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BIOL
BIOLOGY
Students should note that in the Science Faculty the minimum acceptable grade in a course
which is required by a particular program or is used to meet a prerequisite, is a "C". Any student
who fails to attain a "C" or better in such a course must repeat the course (at the next regular
session) until a grade of "C" or better is attained. Students will not be eligible for graduation
until such deficiencies are removed. The only exception will be granted for a single course with
a “D” grade that is a normal part of the final year of that program, and is being taken for the
first time in the final year.
Note: See Courses -> Saint John or Fredericton -> Standard Course Abbreviations in the online
undergraduate calendar for an explanation of abbreviations, course numbers and coding.
BIOL 1001
Biological Principles, Part I
3 ch (3C)
Surveys principles of biology from the nuclear level to the cell. Topics include energy capture and use, metabolism,
origins of life, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures and functions, heredity and evolution. Note: This course is
designed for science students or other students planning to major in Biology. Students intending to major in
Biology must also take BIOL 1006.
BIOL 1006
Applications in Biology, Part I
2 ch (3L) [W]
Instruction and laboratory work dealing with applications of Biology at the level of biological molecules and the
cell. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 1001.
BIOL 1012
Biological Principles, Part II
3 ch (3C)
Surveys the structure, function and evolution of selected plants and animals. Topics include ecosystems and
ecological interactions. Note: Students intending to major in Biology must also take BIOL 1017. Prerequisite: BIOL
1001.
BIOL 1017
Applications in Biology, Part II
2 ch (3L) [W]
Instruction and laboratory work dealing with applications of Biology at the level of organisms and their ecological
interactions. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 1012.
BIOL 1621
Topics in Biology I: Life on a Changing Planet
3 ch (3C)
This course will introduce students to the biodiversity, ecology, and evolution of life on Earth through exploration
of the ever-changing nature of Earth’s ecosystems. We will address topics such as major groups of plants and
animals through the history of life; responses of individual organisms, populations, and species to changing
environments; climate change in past, present and future; and human impacts on the biosphere. Note: This course
is not equivalent to BIOL 1001 or 1012, and is restricted to students who have not received prior credit for Biology
1001 or 1012.
BIOL 1622
Topics in Biology II: Life on Smaller Scales
3 ch (3C)
This course will introduce students to biological concepts that apply to everyday life. Topics will be chosen to help
students understand the molecular interactions that are essential for life, the cellular processes that are required
for survival and reproduction, and the importance of these to human health, industry, and the environment. Note:
This course is not equivalent to BIOL 1001 or 1012, and is restricted to students who have not received prior credit
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for Biology 1001 or 1012.
BIOL 1711
Human Anatomy I
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
This course is a general study of human anatomy which will include the following systems: integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, nervous (including eye and ear), cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, respiratory, and
reproductive. Limited enrollment, priority given to Kinesiology and Nursing students. Co-requisite: BIOL 1001 or
permission of the instructor.
BIOL 1782
Human Physiology I
4 ch (3C 2L)
An introduction to the various systems that comprise the human body. Emphasis will be on integration of these
systems for maintenance of homeostasis. Note: Limited enrollment, Nursing and Kinesiology students only.
Prerequisite: BIOL 1711.
BIOL 1846
Introduction to the Vascular Plants of New Brunswick
4 ch (C/L)
An intensive seven day course, normally offered in the intersession or summer semester, exploring the floristic
diversity of NB concentrating on the southern region. There will be an emphasis on plant identification and an
introduction to botanical classification. The program for each day consists of morning lectures and lab work,
afternoons in the field, and evenings with more lectures and lab work
BIOL 2025
Research Foundations in Cellular Biology
4 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
Includes techniques and approaches to the study of life at the cellular level; topics in Biochemistry, Molecular
Biology and Genetics. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; and CHEM 1012, 1017, or
CHEM 1982, 1987.
BIOL 2033
Biochemistry
3 ch (3C)
An introduction to the molecular nature, chemical properties and activities of the major biological
macromolecules: nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001,
1006, 1012, 1017; and CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017, or CHEM 1001, 1006, 1982, 1987. Pre- or Co-requisite:
CHEM 2401 or CHEM 2421 or permission of the instructor. Chemistry (Majors and Honours) students and Chemical
Engineering students are not required to have taken BIOL 1006 and BIOL 1017.
