ACF PAKISTAN
Disaster Risk Reduction Assessment Report
Of
Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces
February 2010
CONTENTS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
A.1.
Background ...................................................................................................................................... 3
A.2.
Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Methodology and Locations .......................................................................................................... 3
B.1.
Crunch Model .................................................................................................................................. 3
B.2.
Release Model ................................................................................................................................. 3
B.3.
Locations assessed........................................................................................................................... 4
Findings ........................................................................................................................................ 5
C.1.
Hazard Mapping .............................................................................................................................. 5
C.2.
Community Vulnerability ................................................................................................................. 5
C.3.
Community Capacity........................................................................................................................ 7
Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 8
D.1.
Preparedness ................................................................................................................................... 8
D.2.
Emergency Response ....................................................................................................................... 9
D.3.
Capacity Building & Awareness ....................................................................................................... 9
D.4.
Structural Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 15
A. INTRODUCTION
A.1. BACKGROUND
During the monsoon season of 2010, heavy rainfall in Pakistan caused unprecedented flooding
along the Indus River Basin. As a result, there was massive destruction of property, livelihoods and
infrastructure as well as loss of life as the floodwaters wiped away entire communities. Prior to the
flooding, a joint WASH/FSL rapid needs assessment was carried out in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in
March 2010 which pointed out the needs of communities already made vulnerable by the ongoing
conflict. After the initial emergency flood response phase, WASH and FSL teams are now
reassessing the needs of the communities recovering from the flooding through a WASH/FSL
integrated assessment (Jan/Feb. 2011). These results will help integrate Disaster Risk Reduction
activities into future projects so that communities are able to minimize hazard risks and absorb the
impact of recurrent disaster shocks.
A.2. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the rapid assessment:
 To identify hazards and hazard characteristics
 To assess the probability of hazard occurrence
 To assess and categorize community vulnerability to identified hazards
 To assess and categorize community capacity to mitigate identified hazards
 To assess and categorize local governments’ capacities for mitigation and response
 To produce scenarios of how various hazards can affect communities as well as WASH and
irrigation services, and how damaged services will impact on society
 To propose explicit DRR actions (software and hardware) to improve resilience of
communities as well as WASH and irrigation services to identified hazards
 To identify communities as well as WASH and irrigation services or infrastructure that should
be prioritized for increased resilience based on technical and financial feasibility
B. METHODOLOGY AND LOCATIONS
B.1. CRUNCH MODEL
This assessment was based on the crunch and release model of disaster theory. The crunch model
seeks to shed light on the underlying causes for disasters. This model assesses the internal and/or
external pressures placed on communities and how unsafe conditions create a vulnerability gap
which develops into a disaster once the hazard is active.
Figure 1. Crunch Model
B.2. RELEASE MODEL
The second model utilized is the release model, which is basically the inverse of the crunch model.
This model suggests that if risk reduction activities are implemented (prevention, preparedness and
