1
2
Appendix S1. Dispersal modes and habitat affinities of 228 plant species, with references.
This table contains the 228 plant species included in analyses of community composition in 128 wetland sites in the Gault
3
Nature Reserve on Mont St. Hilaire, in southern Québec, Canada. We surveyed all vascular plants and excluded genera that could not
4
be identified to species in vegetative condition (e.g., Impatiens, Viola) and species present at only one site. Nomenclature follows the
5
PLANTS database (United States Department of Agriculture 2008).
6
Dispersal mode designations were based on direct observations of dispersal, if available (e.g., Handel 1978; Boedeltje et al.
7
2003; Myers et al. 2004), or on direct observations of seed or fruit morphology. References to personal observations, Britton and
8
Brown (1913), and Montgomery (1977) indicate that dispersal modes were inferred from seed or fruit morphology. In some cases
9
these inferences were corroborated by other compilations of dispersal modes (e.g., Matlack 1994; Cain et al. 1998; Aubin et al. 2007).
10
The table specifies where inferences were made from references to congeners. Many additional references, both to observations of
11
dispersal and to inferences based on morphology, are accessible through the Seed Information Database (Liu et al. 2008). The Birds
12
of North America database (Poole 2005) also contains many references to observations of seed dispersal by birds. For our analyses,
13
we grouped species with evidence or apparent adaptations for only short-distance dispersal (by ants, explosion, splash, or gravity;
14
Vittoz & Engler 2007). Species with evidence or apparent adaptations for both long- and short-distance dispersal (e.g., Trillium
15
erectum and T. grandiflorum) were included with species with the potential for long-distance dispersal.
16
17
We classified species’ habitat affinities based on their National Wetlands Inventory indicator status (United States Fish and
Wildlife Service 1998). The National Wetlands Inventory categories represent species’ likelihood of occurrence in wetlands versus
1
uplands. They have been developed and revised by regional panels based on field experience and botanical literature and used in the
2
identification and classification of wetlands since 1977 (United States Fish and Wildlife Service 1988). Here, they provide a
3
qualitative ranking of species’ affinity for wetland habitats. We combined species into three groups: wetland, facultative, and upland
4
species. The facultative group includes all of the facultative categories of the National Wetlands Inventory classification.
5
6
Species
Habitat
Dispersal mode(s)
References(s)
7
Abies balsamea
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
8
Acer pensylvanicum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
9
Acer rubrum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
10
Acer saccharum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
11
Acer spicatum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
12
Adiantum pedatum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
13
Agrostis perennans
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested), Wind
Ridley 1930 (congeners)
14
Alisma triviale
Wetland
Water
Liu et al. 2008
15
Alnus incana
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
16
Amaranthus retroflexus
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested), Water, Wind Beal 1898; Myers et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2008
17
Amelanchier arborea
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
1
Amphicarpaea bracteata
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
2
Anemone virginiana
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
3
Aralia nudicaulis
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
4
Aralia racemosa
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
5
Arctium minus
Upland
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Personal observation
6
Arisaema triphyllum
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
7
Asarum canadense
Facultative
Ant
Handel et al. 1981
8
Asclepias syriaca
Upland
Wind
Personal observation
9
Athyrium filix-femina
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
10
Betula alleghaniensis
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
11
Betula papyrifera
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
12
Bidens cernua
Wetland
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
13
Bidens frondosa
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
14
Botrychium virginianum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
15
Brachyelytrum erectum
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
16
Caltha palustris
Wetland
Splash, Water
Liu et al. 2008
17
Calystegia sepium
Facultative
Water
Boedeltje et al. 2003
1
Cardamine diphylla
Facultative
Gravity
Handel et al. 1981; Matlack 1994; Aubin et al. 2007
2
Cardamine pensylvanica
Wetland
Gravity
Handel et al. 1981; Matlack 1994; Aubin et al.