BIOL 2043
Cell Biology
3 ch (3C)
An introduction to the structure and function of cells. Topics include: structure and function of biological
membranes, the endomembrane system, mitochondria and chloroplast structure/function and the cytoskeleton.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017; and CHEM 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017, or CHEM 1001, 1006, 1982, 1987;
and BIOL 2033 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL 2053
Genetics
3 ch (3C 1T)
Basic concepts of classical genetics including Mendelian genetics, gene interactions, sex linkage, linkage mapping
and recombination, complementation are introduced. These are integrated with current topics including gene and
chromosome structure and function, mutation, gene expression, transposable elements, extra nuclear genetics,
quantitative and population genetics. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2073
Fundamentals of Microbiology
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
An introduction to the physiology, ecology and biotechnology of micro-organisms. Topics include bacterial
structures and their function, metabolic diversity, interactions of bacteria with their environments including their
impact on human health, and the exploitation of microbes by industry. Fundamental aspects of viral infection will
be introduced with an emphasis on prokaryotic viruses. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012,
1017.
BIOL 2083
Botany
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
Explores diversity in form, structure and function in major plant groups, and how these organisms live and
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reproduce in their particular environments. Probable homologies and evolutionary relationships are discussed.
Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2093
Zoology
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]
Classification, functional morphology, development and evolution of the major animal groups. Limited enrollment.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2105
Research Foundations in Ecology/Populations
4 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
Techniques and approaches to the study of life at the populations level. Includes topics in Ecology, Population
Biology and Evolution. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2113
An Introduction to Ecology
3 ch (3C)
Introduces concepts of ecology common to terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Major themes studied
are adaptations by species and the ecology of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Prerequisites: BIOL
1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2143
Evolution
3 ch (3C)
An introduction to the development of a body of theory explaining biological diversity, from pre-Darwinian ideas
to current issues in evolutionary biology. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 2251
Clinical Microbiology
3 ch (3C)
Introduction to the fundamental concepts of infectious disease microbiology. Discusses bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoa, helminths and arthropods. (Available as an elective to Year III and IV Biology students.)
BIOL 2422
Plant Propagation (O)
3 ch (4C/L) (LE)
Provides knowledge and skills by direct involvement with the propagation of plants in greenhouses; also in
laboratory using aseptic tissue culture techniques. Field trips provide an overview of commercial, research, and
private operations that propagate plants on a large scale. Limited enrollment.
BIOL 2469
Work Term Report I.
Cr
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. Credit for the course is dependent in part on the
employer's evaluation of the student's work. Student must be accepted into the Co-operative Work Experience
Program in Biology in order to register for this course.
BIOL 2501
Pathophysiology I
3 ch (3C) (LE)
Introduces students to the study of the disruption of the normal balance of selected systems of the human body
by disease and other perturbations. Note: Limited enrollment. Nursing students and BMLS students have first
priority. Others may apply to the Chair of the Department of Biology. Prerequisite: BIOL 1782.
BIOL 2513
Pathophysiology II
3 ch (3C) (LE)
A continuation of BIOL 2501 with emphasis on perturbations to the normal functioning of organ systems. Note:
Limited enrollment. Nursing students and BMLS students have first priority. Others may apply to the Chair of the
Department of Biology. Prerequisite: BIOL 2501.
BIOL 2721
Human Physiology II
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
This course is a continuation of BIOL 1782 with emphasis on metabolism, muscle and bone physiology , immune
responses and healing. Limited enrollment, Kinesiology students only. Prerequisite: BIOL 1782.
BIOL 2753
Introduction to Human Anatomy
3ch (3C)
This course examines human anatomy from a regional perspective. It will emphasize the musculoskeletal, nervous
and cardiovascular systems. Note: Biology majors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective.
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Students cannot get credit for both this course and BIOL 2812.
BIOL 2761
Human Physiology – Metabolism
3ch (3C) (LE)
This is an introductory level course in human physiology. Selected topics covered include metabolism, muscle and
bone physiology, the immune system, healing and homeostasis. Biology majors cannot count this course as a
Biology credit but may use it as an elective. Students cannot get credit for both this course and BIOL 2721. Limited
enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006.
BIOL 2792
Human Physiology - Systems
3 ch (3C)
This course will introduce students to the various systems that comprise the human body with emphasis on the
integration of these systems for maintenance of homeostasis. The systems that will be covered in detail are the
cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, renal system, endocrine system, gastro-intestinal system and the
nervous system. Biology majors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. Students cannot
get credit for both this course and BIOL 1782.
BIOL 2812
Human Anatomy II
4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)
This course is a continuation of BIOL 1711 which will study human anatomy from a regional perspective, and will
expand especially upon the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Kinesiology students only.
Limited Enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 1711.