mitigation) safe conditions in communities will give them the capacity to manage to minimize their
vulnerability and deal with the underlying causes of disasters. Communities will thus be enabled to
absorb shocks in a manner relative to their economic, natural, infrastructure, individual and social
assets.
Figure 2. Release Model
A major source of information was collected through stakeholder interviews with District Coordinator
Officers (DC) in Thatta and Timergara as well as focus group discussions with community members
in the communities listed below. In Sindh Province, mixed gender discussions took place and even
children joined the community meetings. Due to cultural reasons, mixed gender gathering in KPK
Province was not possible and women were not interviewed, hence making men the only source of
information for this portion of the assessment. Field visits by the DRR Assessment Manager and
WASH/FSL team members were also a major source of information for the assessment. The
integrated WASH/FSL assessments of March 2010 and Jan/Feb. 2011 have been used to
complement the data. Multiple disaster reports from NGOs, United Nations, local/international
media, national government offices and meteorological reports have also been used as additional
sources of relevant information.
Assessment tools:
 Hazard Assessment:
o Hazard mapping
o Sample hazard assessment questions
 Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment:
o Economic assets: Sample questions and Key Informant Interviews
o Natural assets: Sample questions and Asset Ranking
o Infrastructure assets: Sample questions and Community Mapping
o Individual assets: Sample question and Key Informant interview
o Social assets: Sample questions and Community Mapping
B.3. LOCATIONS ASSESSED
Province
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province
Sindh Province
District
Union Council
Village
Dir Lower
Timergara
Timergara
Dir Lower
Adenzai
Kotigram
Dir Lower
Adenzai
Chakdara Ramora
Dir Lower
Adenzai
Sharab Kohi
Dir Lower
Samar Bagh
Samar Bagh
Thatta
Thatta
Thatta
Sujawal
Bello
Thatta
Sujawal
Cotalmo
Thatta
Mirpur Batoro
Mirpur Batoro
C. FINDINGS
C.1. HAZARD M APPING
Although terrain and cultural contexts are different, data results indicate that communities classified
flooding to be the deadliest of hazards mostly due to widespread damage and prolonged duration,
as was the case of the flood disaster in 2010. Communities in both provinces also listed
earthquakes, avalanche, drought, cyclones and tsunami as potential hazards. (SEE ANNEX 1)
In Sindh province flooding displaced entire communities for months, as flood waters were slow to
recede. Similar flooding in remote villages and urban centers of KPK during the last five years has
been devastating; with exceptional levels last summer. Throughout the spring there is a high risk of
flooding of rivers and flash floods since most tributaries are fed by snow melt from the
mountaintops. Communities along the Jandol River (Samar Bagh – Munda Qila) Swat River
(Chakdara) and Panjkora River (Balambat – Timergara) are in high risk flood zones. Even towns
like Lal Qila which are situated along small seasonal rivers have flash flood risks.
Community Hazard Mapping (Cotalmo, Sindh)
Considering that the 2010 flood catastrophe is still fresh in people’s minds, earthquake hazards
must not be neglected. KPK Province is characterized by being situated in a high seismic zone.
The mountains in Dir Lower are part of the Hindu Kush range, where many villages are located
along steep slopes and rivers flow through the valleys. Even the smallest of tremors can cause
landslides and avalanches in the winter months. In Timergara it is common to see homes at risk of
collapsing into the river due to poor housing construction and limited level terrain. The growth of
urban centers in the mountainous regions will result in high death tolls in the event of a large
seismic movement.
Droughts have been less frequent in both provinces, yet the impact on livestock and agriculture can
be devastating. Heavy deforestation and slow replacement of woodlands has contributed to rapid
soil erosion and disturbance of the natural environment.
C.2. COMMUNITY VULNERABILITY
During the assessment of communities, 5 assets were considered:
Economic, Natural,
Infrastructure, Individual and Social assets. (SEE ANNEX 2A) The loss of one asset can trigger the
loss of other assets, as in most cases the elements are interconnected, yet all assets tolerate
disaster shocks differently.
For each asset, the assessment tried to answer these key questions:


What are the likely impacts of the hazard?
Why does the hazard affect the assets at risk?


Who is creating the vulnerable conditions?
What are the underlying causes?
For example, wealthier populations in Thatta town have more disposable income which can be used
to construct better homes. The less wealthy populations (in floodplains) are most vulnerable
because their resilience level is limited to tangible wealth and lack of property (land ownership).
Many flood victims claimed that landownership hinders their ability to construct permanent housing
structures which could withstand heavy rainfall or floods. In KPK for instance, land and property
prices were usually higher in Timergara than in Peshawar. However, after the floods of 2010, land
and real estate prices in Timergara plummeted, especially in areas along the riverbanks. Even the
few wealthy who invested in real estate suffered considerable losses.
Economic asset indicators measure the robustness of livelihoods, entrepreneurial activities and
commerce, availability/access to credit and overall savings. Upon the assessment of Sindh
Province (Thatta, Bello, Mirupur Bathoro) it was noted that the large towns are thriving with small
markets and micro enterprises in the service sector. However, most of the population in the
periphery relies on earnings from the informal sector in casual labor and agriculture. There is a
similar occurrence in KPK Province (Timergara, Samar Bagh and Chakdara) as communities rely on
the service sector for employment. In times of economic downturns, low-income groups are
affected the most as their priority is food, basic household items and medical attention, leaving
disaster preparation/mitigation as a last priority. In the aftermath of the 2010 flood, aid money was
channeled to affected communities through the use of WATAN cards. This is a short term solution
to a much larger problem associated with chronic poverty in the areas affected by disasters.
Communities complain that top heavy government structures and processes have made it difficult
for low-income households to own property or land.
Village member shows WATAN card (Cotalmo, Sindh)
Natural assets such as fertile farm lands, water sources, vegetation and livestock are crucial for the
overall function of ecosystems. In both Sindh and KPK provinces, the massive floods destabilized
the composition of natural assets. Farm lands were inundated and much of the top soil swept by
rapid currents. Natural assets were shocked as water sources were contaminated, vegetation
destroyed, trees uprooted and livestock lost. As seen in Chakdara (KPK) and Thatta (Sindh), the
physical structure of the Indus River and its tributaries was expanded by the floods. If floods
become recurrent in coming years, there is a possibility that land shifting will occur, increasing
erosion and soil degradation. Rapid growth of urban centers has increased the demand for timber
resulting in high deforestation in rural areas. Current practices like overgrazing and deforestation
increase the risk of land loss; most people are unaware of the impact of these practices and how
low-tech, low-cost solutions may have a positive impact in disaster mitigation. There is a need for
more awareness of possible preventative and mitigation measures and support on how to mobilize a
community to implement some of these measures. Long term adaptation to climate change is
dependent on adoption of new behaviors and practices.
Infrastructure assets are the most costly and are the “first line of protection” against hazards.
During the assessment in Sindh province, it was noted that “Protection Bunds” had been breached
by flood waters and fluvial systems were not capable of handling the mass volume of water. In
Cotalmo village (Sindh) the village was directly affected when the Provincial Government decided to
cut sections of the protection bunds in order to release water pressure that otherwise threatened
densely populated areas (Thatta). The damages in KPK province were similar, as gabion walls
failed to retain the flood waters, destroying bridges and buildings. Road systems serving as
evacuation routes were washed out, leaving countless villages disconnected from search and
rescue operations. In both provinces, infrastructure such as roads, dams, drinking water systems,
irrigation canals, were destroyed or damaged and need to be cleared, repaired or rebuilt.
Indus River dam (Bello, Sindh)
Breached protection bund (Mirpur Batoro, Sindh)
Individual assets can be measured in the well being of citizens (malnutrition, morbidity and mortality)
affected by the floods. In pre-disaster scenarios, communities have limited access to medical
attention. In post-disaster scenarios health services can be completely disrupted and brought to a
standstill. Living conditions in IDP camps can be unbearable, with open defecation and
consumption of flood waters highly prevalent in the initial stages of the disaster. The lack of
evacuation and displacement plans for young/old, sick/disabled (less mobile) and migrant (highly
mobile) population puts them in a highly vulnerable category altogether.
Social assets affect the way in which communities respond to hazards, through religious or cultural
perceptions. These social traditions are so deeply rooted that it is common for communities to