3
2007; Liu et al. 2008 (congeners)
4
Carex appalachica
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
5
Carex arctata
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
6
Carex bromoides
Facultative
Gravity
Personal observation
7
Carex brunnescens
Facultative
Gravity
Personal observation
8
Carex canescens
Wetland
Water
Skoglund 1990; Personal observation
9
Carex communis
Upland
Ant
Handel 1978; Personal observation
10
Carex comosa
Wetland
Vertebrate (adhesive); Water
Plourde 2007; Personal observation
11
Carex crinita
Wetland
Water
Plourde 2007; Personal observation
12
Carex deweyana
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
13
Carex gracillima
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
14
Carex gynandra
Wetland
Water
Personal observation
15
Carex intumescens
Facultative
Water
Plourde 2007; Personal observation
16
Carex leptalea
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
17
Carex leptonervia
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
1
Carex pedunculata
Upland
Ant
Handel et al. 1981; Personal observation
2
Carex pensylvanica
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
3
Carex plantaginea
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
4
Carex platyphylla
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
5
Carex prasina
Wetland
Water
Personal observation
6
Carex projecta
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
7
Carex pseudocyperus
Wetland
Vertebrate (adhesive); Water
Leck & Schutz 2005; Plourde 2007; Personal
8
observation
9
Carex radiata
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
10
Carex retrorsa
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive); Water
Plourde 2007; Personal observation
11
Carex rosea
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
12
Carex scabrata
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
13
Carex stipata
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Poole 2005 (congeners); Personal observation
14
Carex trisperma
Wetland
Gravity
Personal observation
15
Carya ovata
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
16
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
17
Chelone glabra
Wetland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
1
Chrysosplenium americanum Wetland
Splash, Water
Savile 1953; Liu et al. 2008 (congeners)
2
Cicuta bulbifera
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested), Water
Beal 1898; Hewitt & Miiyanishi 1997
3
Cinna latifolia
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
4
Circaea alpina
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
5
Circaea lutetiana
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
6
Cirsium vulgare
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
7
Clintonia borealis
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
8
Coptis groenlandica
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
9
Cornus alternifolia
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
10
Cornus rugosa
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
11
Cornus sericea
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
12
Corylus cornuta
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
13
Cystopteris bulbifera
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
14
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
15
Deparia acrostichoides
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
16
Diplazium pycnocarpon
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
17
Dryopteris carthusiana
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
1
Dryopteris cristata
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
2
Dryopteris goldiana
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
3
Dryopteris intermedia
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
4
Dryopteris marginalis
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
5
Dulichium arundinaceum
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Ridley 1930
6
Eleocharis acicularis
Wetland
Water
Cellot et al. 1998
7
Eleocharis ovata
Wetland
Water
Britton & Brown 1913
8
Epifagus virginiana
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
9
Epilobium glandulosum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
10
Epipactis helleborine
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
11
Equisetum arvense
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
12
Equisetum hyemale
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
13
Equisetum pratense
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
14
Equisetum sylvaticum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
15
Erigeron annuus
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
16
Erigeron philadelphicus
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
17
Erythronium americanum
Upland
Ant
Handel et al. 1981
1
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
2
Eupatorium rugosum
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
3
Eurybia divaricata
Upland
Wind
Britton & Brown 1913
4
Eurybia macrophylla
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
5
Euthamia graminifolia
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
6
Fagus grandifolia
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
7
Fragaria virginiana
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
8
Fraxinus americana
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
9
Galium asprellum
Wetland
Gravity
Britton & Brown 1913
10
Galium obtusum
Facultative
Gravity
Britton & Brown 1913
11
Galium triflorum
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Britton & Brown 1913
12
Geranium robertianum
Facultative
Explosion, Vertebrate (adhesive)
Britton & Brown 1913; Ridley 1930; Liu et al.