BIOL 3031
Cell Signaling
3 ch (3C)
Examines the principles of gene expression and cellular regulation. The perception of extra- and intracellular
signals, intracellular signal transduction pathways and the control of cell function will be examined while
emphasizing experimental approaches. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, Recommended: BIOL 2053.
BIOL 3058
Genetic Analysis Laboratory
4ch (5C/L/T) (LE)
An exploration of gene inheritance, mutation, regulation of gene expression, and genetic interactions. The
laboratories involve the use of model eukaryotic organisms to ask questions about physiology and development at
the organismal, cellular and molecular levels. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2053.
BIOL 3073
Molecular Aspects of Gene Expression
3 ch (3C)
The structures and functions of all biological entities are dependent upon gene expression. In this course, we will
explore selected topics in gene expression from a molecular genetic and biochemical perspective. Topics may
include: genome and gene structure, the processes of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
the structures and functions of RNA polymerase and the ribosome, the fine scale structures of gene promoters,
and a detailed mechanistic examination of how gene expression is regulated. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2053, 2073.
Recommended: BIOL 2025.
BIOL 3102
Somatic Cytology and Histology (O)
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)
A study of cell structure using prepared slides. Normally offered in intersession or summer session. Limited
enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3113
Evolutionary Ecology
5 ch (3C 3L)
This lecture and lab-based course explores key ideas about ecological causes of evolutionary change. Topics will
include natural and sexual selection, life histories, phenotypic plasticity, mating systems, evolutionary conflict, and
co-evolution. Prerequisites: BIOL 2113, 2143.
BIOL 3133
Selected Topics in Biochemistry I (A)
3 ch (3C)
Principles of intermediate metabolism with particular reference to physical exercise and selected biomedical
topics. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL 3149
Independent Studies
3 ch (R) [W]
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Allows academically strong, highly motivated students to write a report on a subject of interest. The student
should discuss the topic with the staff member best qualified to give approval of the subject matter and to give
guidance during the year. Application is made to the Director of Undergraduate Studies (Biology Department).
BIOL 3153
Selected Topics in Biochemistry II (A)
3 ch (3C)
A medically oriented course which emphasizes molecular underpinnings of the healthy and diseased states with
particular reference to topics in blood biochemistry. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL 3163
Selected Topics in Biochemistry III (A)
3 ch (3C)
A medically oriented course which emphasizes molecular underpinnings of the healthy and diseased states with
particular reference to topics in bone and joint biochemistry. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043.
BIOL 3173
Marine Biology Field Course
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
Introduces the study of the seashore and coastal waters. Emphasizes nature and ecology of littoral flora and fauna
and practical methods of study. Held at the Huntsman Marine Science Centre in St. Andrews, N.B. Twelve days in
length, given immediately after spring examinations. A charge for accommodation is required. Enrollment limited,
selection based on CGPA. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3181
Embryology
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)
A laboratory investigation of the dynamics of embryonic development in animals. Students will observe and
manipulate the development of living and fixed embryos representing a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate
species, focusing on developing a conceptual understanding of the establishment of embryonic axes, origins of
tissues and organs, the spatial and temporal relationships between structures, and the technological approaches
to investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying developmental specification and
morphogenesis. Advanced microscopy and image processing, micro-dissection, histochemical and molecular
biological techniques will be applied. Students will be required to develop and demonstrate a novel laboratory
investigation elucidating some aspect of animal development and/or develop a technique or teaching tool that can
be applied to the investigation of embryonic development. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2043, 2053.
Strongly recommended: BIOL 2033, 2093.
BIOL 3206
Advanced Microbiology Laboratory
4 ch (2C 3L) (LE) [W]
Biochemical, molecular and genetic methods are applied to the study of bacteria and their viruses. Projects
examine cell structure, function and physiological responses of bacteria, and the life cycle, genetics and assembly
of bacteriophage T4. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2033, 2043, 2053, 2073, or equivalents. Pre- or
co-requisite: BIOL 3261. Recommended: BIOL 3493.
BIOL 3242
Molecular Evolution
3 ch (3C)
The course provides a synthesis of our understanding of evolution at the molecular level. It covers the dynamics of
evolutionary change (i.e., rates and patterns), the driving forces behind the evolutionary process, the effects of
various molecular mechanisms and processes on the structure and evolution of genes and genomes. Prerequisites:
BIOL 2033 , 2053. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2143.