accept disasters to be normal and unavoidable. In Sindh province, the social caste system has
placed enormous pressure on the poor populations, as not enough assistance is given to this group
either by the government or civil society. There is a perceived sense of fragmented society, where
higher castes compete for resources entitled for the poor. In KPK, an occupational caste system
exists, where low skilled laborers (carpenters, hairdressers, potters, cobblers) are socially neglected
groups and highly vulnerable to disaster risks. However, in this region there seems to be a more
cohesive social fabric, social assistance although not permanent, is available to those with few
resources. Armed conflict in this province has also put pressure on a society living in a constant
“state of emergency” as the ongoing clashes can escalate at any time. In both provinces the social
expectation is that government institutions will assist communities in time of disaster.
C.3. COMMUNITY CAPACITY
The capacity assessment tool helps to identify capacities in disaster affected communities and gives
recommendations on how to build and strengthen weak prevention and preparedness activities of
communities and government institutions. (ANNEX 2B)
Many of the economic assets in which communities rely are based on remittances, usually from
family members living abroad. This money is either injected for business/commerce activities or
used to purchase food or basic living needs. Less fortunate households depend on their livestock,
placing the safety of livestock as a priority among the communities interviewed in Sindh and KPK
provinces.
In KPK province, men (community leaders) have commerce knowledge and
entrepreneurial spirit. During disasters, government institutions and NGOs alleviate pressure by
bringing economic aid into communities, in form of food, NFIs or cash.
The natural assets in both Sindh and KPK are abundant. Many communities are located along the
Indus River, a source of fish and water for many people. In KPK, mountain springs sources are
abundant and could potentially serve communities for irrigation and drinking water supplies.
Needless to say, protected forests are still visible, making it a priority for communities to continue
planting trees to prevent from soil erosion. It has been noted that communities in both provinces are
aware of the changing weather patterns in recent years.
Infrastructure is generally existent in the locations visited, well built roads, bridges and protection
bunds. Public works in the form of schools and hospitals are available in major district centers.
There exists a reliable network of telecommunication services, which can help as early warning
systems through text messaging. In times of disaster, the mobilization of armed forces is put into
place for search and rescue operations, while NGOs attend the displaced in IDP camps. Thatta
government officials were able to provide a copy of the district disaster contingency plans.
Individuals interviewed showed great resilience and determination to overcome disasters. Many
individuals in Sindh province have shown a high motivation to learn about disaster prevention
despite of their lack of formal studies. In KPK, communities are raising funds for road construction
and creating reconstruction committees.
In the greater context of social assets, manpower is an important element. Extended families and
social networks provide a safety net for the most vulnerable populations. It is tradition in KPK to
exchange/share assets of in the form of cash, property or products. Indigenous knowledge is of
high value and should be capitalized when introducing community disaster management activities.
D. RECOMMENDATIONS
D.1. PREPAREDNESS
In Sindh and KPK, community disaster management plans do not exist. In Thatta, for example, the
Executive District Officer was able to provide a Flood Contingency Plan which is outdated and
serves as a symbolic document rather than a functioning tool. Lack of information and ineffective
disaster management plans put pressure on communities to rely on “last minute preparation” or
evacuation from the hazard zone. Every village where ACF has projects should have a “disaster
management committee” composed of both males and females (according to cultural acceptance).
These disaster management committees then create disaster contingency plans and carry out
disaster simulation exercises in their villages.
From a macro-perspective, national early warning systems have failed to function properly. In fact,
a significant number of communities in Sindh and KPK do not have such systems in place. Cotalmo
community residents in Sindh Province blamed the local government for giving a last minute notice
before the protection bund ruptured. While discussing this matter with the Executive District Officer
in Thatta, it became apparent that much information sharing had taken place well in advance
between government ministries, yet the communities were the last to be informed. Developing
institutional alert systems and procedures at the community, taluka, union council and district level
are crucial to ensuring that all stakeholders have an active role in disaster management. In case of
flooding early warning mechanism will require constant monitoring of weather patterns and
