ITT Graduate Manual: APA Format Requirements
for the ITT Department
Introduction
The following requirements for the formatting of the thesis and applied project, the
portfolio reflection paper and annotations, and any papers for ITT classes that ask for
APA format are drawn from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, commonly referred to as the APA Manual. This book is quite large (nearly
400 pages) and provides detailed instructions on many formatting aspects not addressed
by this document. The Publication Manual attempts to provide guidelines to persons
submitting documents for publication in journals. The instructions are necessary for
printing the journal. Many of the requirements are altered by universities, including the
ITT department at WIU, to improve the readability of theses or dissertations. These
instructions should be followed whenever “APA format” is mentioned in formatting
instructions for ITT written work. Matters not covered in this document should be looked
th
up in the Publication Manual, 4 edition itself. Most libraries own the book.
Preliminary Pages
Margins: Left=1.5”; all others=1”
Page numbering:
Title page: no page number (but considered #1)
All other preliminary pages (abstract, acknowledgements, table of contents, list of
tables, list of figures, list of graphs, etc.): use lowercase, Roman numerals (e.g., ii,
iii, iv) and place them in upper right corner of the pages
Title of each page: use upper and lowercase lettering, centered (e.g., Table of Contents)
Abstract: All in one paragraph, <600 word description of problem, methods, results;
thesis only
Title page: Centered, title in upper and lowercase letters ;see sample at end of this
document
Approval page: Centered title in upper and lowercase letters “Approval Page”; see
sample at end of this document
Acknowledgements page (optional): Centered title in upper and lowercase letters
“Acknowledgements”; paragraph with first line indented 5 spaces.
Running header:
On Title page: Type “Running Header:” followed by the first 2-3 words of the title or
a descriptive phrase in all capital letters. This line should begin against the left
margin, at the top of the Title page. (e.g., Running Header: DISTANCE
EDUCATION)
Main Body of the Paper
Margins: Left=1.5”; all others=1”
Running header: The header should appear five spaces to the left of the page number,
in upper and lowercase lettering (e.g., Distance Education 5)
Page numbering: Runs continuously throughout the document including appendixes,
beginning with “1” on the first page of Chapter I. Use Arabic numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4)
First page of each chapter: Page number appears centered, at bottom of page All other
pages: Page number appears in top, right corner of the page with the running
header five spaces to the left of the page number. See last page of this document for
instructions on how to make Microsoft Word 97/98 do this type of page numbering for
you.
Font: Times New Roman, 12-point size
Spacing: Double space throughout document except: Indented block quotes
of 40 words or more Text inside tables Text within a bibliographic reference
(double space between references)
Paragraphs: Indent 5 spaces at the beginning of each paragraph and the beginning of
each paragraph within a block quote (use word processor ruler to set indent at 1/2")
Quotations: Direct quotes of less than 40 words should be surrounded with double
quotation marks and included in the running text of the document. Quotes of more than
40 words should be indented five spaces, single-spaced and placed in a block quote
without quotation marks. Double spacing before and after the quote separates the block
quote from the rest of the paragraph. In-line references of the quote appears with last
name of author, the year, and the page number of the quote (e.g., (Rogers, 1994, p. 12))
This information appears at the end of the block quote.
Headings: Most papers use 3-4 levels of headings. The following description and
example applies to this situation. Level 1: Centered uppercase and lowercase heading
Level 2: Centered, underlined, uppercase and lowercase heading Level 3: Flush left,
underlined, uppercase and lowercase heading Level 4: Indented, underlined, lowercase
heading ending with a period If five levels are needed, the additional level is added as
Level 1, which is a centered,
all uppercase heading.
Example for 5 levels of headings (omit level 1 if using only 3-4 levels):
DISTANCE EDUCATION AND INTERACTION
Introduction
Procedures for Study
Participants
Selection Procedures.
Numbers: In general, type the numbers out into words for any number less than ten. Use
the numerals themselves for 10 or greater. See the APA Publication Manual, p. 99 for
exceptions.