BIOL 3261
Microbial Physiology
3 ch (3C)
Principles of prokaryotic physiology including synthesis and function of cellular components, metabolism and
growth, and regulation of cellular processes. Topics include the response of bacteria to environmental factors, the
physiology of bacterial-host interactions, bacterial genetics, and molecular and genomic tools to study microbial
physiology. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2053, 2073.
BIOL 3279
Work Term Report II
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. Credit for the course is dependent in part on the
employer's evaluation of the student's work. Student must be accepted into the Co-operative Work Experience
Cr
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Program in Biology in order to register for this course. Prerequisite: BIOL 2469.
BIOL 3289
Work Term Report III
Cr
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. Credit for the course is dependent in part on the
employer’s evaluation of the student’s work. Student must be accepted into the Co-operative Work Experience
Program in Biology in order to register for this course. Prerequisite: BIOL 3279.
BIOL 3293
Population Genetics
3ch (3C 1T)
An introduction to the branch of evolutionary biology concerned with the genetic structure of populations and
how it changes through space and time. Topics will include the main evolutionary forces and their effects on
patterns of phenotypic and molecular variation within and among populations, molecular markers and their
applications in evolutionary and conservation biology, and an introduction to unifying concepts such as the
genetics of speciation, molecular evolution, and population genomics. Tutorials will emphasize the use of different
computer packages for the analysis and interpretation of the data encountered in population genetics.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2053, 2143; STAT 2264 or equivalent. Recommended: BIOL 2113.
BIOL 3301
Taxonomy of the Flowering Plants (O)
5 ch (3C 3L)
Why is it that the flowering plants are the most recently evolved of all the major plant groups yet they are by far
the most diverse and abundant? The diversity of flowering plants and their identification, description and
classification will be emphasized in relation to the flora of New Brunswick and major flowering plant families of the
world. Prerequisite: BIOL 2083.
BIOL 3311
Immunobiology
3 ch (3C)
Production and function of the immunoglobulins, characteristics of immunogens, prevention of infectious disease,
hypersensitivity and allergy, transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043 or
permission of instructor.
BIOL 3383
Research Foundations in Field Ecology
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
Introduces field biology with emphasis on the organism, population and ecosystem levels of complexity. Based on
direct observation, field techniques and analysis. Held just prior to the beginning of the academic year - 6 days in
length. Further work must be completed during the Fall term. Enrollment is limited, based on CGPA. The location
of this course may vary. Depending upon the location, accommodation will be required. Please refer to notices
posted in the Biology Department. Prerequisite: BIOL 2113 or equivalent.
BIOL 3423
Forest Tree Genetics and Genomics (A)
3 ch (3C)
Principles of variation and inheritance in forest trees will be introduced. Then, various genetics, genomics,
biotechnology and breeding concepts and principles and their applications in tree biology, tree improvement,
silviculture, conservation of genetic resources and sustainable forest management, will be discussed. The topics
will include: basic principles of quantitative, molecular, population and conservation genetics; genetic variation,
differentiation and evolution of populations; reproductive biology; ecophysiological genetics of adaptation; tree
improvement concepts, methods and programs; silvicultural practices and genetic resource conservation;
discovery and functional analysis of genes; organization and mapping of genomes; marker-assisted selection and
molecular breeding; and genetic engineering of forest trees. This course is cross-listed as FOR 3425; students
cannot receive credit for both BIOL 3423 and FOR 3425. Prerequisite: BIOL 2053 or permission of instructor.
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BIOL 3441
Forest Ecology: Populations and Communities
4 ch (3C 3L)
To understand and link processes acting on individuals, populations and communities in space and time. To predict
the response of individuals, populations and communities to disturbance, and to understand the implications of
such responses for management of populations, communities and ecosystems. This course is cross-listed as FOR
3445; students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 3441 and FOR 3445. Prerequisites: BIOL 2083, 2113, or FOR
2425, 2505.
BIOL 3459
Economic Botany (O)
3 ch (3C)
Discusses concepts and principles that can be derived from the biological, sociological and economic impact of the
use of plants for food, shelter, landscaping and general well-being. Considers the different methods and reasons
why various plants are cultivated and/or utilized by humans. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3493
Introduction to Virology
3 ch (3C)
This course covers the fundamental features of virology including the structure and classification of viruses. We
will examine the processes of viral attachment, replication, expression and assembly, and discuss various virushost interactions including transmission, latency, evolution and disease. Modern advances in virology will also be
addressed such as antivirals, vaccines, prion diseases and viral ecology. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2073.
