are starch,
glycogen, and cellulose.
11. Fill in the chart below for the three most commonly occurring polysaccharides:
Polysaccharide
Monomer
Type of organism in which
it is found
Starch
Glucose
Plants
Energy storage
Glycogen
Glucose
Animals
Energy storage
Cellulose
Glucose
Plants
Building materials
Function
12. What would you expect to get if you completely hydrolyze (perform hydrolysis on) the following:
A) a starch molecule
glucose
C) a glycogen molecule
glucose
B) a sucrose molecule
glucose & fructose
D) a cellulose molecule
glucose
13. Which of the molecules above cannot be hydrolyzed by your digestive system?
Most animals are unable to digest (hydrolyze) cellulose. Some animals have microorganisms in their
digestive systems that allow them to break apart these sugars. Otherwise, cellulose cannot be absorbed
as a source of energy. We call it dietary fiber.
14. Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic? hydrophillic
CP Biology Worksheet - Proteins
1. What kind of monomer is used to build proteins? amino acids
2. How many different kinds of these monomers are there? 20
3. Name four functions of protein in living systems?
They form structures such as hair, fur, and muscles.
They defend our bodies from infection.
They act as signal molecules.
They speed up chemical reactions.
4. What types of atoms are found in amino acids? C, H, O, N (and sometimes S)
5. Draw the structural formula for an amino acid and explain how you can determine whether a molecule is
an amino acid.
H
O
H
N
C
C
H
OH
R
Amino group
Carboxyl (acid)
group
6. What is different about each type of amino acid?
The R group (side chain)
7. What is a polypeptide?
A chain of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
8. Predict what you would get when a protein is completely hydrolyzed. A mixture of various amino acids
will result.
9. How does your body make such a great variety of proteins? By combining the 20 different amino acids
in different orders, your body can make a huge number of different proteins.
10. What must happen to a chain of amino acids in order to form a functional protein?
It must fold itself into the correct 3-dimensional shape.
11. What is denaturation?
Denaturation is a process by which a protein unravels and loses its shape. It can be caused by changes in
temperature or pH.
1. Which of the following are amino acids?
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Side chain
Side chain
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
H
N
=C
YES – This is an
amino acid.
NO – This is glucose.
It lacks nitrogen.
YES – This is an
amino acid.
H
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
O
C
O H
NO – This one is close, but it
lacks a true amino group.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Side chain
YES – This is an
amino acid.
CP Biology Worksheet - Lipids
1. What is one characteristic shared by all lipids? They are hydrophobic.
2. Name 3 functions that different types of lipids perform.
They store energy.
They carry signals.
They form boundaries within cells.
3. Name two major types of lipids. (I will give you a third type in class.)
Fats
Steroids (also Phospholipids)
4. What simpler molecules make up a fat molecule?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
5. How are fats usually used in your body?
They store energy as well as providing insulation and cushioning for vital organs.
6. What is a saturated fat?
A saturated fat is one in which all three fatty acids are saturated. Saturated fatty acids have only single
bonds between carbons in their hydrocarbon tails. This means that they hold as many hydrogen atoms
as possible (hence the name saturated).
7. Give two examples of saturated fats.
Animal fats such as lards and butter
8. Where are saturated fats usually found?
Animals
9. Are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature?
Solids
10. What is an unsaturated fat?
Unsaturated fats have at least one unsaturated fatty acid. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one
double bond between carbons in their hydrocarbon tails. This means that they do not hold as many
hydrogen atoms as possible (hence the name unsaturated). The double bond makes a kink in their
shape. Because of this kink, fats made with unsaturated fatty acids don’t “stack up” as well to make a
solid and therefore tend to remain liquid at room temperature.
11. Where are unsaturated fats usually found?
Fruits, vegetables and fish
12. Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature?
Liquids
13. Predict which of the following would contain saturated fatty acids and which would contain unsaturated
fatty acids:
a. Solid Crisco shortening
Saturated
c. Bacon grease
Saturated (solid @ room temperature)
b. Canola cooking oil
Unsaturated
d. Butter
Saturated (solid @ room temperature)
e. Corn oil
Unsaturated
f. Olive oil
Unsaturated
14. What is a steroid?
A steroid is a lipid molecule in which the carbon chains have been twisted into rings. All steroids have
a core set of 4 rings.
15. Name some functions that steroids perform in your body. They may serve as signal molecules
(hormones). They also help to stabilize cell membranes in animals.