Tables: Where: Start on new page if the table would be split by placing it in normal
location in text Spacing/format: Single space within rows and double space between rows
of data; vertical table lines are optional (whatever makes it easier to read the contents of
the table) Table numbering: Upper and lowercase, number with Arabic numbers (e.g.,
Table 1) Table title: Upper and lowercase, underlined; place the title double-spaced
below the Table 1 label against the left margin. Separate the title from the table with a
blank line. See an example later in this document. Important: Describe the highlights of
the table in the text, citing the table by number (not “above” or “below”)
Lists: When listing a series of items in the text, use lowercase letters surrounded by
parentheses (e.g., (a), (b), (c)). When listing a series of items in vertical format, use
Arabic numbers without parentheses (e.g.,
1.
2.
3.
New pages: Begin each preliminary type of page, each chapter, the references section,
and each appendix on a new page.
Appendix: Label each appendix with a letter, unless there is only one. (e.g., Appendix A,
Appendix B). Cover pages for each appendix are only necessary if there is more than one
item in an appendix. Place the Appendix A and the title of the appendix just above center
on the appendix cover page, double-spaced. Be consistent throughout the appendix
section with cover sheets or no cover sheets. If only one item is placed
in each appendix, "Appendix A: Title of Item" can be centered at the top of the item
itself.
In-line references: The following section provides instructions for how to reference
common items in the text of the document. See the section of the Publication Manual
beginning with page 168 for many other less-common examples. Single author: Rogers
(1994) said… or (Rogers, 1994) Two authors: (Rogers & Smith, 1994) 3-5 authors: List
all the first time; only list the first one plus "et.al." for all subsequent
references; e.g., (Rogers, Smith, Jones, Baker & Pierson, 1994) (Rogers, et.al.,
1994) 6+ authors: (Rogers, et.al., 1994) 2 or more references in same parenthesis:
separate with a semicolon (Rogers, 1994;
Smith, 1992)
Personal communication from an e-mail, bulletin board, etc.: (Rogers, personal
communication, April 18, 1999) These items are NOT listed in the Reference list at
the end of the paper.
Quote from a Web site: (Rogers, 1994, para. 5) ("para" refers to the paragraph
number. If your word processor allows you to enter the paragraph symbol, that is
acceptable also.)
Reference List
General: Items in the reference list must be referenced in the body of the text. They are to
be listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. Each item is single-spaced with a
hanging indent within the reference and double-spaced between them. See pages 174+ and
Appendix 3-A in the Publication Manual for examples not listed here.
Example of general placement of references in Reference List:
Rogers, M. H. (1994). Effective teaching via interactive television:Ttips and
tricks. Macomb, IL: Baker Publishing.
Smith, J. S. (1997). Encouraging interaction via electronic communications.
American Journal of Distance Education, 6(2), 14-19.
Books: Basic formula=Last name of author, comma, initials followed by a space and a
period, space, parenthesis surrounding the year of publication, period, space, title of the
book in italics with only first letter of first word capitalized (and first letter of first word
that appears after a colon if there is one), period, name of city where the publisher exists,
colon, name of publisher, period.
Example: Rogers, M. H. (1994). Distance education and interaction. Macomb,
IL: Baker Publishing.
Book Variations:
Example with two authors: Rogers, M. H., & Smith, L. R. (1994)….
Example with multiple authors: Rogers, M. H., Hall, A., & Smith, L. R. (1994)….
Example with one author who is an editor of a book: Rogers, M. H. (Ed). (1994).....
Example with chapter of book:
Rogers, M. H. (1994). Strategies for teaching on interactive television. In A. B.
Smith & A. Hall (Eds), Distance Education and interaction (pp.7-21).
Macomb, IL: Baker Publishing.
Example of two references with same author and date (Note: the alphabetical listing
of the titles determines which reference is listed first when the author and data are the
same.):
Baker, M. H. (1994a). Distance education and interaction….
Baker, M. H. (1994b). Using merging technologies in distance education….
Example with a title split by a colon: Rogers, M. H. (1994).
Distance learning: A promising future….
Periodicals: Basic formula=Last name of author, comma, initials followed by a space and
a period, space, parenthesis surrounding the year of publication, period, space, title of the
journal article in plain text with only the first letter of first word capitalized, period, space,
name of journal in italics with first letter of each major word in the journal title
capitalized, comma, space, volume number still in italics followed by parenthesis and
number not in italics, comma, space, page numbers, period.