BIOL 3521
Plant Function: Physiology and Metabolism
5 ch (3C 3L)
The course will focus on the mechanisms underlying the uptake, transport and use of carbon, water, and mineral
nutrients to provide an introduction to how plants make a living. Photosynthesis, respiration, water and mineral
relations are discussed at the biochemical, cellular, whole-leaf and whole-plant scales. The relationship between
primary metabolism and global atmospheric climate change will be discussed. Additional topics include the effect
of abiotic environmental stresses on plants, including herbivory, extreme temperature, drought, flooding, and
pollution. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2033.
BIOL 3541
Plant Ecology (A)
5 ch (3C 3L)
A course on the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of plants, how pattern and structure at the level
of populations and communities can be described quantitatively, and how these arise from the interaction of
abiotic (climate, fire, soil) and biotic (competition, herbivory) factors. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3593
Basic Animal Histology (O)
4 ch (2C 3L)
This introduction to the scientific study of animal tissues by light microscopy will examine, through lecture and
laboratory, various tissues and organs from vertebrate animal species, as well as the cell types that make up these
structures. Methods used in histology will also be reviewed. Normally offered in intersession or summer session.
Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3602
Invertebrate Zoology (A)
5 ch (3C 3L)
A study of the invertebrate phyla, emphasizing evolutionary origins, adaptive morphology and physiology, while
covering anatomical ground plans and basic developmental patterns. Laboratory exercises include numerous
dissections, and students doing an anatomical atlas of an invertebrate animal of their choice. Prerequisite: BIOL
2093.
BIOL 3673
General Parasitology
3 ch (3C)
The biology of parasites of humans, animals of veterinary significance, and wildlife species. This course serves to
integrate parasite life history, epidemiology, molecular interactions at the host-parasite interface, mechanisms of
infection, host immune responses, parasite immune evasion mechanisms, pathology, diagnostics, control
strategies, and therapeutics. Prerequisite: BIOL 2033. Recommended: BIOL 2093.
BIOL 3703
Vertebrate Zoology
5 ch (3C 3L) (LE)
Stresses interrelationships between structure and function particularly as responses to a variable environment.
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Considers phylogeny and taxonomy of major groups. Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093.
BIOL 3801
Animal Physiology
3 ch (3C)
This course examines, at a fundamental level, the ways by which animals function, with an emphasis on
physiological adaptations to the environment. Topics covered include respiration and circulation, metabolism and
bioenergetics, thermal adaptation, ionic and osmotic regulation, and integrative neuromuscular, endocrine, and
sensory physiology. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2093.
BIOL 3873
Ethology (A)
3 ch (3C)
Considers physiological foundations of behaviour and deals with topics of motivation, displacement behaviour,
hormones, evolution and learning. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006, 1012, 1017.
BIOL 3883
Entomology (O)
5 ch (3C 3L)
Ecology, evolution, taxonomy, and diversity of insects, both terrestrial and aquatic. This course studies the most
diverse group of animals on Earth: the Insecta. Topics include insect body plans, growth, and development; major
evolutionary groups of insects; ecological and economic importance of insects; insect collection and identification.
Students will make and curate insect collections (this will be accomplished most easily by students who begin the
summer before taking the course; interested students should contact the instructor for more information).
Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of instructor.
BIOL 3908
Laboratory Studies in Vertebrate Physiology
3 ch (1C 3L) (LE) [W]
A study of selected physiological concepts via laboratory experimentation, with emphasis on presentation and
interpretation of data in relation to the literature. Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2025; pre- or corequisite: BIOL 3801.
BIOL 3943
Hypothesis Testing in Biology
3ch (3C 1T)
This course provides an introduction to methods that Biologists use to address, develop and test hypotheses in
biology. We will ask: How do students, researchers, and professionals in biology set up questions for their research
and/or assess evidence? How do they design their experiments? What traps and pitfalls do they know to look out
for? How do we know if a scientific study is flawed? This course focuses more on ideas about why we do statistics
and how to interpret them, rather than the mathematical details of different tests. Examples will range from cell
biology to community ecology. Students will be exposed to a range of computer software necessary to explore,
interpret and understand data and test hypotheses. This course will be important for students taking upper-year
lab or field courses and Honours by thesis. Prerequisite: Stat 2264 or equivalent.
BIOL 4082
Advanced Genetics
3 ch (3C)
Selected topics in genetics that include both classical and molecular approaches, such as genome organization,
biochemical genetics, developmental genetics, behavioural genetics, and regulation of cell growth. The process of
research, particularly experimental design and interpretation of results is emphasized. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033,
2043, 2053, 2073, or equivalent. Recommended: Completion of the Year II Organismal component.
