Consciousness
Stage 1 Sleep
- light sleep, small, irregular beta waves, deeper sleep: theta waves
Stage 2 Sleep
- sleep spindles appear, broken up by K complexes (large, slow waves); skeletal
muscles relax
Stage 3 and 4
Sleep
- delta waves, deep sleep
-breathing and heart rate decrease
REM
- eyes move vigorously, associated w/ dreaming; brain waves: theta &beta
-Each sleep cycle is 90 min; as sleep progresses, stages 3 & 4 diminish while
REM sleep gets longer
-Sleep period goes from 1,2,3,4 and then retreats back to 1, and then enters
REM
Alpha Waves
-brain waves produced when awake and relaxed
Sleep Spindles
-occur in Stage 2
-spikes of very rapid electrical activity
hypnogogic
sensations
-relaxation
-fail to respond to outside stimuli
-begin stage 1 sleep
-semiwakeful state of dreamlike awareness
Delta Waves
-longer, slower electrical waves
-characteristic of NREM sleep
-when our bodies rest
Paradoxical
Sleep
-the fact that REM is a very deep stage of sleep yet our brain waves resemble
those observed when we are awake
-brain is active and heart rate and blood pressure elevated
Consciousness
Night Terrors
-characterized by a frightened awakening with high physiological arousal
(sweating, increased heart and respiration rates)
-little/no recall of event in the morning
-NREM occurrences
Sleep Apnea
-sufferer frequently stops breathing during the night and must “re-start” himself,
awakening himself to some degree but often without complete awareness
-sometimes undiagnosed
-correlated with obesity and may be linked to alcohol consumption
Narcolepsy
-inability to stay awake
-sudden, involuntary drop into sleep
-sufferer quickly enters REM
Insomnia
-lack of sleep: inability to fall asleep or maintain sleep
-possible causes: stress, alcohol, stimulants
REM Rebound
-if (in a REM deprivation studied) an individual is awakened at the onset of
each REM period for some time, and then is allowed to sleep normally, the
sleeper tends to have longer REM periods
-suggests that bodies need REM
Dream Theory:
Freudian
(Latent and
Manifest)
Dream Theory
(Activation
Synthesis
Hypothesis)
-manifest content: superficial “plot” of the dream
-latent content: more important, unconscious, symbolic underlying meaning of
the dream
-controversial
-postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due
to sensory input while we are sleeping
-neural repair, consolidation of memory, and protein synthesis occur during
dreams
Consciousness
“Facts and
Falsehoods” of
Hypnosis
-hypnosis: altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very
relaxed and open to suggestion
-can be convinced that they see things that are not there or having experiences
that they are not having
-recall things they may otherwise may not have been able to recall
-no recollection of hypnosis
-not a real effect vs. participant living up to expectations of hypnotist
Theories of
Hypnosis
1) Neodissociative theory – hypnotist divides mind into two parts – one part
obeys hypnotist while other part – the hidden observer – silently observes
2) Social Role Theory – hypnotized subject is acting out a social role consistent
with the social situation; certain expectations of how to act and hypnotist gives
instructions; subjects act according to guidelines; hidden observer gives
permission to report pain
various psychoactive drugs,
their effects and
classifications
-psychoactive drugs – chemical substance that impacts behavior, perceptions,
moods, or mental processes
-4 broad categories: central nervous system (CNS) depressants, CNS stimulants,
narcotics, and hallucinogens
-depressants: alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers; slow nervous system activity,
elevate mood, relax inhibitions, intoxicate
-stimulants: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine; activate nervous system,
speed up bodily function
-narcotics: derived from opium plant: morphine, heroin; suppress pain, euphoria
-hallucinogens: LSD, peyote, PCP; alter perceptions, sensory synesthesia