Example: Rogers, M. H. (1994). Mastering the interactive classroom. Distance
Education Quarterly, 6(2), 155-160.
Follow the same conventions for two or multiple authors as shown in the book section
above.
Note: Sometimes, magazines do not use issue numbers as journals do. In this case,
insert the date inside the year parenthesis instead. Example: Rogers, M. H. (1994,
April 9)…
Newspaper articles:
Example with author: Baker, M. H. (1994, May 5). Faculty debate incentives. The
Macomb Journal, pp. A1, A5.
Example without author: Faculty debate incentives. (1994, May 5). The Macomb
Journal, pp. A1, A5.
Encyclopedia: Baker, M. H. (1998). Technology in education. In The world book
th
encyclopedia (10 ed., Vol. 26, pp. 501-509). Chicago: World Book Inc.
Brochure: American Library Association. (1995). Guidelines for web-based copyright
usage. brochure Lawrence, KS: Author.
ERIC document: Baker, M. H. (1994). Instructional strategies for the ITV classroom
(Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). Madison, WI: National Center for Distance Education.
(ERIC document Reproduction Service No. ED 346 082).
Conference proceedings: Baker, M. H. (1992). Online course development: What’s next?
In Proceedings of the AECT National Convention: Vol. 38 (pp. 13-27). Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Unpublished paper: Baker, M. H. (1994, February). Evaluating online courses. Paper
presented at the meeting of the Association for Educational Communication and
Technology.
Book review: Baker, M. H. (1994). Evaluating online courses  Review of the
book Online education. American Journal of Distance Education, 29(2), 45561.
Video or film:
Baker, M. H. (1994). Name that tune: A class study of note theory  Review of the
film Oklahoma. Musicals Today and Tomorrow, 37(1), 7-8.
Web pages: At the time the Publication Manual was published, a standard for referencing
on-line information had not been set. However, standards have emerged on the Internet
since it was published. Emerging guidelines are provided here based on reliable library
Web sites. ITT students should use this format for their reference lists until a new edition
of the APA Publication Manual specifies otherwise.
If you are simply referring to an entire Web site in the text of the paper, you only need
to list the URL in parenthesis there. No entry on the References page is required.
When referencing the specific content of a Web site or part of one, the author or title
of the page is referenced in the text of the paper as any other reference is (see earlier
information on inline references). Then the page must be listed in the References
section as follows:
Basic formula=Last name of author, comma, initials followed by a space, parenthesis
surrounding the year of publication if known or the abbreviation “n.d.” if no date is
provided on the Web page, period, space, name of Web page in italics (or title of
article in normal text followed by the journal title in italics if it is an online journal),
the word “Online” surrounded with brackets, space, the word “Retrieved” followed
by the date the user viewed the page followed by the word "from the World Wide
Web," a colon, space and the URL of the Web site, period.
Web site with known author and unknown date: Baker, M. H. (n.d.). Distance
teaching tips and tricks [Online]. Retrieved August 29, 2000 from the World Wide
Web: http://www.wiu.edu/users/mgmhb/
Article in online journal: Baker, M. H. (1998, March). Online learning at its best.
The Technology Source,
p. 14-19. [Online] Available: http://horizon.unc.edu/TS/
Note: Page numbers can be determined by printing out the article from the Web site.
(Sample Table)
Table 1
List of Three Most Critical Factors
Factor
Collective vision for change
Continuous staff
development to support
stability within change
Good curricular materials
that support in-depth study
Step 1 Rank Order
Step 2 Rank Order
1
2
1
2
3
3
(Sample Figure) Figure 1.
Weekly Network Load
Running Header: TITLE DESCRIPTIVE PHRASE
The Title of the Thesis/Applied Project Appears Here In Upper
and Lowercase Letters , Centered. If a Portfolio, Type:
Portfolio
A(n) Thesis or Applied Project Report Presented to the
Department of Instructional Technology and Telecommunications
Western Illinois University
In Partial Fulfillment Of the
Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
by Joe R.
Student
Month Year
(Sample Approval Page)
Approval Page
This thesis/applied project/portfolio report by Joe R. Student is accepted in its present
form by the Department of Instructional Technology and Telecommunications of
Western Illinois University as satisfying the thesis/applied project/portfolio report
requirement for the degree Master of Science.
