ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MID-TERM REVIEW!
BODY ORIENTATION AND SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
1. Compare and contrast "anatomy" and "physiology."
Anatomy: structure
Physiology: function
2. List the levels of biological organization from smallest (cell) to largest (organism).
(Molecules), cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
3. Define homeostasis AND list which two main body systems control this.
Maintaining internal stability; nervous and endocrine systems
4. Draw potato person and draw a straight line for a sagittal section dividing the body in two
at the medial plane AND a transverse section in the umbilical region, so that you now have
four separate parts. Label the section lines.
5. Review body cavities. List all organs that can be found in:
a. abdominopelvic cavity – stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum,
pancreas, liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder (female: ovaries, uterus)
b. cranial cavity - brain
c. thoracic cavity – heart and lungs
6. Review regional anatomy terms. Match column A with column B:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a___arm
a. brachial
i___belly button
b. cervical
e___buttock
c. digital
h___chest
d. femoral
c___fingers and toes
e. gluteal
g___knee (anterior)
f. oral
f___mouth
g. patellar
b___neck
h. thoracic
d___thigh
i. umbilical
7. Review function and organs of each body system:
SYSTEM
FUNCTION
Integumentary
protection from bacteria
produces vitamin D
regulates temperature
Skeletal
moves body, protects organs, produces blood
ORGANS
skin, lines cavities, surrounds
organs
bones, bone marrow
Muscular
moves skeleton and substances in body via circulatory
and digestive systems
heart, circulatory blood vessels,
digestive system except liver and
pancreas
CNS and PNS (central and
peripheral nervous systems)
Nervous
responds to environmental changes by transmitting
electrochemical impulses
Cardiovascular
(circulatory)
transportation of blood—food, hormones, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and other wastes
heart and blood vessels
Respiratory
adds oxygen, removes carbon dioxide from blood
lungs
Digestive
breaks down food into building blocks
Excretory (urinary)
rids body of nitrogen wastes and regulates composition
of blood
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, large intestines, rectum,
liver, pancreas
kidneys, bladder
Endocrine
regulates homeostasis
Reproductive
allows production of offspring
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal,
adrenals, parathyroid, thyroid,
thymus, ovaries, testes
female: ovaries, uterus
male: testes
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Contrast organic with inorganic molecules and give human body examples.
ORGANIC – C-based molecules/lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
INORGANIC – generally no carbon; salts, water, carbon dioxide
2. Which statement about enzymes is true?
a. They are proteins.
b. They form complexes with specific substrates (molecules).
c. They are biological catalysts.
d. They increase the rates of chemical reactions and lower heat needed.
e. All of the above.
3. List macromolecules, their monomer building blocks, function, and body examples:
Macromolecule
Monomer
Function
Examples
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Main energy source for making
Glucose
ATP’s
Starch; glycogen
Storage for energy
cell walls: chitin or
Structures
cellulose
Lipid
Phospholipid; steroid
Forms double semi-permeable
Membranes
ring; triglyceride
layer
Cholesterol; waxes
Functional molecules
Fats; oils
Glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
Protein
Amino acid (20 kinds) Functional
Antibodies; enzymes
structural
Collagen; elastin
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide: 5-carbon
Carries genetic code; allows for
DNA, RNA
sugar, phosphate, Nprotein synthesis
base
CELLS AND TISSUES
1. Draw and label a “typical” animal cell with labels. Use the following: cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosome, nucleus, chromatin, nucleolus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, microtubules
2. Choose the group of terms that best describes the process of diffusion:
a. Passive; carriers; up a concentration gradient
b. Passive: kinetic energy; down a concentration gradient
c. Active; carriers; down a concentration gradient
d. Active; kinetic energy; up or against a concentration gradient
3. Match terms in column B with description in column A:
COLUMN A
f___ energy-generating powerhouse of
the cell
b___ assemblies and packages materials
to be secreted from the cell
e___ provides supports for maintaining
cell shape
l___ synthesizes steroid hormones
a___ forms the mitotic spindle and the
base of cilia
j___ site of protein synthesis
g___ site of ribosome synthesis
k___ membrane network studded with
ribosomes
h___ control center of the cell
d___ sac of digestive enzymes
c___ pigment granules, water vacuoles, etc.