13
2008 (congeners)
14
Geum rivale
Wetland
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
15
Glyceria canadensis
Wetland
Water, Wind
Liu et al. 2008
16
Glyceria striata
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested), Water, Wind Myers et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2008 (congeners)
17
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Upland
Wind
Personal observation
1
Hepatica acutiloba
Upland
Ant
Handel et al. 1981
2
Hydrocotyle americana
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested), Water
Ridley 1930 (congeners)
3
Ilex verticillata
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
4
Impatiens pallida
Facultative
Explosion
Personal observation
5
Iris versicolor
Wetland
Water
Boedeltje et al. 2003 (congeners)
6
Juncus effusus
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive and ingested), Pakeman et al. 2002; Boedeltje et al. 2003;
7
Water, Wind
Couvreur et al. 2004; Neff & Baldwin 2005
8
Laportea canadensis
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977; Aubin et al. 2007
9
Leersia oryzoides
Wetland
Water
Liu et al. 2008
10
Leersia virginica
Facultative
Water
Liu et al. 2008 (congeners)
11
Lemna minor
Wetland
Vertebrate (adhesive), Water
Liu et al. 2008
12
Lobelia inflata
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested), Wind
Myers et al. 2004; Webster et al. 2003
13
Lonicera canadensis
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Myers et al. 2004
14
Ludwigia palustris
Wetland
Water
Neff & Baldwin 2005
15
Lycopodium clavatum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
16
Lycopodium lucidulum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
17
Lycopodium obscurum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
1
Lycopus americanus
Wetland
Water
2
3
Boedeltje et al. 2003; Couvreur et al. 2004
(congeners)
Lysimachia ciliata
Facultative
Water
4
Beal 1898; Andersson et al. 2001; Boedeltje et al.
2003 (congeners)
5
Lysimachia terrestris
Wetland
Water
Beal 1898
6
Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Wetland
Water
Andersson et al. 2001
7
Lythrum salicaria
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive and ingested), Myers et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2008
8
Water, Wind
9
Maianthemum canadense
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
10
Matteuccia struthiopteris
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
11
Medeola virginiana
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
12
Mentha arvensis
Facultative
Water
Andersson et al. 2001
13
Mimulus ringens
Wetland
Gravity
Montgomery 1977
14
Mitchella repens
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
15
Mitella diphylla
Facultative
Splash
Savile 1953
16
Monarda didyma
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977
1
Monotropa uniflora
Facultative
Gravity
2
Montgomery 1977; Handel et al. 1981; Aubin et al.
2007
3
Myrica gale
Wetland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
4
Oclemena acuminata
Upland
Wind
Britton & Brown 1913; Liu et al. 2008
5
Onoclea sensibilis
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
6
Osmorhiza claytonii
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
7
Osmorhiza longistylis
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
8
Osmunda cinnamomea
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
9
Osmunda claytoniana
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
10
Osmunda regalis
Wetland
Wind
Personal observation
11
Ostrya virginiana
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
12
Oxalis acetosella
Facultative
Explosion
Liu et al. 2008
13
Oxalis stricta
Upland
Explosion
Liu et al. 2008
14
Oxypolis rigidor
Wetland
Wind
Britton & Brown 1913
15
Panax quinquefolius
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
16
Panax trifolius
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
17
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
1
Penthorum sedoides
Wetland
Gravity
Montgomery 1977
2
Phegopteris connectilis
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
3
Phegopteris hexagonoptera Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
4
Phragmites australis
Facultative
Water, Wind
Liu et al. 2008
5
Pilea pumila
Facultative
Water
Neff & Baldwin 2005
6
Pinus strobus
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
7
Plantago major
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive and ingested), Andersson et al. 2001; Couvreur et al. 2004
8
9
Water
Polygonatum biflorum
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
10
Polygonatum pubescens
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
11
Polygonum amphibium
Wetland
Water
Partridge 2001
12
Polygonum cilinode
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
McAtee 1926; Aubin et al. 2007
13
Polygonum convolvulus
Facultative
Water
Liu et al. 2008
14
Polygonum persicaria
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested), Water
Staniforth & Cavers 1977; Myers et al. 2004;
15
Liu et al. 2008
16
Polypodium virginianum
Upland
17
Polystichum acrostichoides Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
Wind
Personal observation
1
Prunus serotina
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
2
Prunus virginiana
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
3
Pteridium aquilinum
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
4
Pyrola elliptica
Upland
Wind
Ridley 1930 (congeners); Montgomery 1977;
5
Stover & Marks 1998; Aubin et al. 2007
6
Quercus rubra
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
7
Ranunculus abortivus
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977; Matlack 1994; Aubin et al.