“unusual” river flow in designated danger zones. Implementation of an early warning system
through radio messages is one form of ensuring that large population areas are informed and
instructed in a timely manner.
With proper early warning systems disasters can be mitigated and human loss can be minimized.
Emergency warning systems are not enough to mitigate disasters; these must be backed up with
harmonized disaster management plans and disaster awareness at different levels of society, where
responsibilities and expectations are clearly defined.
D.2. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
In emergency situations a quick response is vital. As mentioned above the provincial disaster
response capacity during the flood of 2010 was limited by access to remote areas. This shows that
pre-positioning of emergency stocks is a vital element in the beginning stages of emergency
response. ACF should pre-position NFI and shelter kits in the provincial centers (Thatta &
Timergara) which can be immediately dispatched when a disaster is verified and no other actors on
ground are able to respond. Winterization kits1 in Upper/Lower Dir and NFI kits in Thatta would
allow for emergency aid to reach the vulnerable communities rapidly while avoiding lengthy
logistical/procurement procedures. FSL and WASH teams should be ready to effectively deliver aid
(cash transfers/water provision/health & hygiene promotion) in displacement camps trough the initial
stages of an emergency.
A major hindrance in providing effective emergency response is lack of disaster reporting from
villages. It was noted that communities do not report localized disasters due to lack of trust in
government institutions and knowledge of what assistance is available to them. The lack of disaster
reporting by villages is mostly due to the need of communication means and reporting channels.
Provincial and District officials should be encouraged to continuously train, support and encourage
the communities to report disasters in a timely and accurate manner. The lack of community led
disaster response is also characterized by a strong fatalistic attitude (“If it’s God’s will”) towards
natural disasters. Without disaster reports NGOs and government institutions cannot track disaster
patterns which help in preparing for major catastrophes. Through the creation of a hazard/disaster
database, District authorities will be able to create zoning parameters which help address risks in
proper time.
Historically speaking, a civil defense department has existed since British rule. However, this
department was considered weak and ineffective in tackling disasters, which consequently led to the
creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). In response to the 2005
earthquake, the Pakistani government created the Provincial Disaster Management Authority
(PDMA). The response capacity, however, has proven to be hampered by poorly trained and
equipped volunteers and the lack of leadership from a single line ministry willing to provide
adequate funding. PDMA’s role is limited to emergency response rather than to disaster prevention
and mitigation. At the community level, ACF would be able to facilitate community workshops
explaining the PDMA framework and highlighting the importance of disaster mitigation and
preparation at the community level. One of the soft outputs would be to develop community disaster
plans for villages affected by recent disasters. Once these community disaster plans are created,
they must then be validated by the PDMA and District Coordination departments for agriculture,
infrastructure and health. PDMA and line ministries will now be aware of the mitigation and
preparation (hard and soft outputs) at the community level in the same way that villages will be
conscious of the government’s duties and responsibilities before, during and after disasters.
D.3. CAPACITY BUILDING & AWARENESS
ACF should be able to carry out Disaster Awareness workshops in the communities where projects
are currently ongoing (WASH/FSL/Nutrition). These workshops should be aimed at grassroots
community leadership (Union Councils, Talukas, Villages) but should be followed with institutional
capacity building (i.e. PDMA). By putting together a Disaster Management Provincial Workshop,
ACF can bring together all relevant stakeholders (government officials, UN agencies, NGO staff) to
suggest basic disaster risk reduction concepts and the importance of disaster awareness at the
institutional level.
One example of topics in these workshops is natural resource management: land protection,
terracing and soil stabilization techniques, reforestation training to all men in community on planting
1
NFI Kits include weather proof tents, blankets, coats & rubber boots
trees for slope stabilization and vocational training for appropriate infrastructure planning and
construction techniques, motivating communities to form village nurseries to ensure reforestation.
Vulnerable tube well (Timergara, KPK)
Unprotected well (Kotigram, KPK)
In order to continue building economic resilience, it is recommended that men and women in
communities be trained in vocational skills in order to improve livelihoods. Capacity building of men
as carpenters in hazard resistant construction technologies should be encouraged in “build back
better” reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives, including cash for work schemes. Women could
be trained in sewing, tailoring and handicraft production. As a stimulus to economic activity,
financial savings schemes and risk transfer mechanisms could be encouraged in communities.
“With little to no access to formal insurance mechanisms for disasters, the poor are forced to self
insure, depleting their savings when disaster strikes. Micro-insurance can help to break this cycle
by providing low-income households, farmers, and businesses with rapid access to post-disaster
liquidity, thus protecting their livelihoods and providing for reconstruction”2. The establishment of
micro-finance schemes for small scale entrepreneur and community covers the risk of exposure to
natural hazards.
Man putting vocational skills to use (Bello, Sindh)
For disaster awareness activities to be successful in communities, a strong Islamic justification for
disaster preparedness must be presented, followed by participatory assessment of disaster risks
(PADR) training. PADR includes risk analysis and hazard mapping eventually resulting in the
creation of disaster management committees.
Disaster Risk Reduction messages in schools is a good tool to engage communities and raise
awareness of potential hazards. Another capacity building/awareness activity is first aid training for
field staff workers and community leaders. This can be outsourced to a medical NGO (MSF in
2
The Role of Risk Transfer and Insurance in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaption; Commission on Climate Change and Development
March 2008
TMG) so at least there is another INGO involved in this initiative. Training in camp set-up, in case
IDP camps must be setup if the onset of an emergency occurs. For mass awareness FM radio can
also be used in KPK and Sindh as there is a considerable audience in radio media.
D.4. STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
For FSL activities, small scale and basic infrastructure such as farm to market roads, bridges, dams
and irrigation channels would need to be constructed or in many cases cleared, repaired, rebuilt or
protected. In KPK there are areas in need for irrigation systems because much of the cultivated
land is rain-fed, which makes harvest yields heavily dependent on irregular precipitation and the
quality of seed sown. It was mentioned that irrigation schemes are not available because of the
considerable distance of the water sources. Setting up nurseries, planting vegetable gardens and
fruit trees is not possible because of the lack of access to water. Along riverside communities,
however, the situation is different in that floods wipe out fertile soil and erosion is a continuous
problem. Strengthening of embankments and dykes in the coastal areas as well as river bank
stabilization should be a priority. Culverts and irrigation channels are often blocked and/or
destroyed due the limited capacity of water that can be handled. Homes have been either
completely destroyed or partially damaged and improved building techniques are needed (i.e. raised
foundations and drainage around homes/property). Mitigation projects should focus on the
continued support of Local Reconstruction Committees in charge of community infrastructure and
rehabilitation initiatives. Giving support to the Local Reconstruction Committees will empower
communities through ownership of disaster mitigation projects. ACF should also capitalize on the
utilization of indigenous knowledge in structural design, location of construction and land
management practices.
Makeshift bridge (Timergara, KPK)
Farm to Market road (Kotigram, KPK)
Gabion wall construction (Chakdara Ramora, KPK)
Sample raised water point (Sri Lanka)
Mainstreaming DRR into WASH is mainly about adapting existing projects (hard and soft outputs) to
the changing natural environment. In adapting the DRR concept to WASH projects it is feasible to
take advantage of existing water point designs (gravity flow and tube wells) and improve such
designs to minimize the direct impact of hazards. Protection boxes are already constructed by ACF
WASH teams in KPK province. Building gabion walls around the protection box will divert the full
impact of run-off water from destroying the protection box. Protecting water pipes from falling
boulders will avoid costly repairs or disruption of services for extended periods of time. Existing
water points should be constantly monitored and repaired if pipes are leaking or in need of
replacement. By modifying the design of gravity flow schemes and incorporating reinforced
concrete pillars to hold pipes in place will prevent from potential flood water washing away weak
sections of pipeline. In order to measure the rise of floodwaters casual workers can be hired to
build water gauges (on-site and low-cost concrete and steel fabrications), alternatively,
prefabricated water gauges can be ordered and install on selected hazard zones identified by the
community Disaster Management Committees.
Boulders falling on water scheme (Somarbagh, KPK)
Water scheme in need of repair (Somarbagh, KPK)
A list of relevant DRR projects that could be considered appropriate within the assessed areas
includes:
















