Survey on Canine Viral Enteritis Cause Canine Parvovirus and Canine Coronavirus in
Differential Ages
Tuonta Chansilpa1Shollada Srisorn1Pitipat Kitpipatkun1Padet Siridumrong2
1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Bangpra, Sriracha.Chonburi, 20110, Thailand.
2
Nuen-plub Warn Animal Hospital, Pattaya.Chonburi, 20110, Thailand.
Abstract
This study was performed on 239 domestic dogs with bloody diarrhea, presented to animal clinics and private
veterinary hospital between January and August 2012. The dogs were divided into seven groups according to age intervals
which were group 1:1-2 months, group 2:3-4 months, group 3:5-6 months, group 4:7-8 months, group 5:9-10 months, group
6:11-12 month and group 7:more than 1 year. The bloody fecal specimen from dogs were tested using CPV/CCV
AntigenTMtestkit.It was found that of 239 samples, 136 were reactive to CPV(56.90%), 22 were reactive to CCV(9.20%),
9were reactive to both CPV and CCV(3.76%) and 72 were non-reactive to any(30.14%). The dogs of group 1 anf 2 had the
highest prevalence of CPV and CCV whereas the dogs of group 4,5 and 6 had the lowest prevalence of CPV and CCV
Keywords: Canine Viral Enteritis, Canine Parvovirus, Canine Coronavirus, Differential Ages
Introduction
Bloody diarrhea or enteritis is normal a most destructive problem of the dog owners which causes serious loss and
death of animals. Diarrhea could be induced by many factors such as infectious bacteria, viruses and protozoa or by
noninfectious enteritis such as temperature or stress environmental conditions (Killiet.al., 2010). Among these factors, canine
viruses play the most important role in causing this disease, two major causal viruses are Canine Enteric Coronavirus
(CECoV). Chances of contamination may be due to the dispersal of the virus environment, virulent strain of the virus and the
susceptibility of the dog to the certain virus as well as the ability of the virus to mutate (Killiet.al., 2010). A large number of
these 2 viruses are usually found on the infected dog feces there fore feeding or playing with these feces contamination will
cause disease infection (Apple et.al., 1978) Puppies at each age could be subjected to this disease but the majority is in
between after weanling stage to six months old, severe infection is usually found in puppies younger than three months. The
done recently the survival rate could be reached 80 – 95% if the dogs are suddenly treated and might be at 9.1% without
treatment (Brady et.al., 2012). Incase of mixed co-infection of these 2 viruses the severity would be much higher than a single
infection. Rapid disease diagnosis would make curative program easier and decrease the mortality rate (Killiet.al., 2010)
Methodology
1. Domestic dogs with bloody diarrhea
Two hundred thirty – nine male and female dogs, age between 1 month to 10 years old with bloody diarrhea were
used in this investigation. The dogs were divided into 7 group according to age intervals namely; group 1:1-2 months, group
2:3-4 months, group 3:5-6 months, group 4:7-8 months, group 5:9-10 months, group 6:11-12 months and group 7:more than 1
year.
2. Sample collection and Preparation
Fecal samples were collection by two methods
2.1 Collected a sample from canine rectal feces using a swab
2.2 Collected a sample from canine feces on the ground using a swab
3. Test-kit
The CPV/CCV Antigen (Vet-smart CPV/CCV Antigen Duo Test) from Pacific Biotech Co.Ltd were employed as
diagnostic kits.
4. Fecal specimen Test
The swab were inserted into the sample collectors individually and swirled thoroughly thenallowed to stand for 1-2
minutes. The clear part of supernatant was aspirated and added 2 drops toeach wells of the test kits. The results were checked
and interpreted after 5-10 minutes.
5.
Interpreting test results
If the reddish purple line appeared on the parvovirus antigen channel, it indicated that the result was positive or the
dog was infected with canine parvovirus and vise verse if the line developed only on coronavirus antigen channel that meaned
the dog was infected with canine coronavirus.