Thesis/Applied Project/Portfolio Advisor/Committee Chair
Member, Thesis/Applied Project/Portfolio Committee
Date
This same Approval Page is used for the proposal. Substitute "proposal" for the word
"report" in the above statement. Delete the culminating project names above that do not
apply to you for the signatures. For example, if you are doing an applied project, it should
say "Applied Project Committee Chair" below the signature line.
(Sample Table of Contents for Applied Project)
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ii
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
Rationale ................................................................................................................. 1
Project Questions .................................................................................................... 4
Significance ............................................................................................................ 5
Project Definitions .................................................................................................. 8
Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................. 9
Review of the Literature ....................................................................................... 11
Topic 1 ............................................................................................................ 11
Topic 2 ............................................................................................................ 18
Topic 3 ............................................................................................................ 28
Summary .............................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 2: Procedures ..................................................................................................... 37
Project Sample (or Population Description) .........................................................
37
Instrumentation
..................................................................................................... 38 Procedures and
Timeline ...................................................................................... 40 Summary
.............................................................................................................. 46
Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................ 47
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 47
Results .................................................................................................................. 49
Summary .............................................................................................................. 63
Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................... 65
General Summary ................................................................................................. 65
Implications .......................................................................................................... 67
Recommendations ................................................................................................ 75
Summary .............................................................................................................. 88
References ........................................................................................................................ 90
Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 95
Micrsoft Word 97/98 Instructions for Formatting Table of Contents with leader dots to
right aligned page numbers
1.
Type all of the words followed by a space and their corresponding page
numbers down the left margin of the Table of Contents page(abbreviated example
shown below):
Acknowledgements ii
Table of Tables iv
Table of Figures v
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Rationale for Project 1 Project
Questions 4 Significance 5
Project Definitions 8
Assumptions and Limitations 10
Review of the Literature 11
Topic/Heading 1 11
Topic/Heading 2 14
Topic/Heading 3 18 Summary
23
2.
Select the entire body of text and numbers.
3.
Choose Paragraph…in the Format menu and then click on the Tabs button.
4.
Type 6.0 in the Tab Stop Position box; click on Right in the Alignment area;
click on 2….. in the Leader area (OK).
5.
Returning to the TOC page, insert your cursor between each word
and its corresponding page number.
6.
Press the Tab key.
7.
Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each item in the TOC. This will make all of the
numbers appear right justified with the numbers lined up correctly along that margin.
8.
It will look like the sample Table of Contents on the last page.
WORD Instructions for forcing page numbers to print at the bottom center of the first
page of each chapter and at the top right with the header on all other pages of each
chapter
*It is easiest if you have all chapters typed first. They must be in separate files. Then
follow the steps below, printing each chapter after you create the setup for each.
1.
Put all preliminary pages in one file so that you can specify the page numbers as
i, ii, iii, etc. in the Insert menu/Page numbering dialog box. They all appear in the top,
right corner of the pages (Insert menu/Header and Footer…).
2.
Open a regular chapter and place cursor anywhere on page 1 of that
chapter.
3.
Select Document in the Format menu and click on the Layout
4.
Tab.
In the Layout dialog box, check the Different First Page box
5.
(OK).
If you are in Chapter 1, skip to step 6. If you are in any other chapter: Choose
Page Numbering in the Insert Menu. Click on the Format button. Click "Start at:" and
type in the page number that should appear on the first page of this chapter.
6.
Select Headers and Footers in the View
7.
menu.
Drag the mouse over the icons in the tool bar until the pop-up label for the icon
says "Switch header and footer." Click on this icon. This will force your cursor to flash
in the First Page Footer box.
8.
Press the Tab key until the cursor appears in the center of the footer
9.
box.
Click the Page Number icon (far left icon in the tool
10. Using the window scroll arrow, scroll down so the header on page 2 appears (It will
bar).
say Header, not First Page Header).
11. Insert the cursor into this header box and press Tab until the cursor is in the right
corner.
12. Type the header words followed by 5 spaces. Then click the Page Number icon again
on the tool bar.
13. Notice what font the header text and number appear in. They must also be in Times
New Roman. Drag/select and change the font if necessary.
14. Click "Close" in the tool bar.
15. Save.
16. Print.
17. Move onto next chapter and repeat.