Error Count



Abbrev.
[iec]
[csp]
[cmprd]
[cmp]
[ap]
[hy]
[hyx]
[qp]
[cap]
[ww]
[ffmt]
[nfmt]
[phrhd]
[stkhd]
[subhd]
[hi]
[col]
[lst]
[nst]
Some of the cap problems can go either way; just make em consistent.
Comma splices can be fixes with (a) semicolon, (b) period and cap, (c)
rephrasing.
Get in touch if you can’t find some of the errors. Here are the ones to look
for:
Error (chapter or page in PTTC or link)
Occurrences
Introductory-element commas (B-2)
12
Comma splices (C-3)
6
Compound-predicate noncomma (B-3)
3
http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/gram1.html#compoundpred
Compound-sentence comma (B-3)
2
Apostrophes (B-16)
2
Hyphens (B-10)
5
-ly nonhyphens (B-11)
4
Quotation punctuation (B-18)
1
Caps
4
http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/gram2.html#cap
Wrong word
3
http://www.io.com/~hcexres/textbook/twspell.html#hom
Figure-format problem
3
(ch. 11)
Notice-format problem (ch. 9)
3
Headingphrasing error (ch. 7)
1
Stacked headings (ch. 7)
1
Heading subordination error (ch. 7)
1
Highlighting (ch. 12)
2
Colons (B-9)
1
Bulleted- vs numbered-list problem (ch. 8)
2
Nonstep problem (ch. 8)
1
1
Espresso
To make the perfect cup of espresso the right ingredients are needed. Espresso is a
completely different beverage with a different brewing method, specialized machines,
and other specific techniques. This instruction describes the basics of espresso making
by using the most commonly-used machine.
What is Espresso?
The word “Espresso” means express in Italian. An espresso coffee is quickly brewed in
about 20 seconds by using deeply-roasted and finely-ground coffee beans at a very high
pressure. Since the fine quality espresso has a very mild taste which has well balanced
bitterness, sweetness and acidity it tastes like chocolate when it is drunk with sugar.
When it is properly extracted with the espresso machine the coffee liquid is covered
with a thin light brown foam that is called “crema”. This crema makes an espresso
mild, and also helps prolong the taste in the mouth. Surprisingly, it’s caffeine content is
relatively low compared to a regular dripped coffee, it is easy on your stomach and you
can even have multiple cups per day.
To make espresso you need to have the following tools and supplies. The most
important thing is to buy good quality coffee beans, it makes a big difference in the
result:

Espresso Machine. A widely-available type of machine for household use with a
built in semi-automatic control for temperature and pressure. See Figure 1 for
names of parts.
a – On/Off Switch
b – Reservoir cap
c – Steam release knob
d – Steam nozzle
e – Overflow grid
f – Filter holder and basket
g – Carafe
Figure 1.
 Coffee Beans. Buy deeply roasted beans. Italian or French roast are ideal for
Espresso coffee.
2

Coffee grinder. Pre-ground coffee for espresso use is available at most coffee
suppliers. However, it is best, of course, to grind your own coffee beans.

Tamper. The tamper is used to hard press coffee grounds into the filter basket of
the machine. It sometimes comes with the espresso machine, but also is sold
separately. Buy a tamper that works with the size of your filter basket.
Making Espresso
Preparation. Grind your coffee beans, make sure to grind them finely enough for
the espresso machine. Here are some tips that you may want to consider.
1. If the coffee is to course the water will go through to fast and will not extract the
nectar from the coffee.
2. If the coffee is ground too fine the water will not be able to travel through the
grounds properly, and may lead to over-extraction.
Espresso Brewing. Now you are ready to brew your espresso. Carefully follow the
steps listed below:
1. Plug in the espresso machine.
2. Pour a small amount of cold water (about 30 ml) into the water reservoir.
Without inserting the filter basket, attach the filter holder to the machine. Place
the carafe or cup under the filter holder, then turn the switch on. Let hot water
flow for 20 seconds to pre-heat the brewing head, filter holder, and the carafe or
cup.
3. After all the water is used and all the pressure is released from the reservoir turn
the switch off.
4. Place the filter basket into the filter holder.
5. Fill the basket with the coffee grounds. When packing the coffee press lightly
with a tamper onto a surface, and clear any access coffee from the rim of the
filter basket to level.
Step 1
Step 2
Figure 2
3
Step 3
Note: The proper amount of coffee varies with each espresso machine. Measure
coffee according to your espresso machine manufacturers’ recommendation with
following considerations.

If coffee is tamped too hard water will not flow through.

If it is not tamped hard enough, the water will run through the grounds too
quickly.
Warning: Do not fill the coffee beyond the indicator mark on the coffee basket.
This may cause the machine to clog or overflow.
6. Set the filter holder containing the filled filter basket into the machine. Lift the
filter holder upwards and turn firmly to the direction indicated on your espresso
machine.
7. Unscrew the water reservoir cap and fill the reservoir with cold water (30 ml
makes 1 cup) and then put the cap back and close it securely.
Warning: Never fill water in the water reservoir while the machine is
switched ON.
8. Place the carafe or cup under the filter holder and turn the switch ON.
9. Generally, the yield is 30ml per cup when espresso is extracted for 20 to 25
seconds.
10. When the coffee stream slows turn off the machine. Leave the carafe/cup in
place until the coffee stops dripping. If you see the light brown crema on top of
the liquid as shown in Figure 3 you have successfully made espresso which
tastes deep and rich, yet mild. Enjoy!!
Figure 3.
10. To make more espresso repeat steps 4 to 9.
4
Machine cleaning. After making your espresso clean the machine for the next use.
Please pay attention to the warnings listed below to avoid getting burned:
1. Wait until all the water in the reservoir has been used and all the pressure has
been released before turning the switch off, this usually takes 3 to 5 minutes.
DANGER:
Never open the reservoir cap or remove the filter holder, while the machine
is turned on or while there is pressure in the reservoir
2. Remove filter basket from machine and empty filter basket.
DANGER:
The metal parts might still be very hot, cool them down under running
water
3. Wipe parts with dry clean towel.
5