In case that both lines were observed on test kit it indicated that a single dog was infected with both viruses. The
absence of the line on the test kit may probably declare that the test sample was free from both canine parvovirus and canine
coronavirus.
6.
Experimented sites
Animal clinic and private veterinary hospitals in the middle and the eastern part of Thailand were used for sample
collection.
Result and Discussion
The prevalence of canine enteritis caused by canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, co-infection of canine
parvovirus and coronavirus and noninfectious enteritis from dogs at different age are summarized in table 1. Out of 239
collected samples, 136 were reactive CPV(56.90%) 22 were reactive to CCV(9.20%) 9 were reactive to both CPV and
CCV(3.76%) and 72 samples did not react to any test antibodies(30.14%). In all positive results, the highest population were
found to be CPV while the CCV were the second and the co-infection of two viruses were minority. It is concluded that the
canine bloody diarrhea in Thailand was primary caused coronavirus. This study coincided to many previous reports
(Sakulwiraet.al., 2003, McGaw and Hoskins, 2006) but is contradictory to Soma et.al.(2011) which the primary causal virus
in Japan is Coronavirus, However, if a simple dog is infected with both viruses at the sometime, the degree of severity will be
higher than a simple infection. (Pratelliet.al., 1999, Suksawatet.al., 2009). In addition, samples which were negatively reacted
in the test but dogs still had signs of bloody diarrhea, the could probably be due to parasites, bacteria or another factors such
as temperature and environmental changes (Kalli et.al., 2010). Negatively results could also be detected, normally the lowest
detectable can centration for CPV is 3.13×105 TCID50/ml. and1.97×104 TCID50/ml. for CCV (Suksawatet.al., 2009).
Furthermore, according to their age between 1-2 months and 3-4 months old fallowed by 5-6 months and more than 12
months old dogs gradually. The puppies age 1-2 months old had 62 from 89 tested samples positive react to CPV, CCV and
CPV + CCV antibodies at 45, 10 and 7 respectively while the group of 3-4 months old gave positively reaction to CPV, CCV
and CPV + CCV at 54, 5 and 7 from 94 test sample, the group of 5-6 months had 18 samples positive to CPV, CCV and CPV
+ CCV at 15, 3 and 0 out of 22 test samples. Thedogs over 12 months old were positive to CPV, CCV and CPV + CCV at 14,
2 and 1 from 24 samples tested. Results from this study indicate that the prevalence of canine viral enteritis caused by canine
parvovirus and canine coronavirus was majority found in dogs aged lower than 6 months, this data corroborate previous
report of Kalliet.al.(2010). The prevalence of CPV, CCV and CPV + CCV infection in bloody diarrhea domestic dogs is
shown in Table 2. The prevalence of dogs to CPV, CCV and CPV + CCV infections during puppy stage or below 1 year were
56.74, 9.30 and 3.72% respectively and were 58.33, 8.33 and 4.16% on over one year dogs. This work was contradictory to
the report of Soma et.al.(2011) in Japan where CCV was the predominant causal virus than CPV, this could be due to
different technique used for viral detection, RT.PCR technique used by Soma et.al. is more sensitive than the immunological
test kit, it could detect viral gene in 12.5% of asymptomatic dogs while whereas in the immunological test kit, the amount of
the virus in sample must be sufficient to pas the detection limit (Suksawatet.al., 2009). The prevalence of CCV and CPV
infection was primary found in puppies aged lower than 6 months, the afore mentioned results might be caused by maternal
immunity decreasing, weanling or stressor therefore puppies should receive both CPV and CCV vaccine in the early stage to
prevent these viral enteritis.
Conclusion
To survey on canine viral enteritis cause canine parvovirus and canine coronavirus in differential age. It was found
that Canine parvovirus had higher caused than canine coronavirus. The prevalence of canine viral enteritis was frequently
found in dog aged lower than 6 months.
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