BIOL 4090
Honours Thesis Project
6 ch [W]
Biology and Biology-Chemistry Honours students who wish to undertake a thesis project are encouraged to make
their wishes known to individual members of faculty. If a potential supervisor is found, the student will obtain an
instruction sheet from the Undergraduate Biology office and make application to the Chair of Biology for
admission into BIOL 4090 before preregistration at the end of the third year. This course involves preparation,
design and execution of a research project under the direct supervision of a member of the Department as well as
the preparation of a formal thesis and defense of the thesis in a seminar presentation. Note: Minimum CGPA for
acceptance is 3.0. A student cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4090 and 4149.
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BIOL 4123
Selected Topics in Evolution
3 ch (3C)
“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky, 1964). This course discusses the most
important developments in modern evolutionary biology, and includes topics such as the origin of life; the
evolution of cells; the evolution of multicellularity, development and cancer; the evolution of individuality and
complexity; the evolution of cooperation and altruism; the evolution of sex and death; the evolution of societies
and languages. In addition, the course examines specific evolutionary mechanisms, forces and consequences, such
as mutation and selection, symbiosis, life history traits, germ-soma separation and cell differentiation.
Prerequisites: BIOL 2043, 2053, 2143.
BIOL 4149
Senior Research Project
5 ch [W]
Gives academically strong and highly motivated students in Year IV an opportunity to do a literature or research
project on a subject of interest. The student should discuss the topic with the staff member best qualified to give
approval of the subject matter and to give guidance during the year. Application is made to the Biology Director of
Undergraduate Studies. A student cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4090 and 4149.
BIOL 4162
Developmental Biology of Animals
3 ch (3C)
In-depth discussion and analysis of animal development emphasizing biochemical and molecular aspects of the
phenomena involved using selected examples. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2053. Recommended: BIOL 2093
and 3181.
BIOL 4191
Wildlife Management (A)
3 ch (3C)
Studies biological, economic, and human factors affecting wildlife populations. Prerequisites: BIOL 1001, 1006,
1012, 1017; and STAT 2253 or 2264 or equivalent.
BIOL 4211
Marine Research Experience
2 ch (4 L) (LE)
Students enrolled in the Marine Biology Concentration semester will be introduced to the research themes and
practices in the laboratories of their professors. Groups of students will cycle through all of the marine research
labs for hands on research experience throughout the semester. Students will be expected to compile short
scientific-style reports outlining the results of their respective projects in each research laboratory experience.
Limited enrollment. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4221, 4631, 4641, 4851, 4991 as part of the Marine
Biology Concentration.
BIOL 4221
Diversity, Evolution and Ecology of Marine Plants
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
This course will survey the diversity of marine plants (seaweed and phytoplankton) relative to one another and the
other key lineages of life; exploring their diverse anatomical, cytological, life history and ecological attributes. In
the laboratory students will use microscopy to explore vegetative and reproductive features of the various marine
plants in our area. A significant component of the laboratory portion of the course will derive from work in the
field collecting specimens for personal herbaria and completing biodiversity assessments (a cost may be associated
with this trip). Prerequisite: BIOL 2083 or permission of the instructor. Limited enrollment. Normally taken in the
same term as BIOL 4211, 4631, 4641, 4851, 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.
BIOL 4233
Conservation Biology
3 ch (3C/L)
An overview of the theory and practice of maintaining biological diversity at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels.
The course focuses on scientific principles and technical tools in conservation biology. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL
2113 or permission of instructor.
BIOL 4272
Biochemistry Seminar
3 ch (4S) (LE) [W]
A project-oriented seminar course where students will examine all aspects of a selected topic. The theme will
involve biochemistry but students are expected to explore the political, social, economic, and ethical aspects of the
topic to fully examine the impact of biochemistry on society. Students are expected to give seminars, participate in
discussion and write on the assigned topic. This course is designed for students in their last year of study and has
limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 3031, 4082 or permission of instructor.
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BIOL 4289
Work Term Report IV
Cr
A written report on the scientific activities of the work term. Credit for the course is dependent in part on the
employer’s evaluation of the student’s work. Student must be accepted into the Co-operative Work Experience
Program in Biology in order to register for this course. Prerequisite: BIOL 3289.
BIOL 4352
Climate Change and Environmental Response
3 ch (3C)
Examines theories and patterns of climate change since the last Ice Age. A variety of paleoecological techniques
applied to a number of fossil organisms will be discussed in relation to the information they yield about past
environments. Prerequisite: Introductory course in anthropology, biology, or geology. May only be taken by
students who have completed two years of their program.