Construction of new water points
Rehabilitation/protection of existing water points
Construction of hazard resistant latrines in school and rural health centres
Protection of existing latrines
Installation of water gauges in flood zones and riverbanks
Construction and rehabilitation of sewage systems
Construction/rehabilitation of irrigation/drainage channels
Strengthening of embankments and dykes in the coastal areas as well as river bank
stabilization
Construction/installation of gabion protection walls
Temporary bridges as escape routes (or access routes) to areas vulnerable to flooding
Flood proofing of community shelters
Construction of rural community emergency shelters
Construction of protected grain storage facilities and livestock shelter
Construction/rehabilitation of farm to market roads
Setting up village Nurseries
Promoting Bio-agriculture, contour farming, tree planting, crop diversification, soil
management and grazing management
The table below provides a non exhaustive list of potential DRR activities in the specific union
councils visited as part of this evaluation. The mitigation infrastructure proposed remain in line with
ACF’s core competencies, but PADR assessments could lead to other activities being considered.
List of Potential Project Sites and Activities in KPK
Province
UC/Tehsil
Village
Hard Output
Soft Output
Program Sector
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C.
Khadagzai
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C.
Tazagram
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Khanpur
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Kumbar
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Badwan
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Kashmir
Selected by U.C
PADR, Community Disaster
Management Plan, Capacity
Building and Awareness
FSL/WASH
Province
UC/Tehsil
Village
Hard Output
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
Soft Output
Program Sector
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Asbanr
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Khanpur
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Ouch
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Ramora Dara
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C.
Khadagzai
Khadagzai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Badwan
Construction/Rehabilitation of
protective dyke
FSL/WASH
KPK
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
U.C.Tazagram
U.C.
Tazagram
U.C.
Tazagram
Shaban
Kithiyari
Construction of irrigation channels
Construction of irrigation channels
FSL
FSL
Tazagram
Construction of irrigation channels
FSL
Shawa
Construction of irrigation channels
FSL
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Ouch
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Tazagram
Shawa
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Ramora
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Chakdara
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Adam Dherai
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
KPK
FSL/WASH
FSL/WASH
KPK
U.C. Khanpur
Khanpur
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C.
Khadagzai
Kamala
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Kumbar
Kaskay Kumbar
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Khampur
Warghar
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Gulshamabad
Ouch
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Asbanr
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Khawas Asbanr
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Bambolai
Rehabilitation of drinking water
supply schemes
WASH
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Chakdara
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Khadagzai
Khadagzai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Khadagzai
Brhangola
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Badwan
Badwan
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Tazagram
Shawa
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Kithiyari
Kithiyari
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Tazagram
Tazagram
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Ouch
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
Province
UC/Tehsil
Village
Hard Output
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
Soft Output
Program Sector
KPK
U.C. Ouch
Kotigram
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Dara Ramora
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Kamala
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Asbanr
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Bambolai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Dharai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Kashmir
Kashmir
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Gali Bagh
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Asbanr
Abi Shah
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Tazagram
Tindodog
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Khanpur
Tiknai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Khanpur
Khanpur
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Amirabad
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C.
Chakdara
Chatpat Shamlai
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
KPK
U.C. Badwan
Badwan
Construction/Rehabilitation of
roads
FSL
E. CONCLUSION
Many districts of Sindh & Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces are amongst the most disaster prone
districts in Pakistan. There is considerable historical evidence that suggests that the climatic
changes will continue to create disorder in previously predictable weather patterns. These
communities will continue to suffer from seasonal floods if the necessary mitigation mechanisms are
not put into place. It is likely that poverty stricken communities will remain in a cyclical pattern of
gain and loss instead of moving faster through the disaster cycle into the mitigation and
preparedness stage.
According to the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it is estimated that more than 3.8 million
people were directly affected by the great flood of 2010. Agricultural assets and infrastructure were
heavily damaged, standing crops lost and water supply infrastructure badly damaged or completely
destroyed. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial minister of information, Mian Iftikhar Hussain, said
"the infrastructure of this province was already destroyed by conflict. Whatever was left was finished
off by these floods."
The coming months of early 2011 will not be any different, as recovering communities are highly
vulnerable to a new disaster shock. Snow melt, avalanches, seasonal rains and landslides are
major hazards and NGO’s and government authorities must invest more financial and human
resources to prevention activities. Communities, NGOs and all levels of government institutions
must be prepared to mitigate disasters and respond in a rapid yet effective manner.
ANNEX 1.
Hazard Mapping Sindh & KPK
Province
Hazard
Risk
Classification
Frequency
Speed
Location
Duration
Severity
Warning
System
Sindh
Flooding
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Variable Onset
1-72 hours
Widespread impact to low areas and communities near
protection bunds
6-8 weeks
Acute
No Warning
System
KPK
Flooding
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Variable Onset
1-72 hours
Widespread impact to riversides and confluence areas
4-6 weeks
Acute
No Warning
System
Sindh
Earthquake
Moderate Risk
10-20 years
Immediate Onset
Localized to urban areas
Minutes
Acute
National
Warning System
KPK
Earthquake
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Immediate Onset
Widespread to urban and rural areas
Minutes
Acute
National Warning
System
Sindh
Drought
Moderate/High
Risk
10-20 years
Variable Onset
1-30 days
Localized impact to areas away from rivers or natural
water springs
2-3
months
Acute
Predictable
KPK
Drought
Low Risk
20-30 years
Variable Onset
1-30 days
Localized impact to areas away from rivers or natural
water springs
2-3
months
Acute
Predictable
Sindh
Landslide
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
KPK
Landslide
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Variable Onset
1-24 hours
Localized impact to areas of high erosion and excessive
water accumulation
Hours/Day
s
Moderate
N/A
Sindh
Avalanche
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
KPK
Avalanche
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Immediate Onset
Localized impact to areas of high snow accumulation
Minutes
Moderate
N/A
Sindh
Cyclone/Tropical
Storm
High/Very High
Risk
1-10 years
Variable Onset
1-90 days
Widespread impact to low areas and communities near
protection bands
1-3
Months
Acute
Predictable
KPK
Cyclone/Tropical
Storm
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sindh
Tsunami
Low/Moderate
Risk
N/A
Variable Onset
1-72 hours
Localized impact to low coastal areas
Minutes
Moderate
N/A
KPK
Tsunami
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ANNEX 2.
Vulnerability Assessment Sindh & KPK
Elements at Risk
Vulnerable Conditions
Pressures
Underlying Causes
Economic Assets



