CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
DANUTA BUKATKO
CHAPTER 6 Infancy – Perception, Cognition and Language
Chapter Vocabulary
A/B search error
means / end behavior
core knowledge hypothesis
expansions / recasts
object concept (object permanence)
recall / recognition memory
scaffolding
babbling
concepts
developmental delay cooing
child directed speech (parentese)
intersubjectivity
cognition
overextension / underextension
receptive / productive language
sensorimotor stage
Chapter Outline
Perception
 Visual Perception
 Auditory Perception
 Intermodal Perception
pages 190-196
pages 196-197
pages 197-199
Cognition
 Piaget’s Theory
 Concepts
 Memory
 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
pages 200-208
pages 208-209
pages 210-215
pages 215-216
Language
 Phonology
 First Words
 Language & social Interactions
pages 217-221
pages 221-226
pages 227-231
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
DANUTA BUKATKO
CHAPTER 6 GUIDED NOTETAKING OUTLINE
Infancy – Perception, Cognition and Language
Define perception:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Define cognition:_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Perception
Which theory of infant perception holds that newborns come equipped with
mental mechanisms that help them make sense of sights and sounds?
Constructivist
or
nativist
According to constructivist theory, how large are the roles played by nature
and nurture in cognitive development?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
According to nativist theory, how large are the roles played by nature and
nurture in cognitive development?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Do infants show a preference for looking at the human face? Explain your
answer briefly:________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
The ability to fuse 2 distinct images from our 2 eyes into a perception of a
single object is called ______________________.
By what age do infants use this ability to get clues to depth perception as
effectively as adults do? ____________________.
Newborns prefer looking at ____ dimensional objects over ____
dimensional figures.
The visual cliff experiments indicate that infants have an early perception of
differences in depth. Does this protect them from injury when they start
crawling and walking? Y / N
Auditory Perception
Experiments involving playing music to infants have provided information
about infants’ ability to recognize sound patterns. Fill in the blanks to
describe one conclusion from such research: At age ___________, infants
can________________________________________________________.
Researchers continue to be interested in how infants learn speech and
language. Complete this sentence: Until 6 month of age, infants are able to
distinguish all important sounds from _____________________________
___________________________________________________________.
One issue that has been debated is whether infants possess a “________
_______”, an innate capacity to process human language, or whether infants
exploit general ____________ _______________.
Define in your own words and give an example: what is intermodal
perception?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
A number of experiments suggest that infants do coordinate looking and
listening, and looking and touching. Briefly describe one of these
experiments:___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Cognition
The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is called
_____________________________. What does this name suggest about
how Piaget thought infants obtain information about their world?
____________________________________________________________
This stage covers ages ______________ to ______________________.
Since infants develop so much during this age span, this stage is divided into
______ sub-stages.
Define object concept (also called object permanence):_________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Piaget thought that children did not begin to fully grasp this concept until
______ months of age. More recent research suggests that infants begin to
grasp object concept at ______ months of age.
You decide: Based on the information on page 205, do you believe that
infants DO or DO NOT possess core knowledge? Explain your position:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The debate over core knowledge echoes (is similar to) a debate described
earlier in this chapter. What was that previous debate? _________________
_____________________________________________________________
In Piaget’s theory, what is the A not B search error? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________
Based on your reading in the text, why do you think babies make this error?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Concepts
Children as young as one-year old displayed early classification skills
through a spontaneous tendency to ________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2 year olds will match items based on _____________ _______________.
Infants also show a beginning awareness of quantity. Newborns can detect
differences between sets containing _____ objects and sets containing _____
objects. 6 month olds can differentiate between _____ and _____ dots.
You decide: Is this apparent sensitivity to number another example of core
knowledge? Explain your answer: _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Memory
Think of an example of recognition memory and one of recall memory:
Recognition___________________________________________________
Recall________________________________________________________
Name one technique researchers use to study infant memory: ____________
_____________________________________________________________
Under the right conditions, even newborns seem to remember things for as
long as_____ hours. As infants mature, memory improves in several ways.
Name one improvement in infant memory:
____________________________________________________________
Name 2 areas of the brain that are involved in memory function:
1.
2.
Problem Solving
Can you remember seeing a real-life problem solving example involving an
infant? _______________________________________________________
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Name a major difference between Piaget’s theory and that of Vygotsky:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Define scaffolding in your own words, or give a real life example:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Define intersubjectivity in your own words:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Language
The fundamental sound units and the rules for combining sound units make
up a language’s __________________. As well as learning the sounds of a
language, infants must also learn the meaning of words. This is called
____________. The smallest units of sound are the basic building blocks of
language; these are called _________________. When it comes to
language, what can the average 6 month old do better than the average
adult? ________________________________________________________
Where is parentese spoken? ______________________________________
What do babies seem to like about this form of speech?
_____________________________________________________________
At what age do babies show a preference for the sounds of their own
language? ______________ When are babies first exposed to the sounds of
their own language? ____________________________
Cooing is _______________________ and starts around age ____________
Babbling is _________________________________ and starts around age
_______________. Babies in all cultures begin to coo and babble at similar
ages, as a result of ___________________________ factors. They typically
say their first word a round age ___________________. In addition to first
words, babies also communicate by _________________________.
Babies use gestures to get the adult’s ________________ or to get the adult
to ________ ___________________. From about 12 – 20 months, most
children speak only one word at a time. What type of word is most often
used? ________________ Children develop a vocabulary spurt around age
_________________. Initially young children make some mistakes in their
use of words. Label the types of error in the examples below:
 A 12 month old only uses the word “doggie” for his family’s pet, not
for other canines he sees in the neighborhood.
_____________________
 An 11 month old calls all the four-legged animals pictured in her book
“kitty”.________________________
Define:
Receptive language ____________________________________________
Productive language____________________________________________
Which one always develops in advance of the other? __________________
Much of language learning seems to be biologically based, and progresses
the same way in all peoples around the world. There is wide individual
variation within the normal pattern of development. Some children fall
behind the normal range of developmental variation; these children are said
to have a __________________ _______________. About ___% of
children under age 3 display this delay. Name 2 possible causes:
1.
2.
Give a brief overview of what is done for a child with a developmental
delay: _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Name 3 things parents and caregivers can do to support the language
development of infants and toddlers:
1.
2.
3.
CHAPTER 6 - INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE:
Selected Objectives and Quiz Questions from the Study Guide
Objectives: 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Key Terms Review: 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19
Fact Questions: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Concept / Application Questions: 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12