BIOL 4413
Environmental Plant Physiology (O)
3 ch (3C/S)
An advanced seminar-style course emphasizing the responses of photosynthesis and other key aspects of plant
metabolism to short - and long - term environmental variation. Among the topics that may be considered are the
effect of changing atmospheric CO2, the acclimation to elevated temperatures, the physiological adaptations that
influence plant energy balance, and the regulation of photosynthesis. Prerequisite: BIOL 3521 or permission of the
instructor.
BIOL 4423
Resource Conservation Genetics (A)
3 ch (3C)
This class will examine the application of genetic principles, concepts and biotechnologies in conservation,
sustainable management and restoration of natural and managed resources. The topics will include: concepts of
genetic resources, genetic biodiversity and other population genetic parameters, demography, conservation,
sustainable management, ecological restoration, and minimum viable population size; indicators for population
viability; exploration, evaluation, utilization, and conservation of genetic resources; genetic consequences of
habitat fragmentation, resource management practices, domestication, climate change, and natural disturbance;
and challenges, opportunities and strategies for conservation and sustainable management of genetic resources.
This course is cross-listed as FOR 4425; students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 4423 and FOR 4425.
Prerequisite: BIOL 2053 or 2143, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL 4443
International Ecology Field Course (A)
4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)
This course allows students an on-site exposure and understanding of ecological interactions of soil, climate, plants
and animals in a region outside of the Maritimes. A 10-14 day field trip to the region is required. Weekly seminars
will be held in the period before the field trip. Students will be charged for travel and costs associated with the
course. Limited enrollment. Open to biology and forestry students, or with permission of the instructor.
BIOL 4533
Bioinformatics: Computational Analysis of Genes and
Genomes
4ch (2C 4L) (LE)
Explores computational methods used in sequence analysis of genomes, genes, RNAs, and proteins. Topics include
sequence alignment, genome database searching, gene prediction, RNA and protein structure, DNA and protein
sequence comparison, and phylogenetic analysis. These topics will be integrated into the context of research in
genetics and molecular biology. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2033, 2043, 2053, 2025.
BIOL 4563
Mathematical Biology (A)
3 ch (3C)
Overview of the field of mathematical biology. Development, simulation and analysis of simple mathematical
models describing biological systems. Equal emphasis is placed on developing simple models and case studies of
successful models. The principal mathematical tools are differential and difference equations, finite mathematics,
probability and statistics. This course is intended for students in their third or fourth year having an interest in
biological research. Prerequisites: a course in statistics, MATH 2003, 2013 or equivalent, or permission of the
instructor. This course is cross-listed as MATH 4563. Credit may not be obtained for both MATH 4563 and BIOL
4563.
BIOL 4631
Biological Oceanography
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
This course considers how oceans, which cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface, act as a dominant
environmental force. It examines the processes regulating the abundance, diversity, distribution and production of
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microbes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and higher trophic levels. By exploring the influences of physical factors (i.e.
tides, waves, upwelling, light), we will see how temporal and spatial scales are critical for understanding the living
ocean. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2025, 2033, 2105, 2113, 2143; and two of BIOL 2073, 2083 or 2093.
Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211, 4221, 4641, 4851, 4991 as part of the Marine Biology
Concentration.
BIOL 4641
Coastal Marine Ecology
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
This course examines the ecology of shorelines, with a focus on the Atlantic coast. Topics include the setting
(continental drift, sea level, species origins, water movement), primary and secondary production, reproduction
and recruitment, patterns (zonation) and processes (competition, mutualism, predation, disturbance), and main
habitats (rocky shores, mudflats, salt marshes) There may be an additional charge for one-day field trips. Limited
enrollment. Prerequisites: BIOL 2093, 2105, 2113. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211, 4221, 4631,
4851, 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.
BIOL 4688
Applied Studies in Parasitology
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE) [W]
Designed as a follow up to a general lecture-based course in Parasitology, and to be offered during intersession or
summer session. This course emphasizes the hands-on study of animal parasites and will incorporate both field
investigations and laboratory work. Students will receive training in postmortem examination, microscopy,
histology, diagnostics (morphological, molecular, and immunological), experimental design, scientific writing and
data presentation. There may be an additional charge for field trips (e.g. to aquaculture sites, domestic livestock
farms). Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 3673 or permission of instructor.
BIOL 4723
Ornithology
5 ch (3C 3L) [W]
Studies birds; natural selection, morphological adaptations, migration, behaviour, and reproduction, in an
ecological way. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of instructor.