Loss of harvest
Loss of livestock
Loss of personal assets





Decline in Soil Fertility
High cost of agricultural supplies
Limited high-land grazing grounds
Extreme poverty
Indebtedness



National Agriculture policies
Provincial Government policies
National Development policies





Lack of community agricultural
planning
Lack of effective social security
schemes
Top heavy government structures
and processes
Low literacy and education
Lack of vocational skills
Natural Assets


Physical structure of Indus river and
tributaries expanded
Environmental degradation including pollution
and deforestation


Unreliable containment infrastructure
Widespread soil erosion


National Resource Management Policies
National Disaster Management mitigation
policies and budget

Lack of community natural resource
management



National and Provincial Disaster
Management Policies

Lack of community Infrastructure
initiatives

Limited protected water sources
Faulty protection bands along Indus
river and tributaries
Limited Knowledge of natural resource
management
Poor/limited infrastructure planning


High cost of food
High cost of medical attention


Competition for resources
Cost of education

Social traditions/expectations



Large family size
Gender inequalities
Weak civil society
Constructed Assets





Shallow wells contaminated
Irrigation channels damaged/destroyed
Fluvial systems and sewage collection
systems obstructed
Road Bridges Collapsed
Roads washed away

Individual Assets



Increased malnutrition
Increased morbidity
Increased mortality
Social Assets


Increased conflict
Disruption to education
ANNEX 3.
Capacity Assessment Sindh & KPK
Protected Elements
Safe Conditions
Pressure Releases
Positive Underlying Causes
Economic Assets


In Sindh and KPK, remittances from outside
relatives are an option for a few families
In KPK, some types of livestock are not badly
affected because of higher ground grazing


Strong local leadership in
communities
Entrepreneurial spirit among
communities



NGOs to provide post-disaster relief
Promote diversity of crops and livestock
Promote savings schemes


Untouched and protected areas

Capacity building activities by grass root
NGOs and INGO’s in natural resource
management
Promote fish farming
Apply indigenous knowledge to terracing and
land rotation


Communities have basic awareness
of changing weather patterns
Acknowledgment that weather related
disasters will continue
Equip hospitals with basic emergency
supplies
Promote “build back better” principles

Men capable in vocational skills

Men capable in vocational skills
Strong culture of community
togetherness
Traditional (indigenous) knowledge
Natural Assets


Both provinces have an abundance of fish as
food supply
In KPK, mountain spring sources are abundant



Constructed Assets





Existing infrastructure (roads, bridges,
protection bands)
Reliable telecommunication services
Makeshift camps for IDPs
Village hospitals are available
Primary/Secondary schools

Large government investment in
building basic infrastructure
Mobilization of armed forces in
time of disaster





High Motivation to Learn
Ability to survive with minimal food
Traditional farming skills
Higher literacy of of younger
population


Tradition of exchanging/sharing
assets/products



Individual Assets



Skills
Knowledge
High resiliance and determination

Capacity building activities by grass root
NGOs and INGO’s in disaster risk redcuction
activities
Construction of Community Based mitigation
structures
Social Assets



Manpower (Human Resources)
Extended families and social networks
Traditional knowledge
Promote conflict resolution (KPK)
ANNEX 4.
SIMPLIFIED CAUSE MAP OF DISASTERS