COLUMN B
a. Centriole
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Inclusions
d. Lysosome
e. Microtubules
f. Mitochondria
g. Nucleolus
h. Nucleus
i. Plasma membrane
j. Ribosome
k. Rough ER
l. Smooth ER
4. Complete the tissue chart below:
Tissue
Function
Epithelial
cover body surfaces
Muscle
movement
Connective
Structural Support - bone, cartilage
Storage Media - adipose tissue (fat)
Mechanical Protection - membranes
Transportation - blood.
conducts electrochemical impulses;
conveys information about environment
Nervous
5. Complete the following muscle table:
Muscle type
Structure description
Skeletal
striated, multinucleate,
voluntary
Smooth
elliptical, involuntary
Cardiac
striated, branching,
involuntary
Body location
skin; covers organs and
lines cavities; lines digestive
tract and blood vessels
attaches to skeleton and
skin; heart; inside digestive
tract and blood vessels
skeletal system,
integumentary system,
nervous system,
circulatory system
CNS & PNS (central and
peripheral nervous systems)
Location in the body
attaches bones to bones and
muscles to bones
circulatory and digestive
systems
heart
6. Match the connective tissue types in Column B with the description in Column A.
COLUMN A
c___ Achilles was “done in” by damage
to the tendon connecting his calf
muscles to his heel. All tendons
consist of this tissue.
a___ no one is literally a “fathead”
because the brain is unable to
store this tissue.
g___ has a high content of hard calcium
salts
b___ a soft packing tissue with a soft
fluid matrix
e___ forms the shock-absorbing pads
between the vertebrae
f___ glassy semi-hard tissue that covers
bone ends at joint surfaces
connects ribs to breastbone
COLUMN B
a. Adipose
b. Areolar
c. Dense fibrous
d. Elastic cartilage
e. Fibrocartilage
f. Hyaline cartilage
g. Osseous (bone)
TISSUES AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Where are mucous membranes located?
a. In joint cavites
b. Covering the heart
c. Lining the stomach
d. Covering the brain
2. Skin color is determined by ___.
a. the amount of carotene in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
b. pigments in the epidermis (melanin)
c. the degree of oxygenation of the blood
d. All of the above
3. List the functions of the skin:
Body temperature regulation
Production of vitamin D
Protection from bacterial invasion
Secretes wastes
Prevents water loss
Houses some sensory equipment (pressure, temperature)
4. What are the two most life-threatening concerns when a person has severe burns?
dehydration
infection
5. Acne is a disorder associated with inflammation of the ___sebaceous glands__.
6. What tissue describes the outer surface covering the heart?
Visceral pericardium
7. Describe the ABCD method of monitoring moles.
A = asymmetry (lack of balance or symmetry)
B = border (border should be even all around, not indented or
bumpy)
C = color (check for color change; color should not be multiple colors)
D = diameter should be less than 6mm
SKELETAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION
1. List four functions of the skeletal system:
Support and protection
Hematopoietic site
Storage
Provides levers for muscle activity
2. A bone that has essentially the same width, length, and height is most likely __.
a. A long bone
b. A short bone
c. A flat bone
d. An irregular bone
3. When exposed to vinegar, what components of bone matrix have been lost?
calcium
4. The process of ossification (bone formation) in long bones includes:
a. production of new bone matrix by osteoclasts
b. breakdown of hyaline cartilage
c. initial formation of bone matrix, with later replacement by cartilage
d. destruction of the epiphyseal plates shortly after birth
5. In adult long bones, hyaline cartilage is found ___
a. in the medullary cavity
b. between trabeculae
c. on articular surfaces
d. in the epitphyseal line
e. in the diaphysis
6. The spinal cord passes through a large opening in the occipital bone. This
opening is an example of a ___.
d. facet
a. foramen
e. tubercle
b. sinus
c. ramus
7. Match the terms below with their descriptions:
a. Bursitis
b. Gout
c. Osteoarthritis
d. Rheumatoid arthritis
c___ a consequence of “wear and tear” on joints; chiefly affects large weight-bearing
joints; involves erosion of articular-cartilage and formation of bony spurs
a___ examples are housemaid’s knee and tennis elbow
b___ painful condition reflecting elevated levels of uric acid in blood; few joints affected
d___ autoimmune disorder; joints affected bilaterally; involves pannus formation and
gradual joint immobilization