BIOL 4732
Mammalogy
5 ch (3C 3L)
Studies mammals, covering taxonomy, adaptations, reproduction, populations, physiology, behaviour and ecology.
Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 2093.
BIOL 4741
Fish Biology
2 ch (2C)
A comprehensive study of fishes from the Agnatha to specialized teleosts. Topics covered include functional
morphology, phylogeny, reproduction, predator-prey relations, behaviour, populations and communities, aquatic
ecosystems, and conservation biology. Prerequisites: BIOL 2093, 2105, 2113, 2143.
BIOL 4746
Advanced Studies in Ichthyology
3 ch (5L) (LE) [W]
An intensive course that stresses laboratory and field investigations of aspects of ichthyology covered in BIOL4741.
Field trips to freshwater and marine sites will focus on assessing population size, species diversity and
environmental impacts. Laboratory exercises will include ageing, fish taxonomy, and comparative functional
morphology. Work will incorporate both group study and individual projects with an emphasis on scientific analysis
and interpretation of data including a formal seminar presentation. Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093.
Co-requisite: BIOL 4741 or permission of the instructor.
BIOL 4773
River and Lake Ecosystems (A)
3 ch (3C)
Provides a foundation of understanding of ecosystem processes in streams, lakes, and wetlands. Physical and
biological components of such systems will be presented, and concepts and theories defining freshwater ecology
will be discussed. Prerequisite: BIOL 2113.
BIOL 4851
Ecology of Marine Birds
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
This course treats seabirds as important components of marine food-webs. Fundamental adaptations (structure,
function, physiology, life-history) of seabirds will be linked to the ecological processes driving them. The influence
of major oceanographic patterns (bathymetry, currents, upwellings) on seabird distribution and numbers will be
explored. Through exploration of the role of seabirds as predators of other marine biota, and in nutrient transfer
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between marine and terrestrial systems, students will gain a thorough understanding of the roles played by
seabirds in marine and coastal systems. Course includes an overnight field trip to Grand Manan Island, for which
there may be an extra cost. Examples will be drawn from current seabird research especially in Atlantic Canada.
Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of instructor. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL
4211, 4221, 4631, 4641, 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.
BIOL 4863
Environmental Biology (A)
4 ch (5C/L/S) (LE) [W]
Examines the effects of human activity upon the environment, both locally and globally. There may be an
additional charge for field trips. Limited enrollment. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 2113 or equivalent.
BIOL 4899
Population Analyses (O)
3 ch (5C/L/S)
An evaluation of basic sampling and statistical issues for the design, analysis, and interpretation of animal and
plant population research. Topics include sampling allocation, sampling sizes, P and Type errors, power and
univariate vs multivariate tests; density dependence; assumptions and models; survival and natality rate analyses.
Examples are based on contemporary research and literature. Prerequisites: introductory ecology and statistics
courses, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL 4991
Aquaculture in Canada
4 ch (C/L/S) (LE)
Aquaculture is the aquatic equivalent to terrestrial agriculture. We are in the midst of a global transition from
hunting and gathering wild aquatic organisms to farming them. This course examines the biological principles and
constraints of commercial and pilot-scale aquaculture in Canada, with emphasis on the Atlantic region. Although
the focus of the course is on fish culture, consideration is also given to bivalve and seaweed culture. Topics
covered include controlled reproduction, genetics and biotechnology, nutrition and feeding, stress and disease,
and sustainability. Includes an overnight field trip to the Bay of Fundy to visit commercial and research facilities (a
cost may be associated with this trip). Limited enrollment. Prerequisite: BIOL 2093 or permission of the instructor.
Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211, 4221, 4631, 4641, 4851 as part of the Marine Biology
Concentration.
BIOL 5473
Experimental Design and Data Analysis in Biology and
Forestry
3 ch (3C)
Introduces students who have previously taken a formal class in statistics to the practice and pitfalls of
experimental design and data analysis in biology and forestry. It is intended for both graduate students and final
year undergraduates (enrolled in an honours or senior research project). It will be jointly taught by faculty
members from the Departments of Mathematics/Statistics, Biology and/or Forestry. Topics will be selected from
sampling designs, experimental designs, parametric and non-parametric analysis, power analysis, and regression.
The course will include discussion of examples in the literature. Students will also be analysing and interpreting
data sets arising from their field of research. Prerequisite: STAT 2264 or equivalent.
BIOL 6000
Series courses: (Graduate courses offered by the
Department of Biology)
Graduate courses are open to undergraduates who can show that a course is of special value to them in their area
of specialization. For details of courses offered consult the Calendar of the School of Graduate Studies and
Research.