8
9
2007
Ranunculus recurvatus
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive and ingested)
Montgomery 1977; Myers et al. 2004
10
Rubus allegheniensis
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
11
Rubus idaeus
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
12
Rubus odoratus
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
13
Rubus pubescens
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
14
Rumex obtusifolius
Facultative
Vertebrate (adhesive), Water, Wind Cain et al. 1998; Boedeltje et al. 2003; Couvreur et
15
al. 2004; Liu et al. 2008
16
Sagittaria latifolia
Wetland
Water
Liu et al. 2008 (congeners)
17
Salix rigida
Wetland
Water, Wind
Liu et al. 2008
1
Sanguisorba canadensis
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
2
Sanicula marilandica
Upland
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
3
Sanicula trifoliata
Upland
Vertebrate (adhesive)
Montgomery 1977
4
Schoenoplectus
Wetland
Water
Ridley 1930; Cappers 1993
5
tabernaemontani
6
Scirpus atrovirens
Wetland
Water
Ridley 1930 (congeners); Aubin et al. 2007
7
Scutellaria galericulata
Wetland
Water
Liu et al. 2008
8
Scutellaria lateriflora
Facultative
Water
Andersson et al. 2001; Boedeltje et al. 2003
9
Sium suave
Wetland
Water
Montgomery 1977
10
Smilacina racemosa
Upland
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
11
Solanum dulcamara
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
12
Solidago caesia
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
13
Solidago flexicaulis
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
14
Solidago rugosa
Facultative
Wind
Britton & Brown 1913
15
Solidago squarrosa
Upland
Wind
Britton & Brown 1913
16
Sonchus arvensis
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
17
Sorbus americana
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
1
Sparganium androcladum
Wetland
Water
2
3
Britton & Brown 1913; Boedeltje et al. 2003
(congeners)
Sparganium chlorocarpum
Wetland
Water
4
Britton & Brown 1913; Boedeltje et al. 2003
(congeners)
5
Spiraea latifolia
Facultative
Water, Wind
Ridley 1930 (congeners); Hall et al. 1974
6
Spiraea tomentosa
Facultative
Water, Wind
Ridley 1930; Hall et al. 1974 (congeners); Aubin et
7
al. 2007
8
Streptopus roseus
9
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
Symphyotrichum cordifolium Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
10
Symphyotrichum
Upland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
11
novae-angliae
12
Symphyotrichum puniceum
Wetland
Wind
Montgomery 1977
13
Taraxacum officinale
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
14
Thalictrum dioicum
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977; Cain et al. 1998
15
Thelypteris noveboracensis
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
16
Thelypteris palustris
Wetland
Wind
Personal observation
17
Thuja occidentalis
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
1
Tiarella cordifolia
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977; Handel et al. 1981
2
Tilia americana
Facultative
Wind
Personal observation
3
Toxicodendron radicans
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
4
Triadenum virginicum
Wetland
Gravity
Britton & Brown 1913
5
Trientalis borealis
Facultative
Gravity
Montgomery 1977; Aubin et al. 2007
6
Trillium erectum
Facultative
Ant, Vertebrate (ingested)
Handel et al. 1981
7
Trillium grandiflorum
Upland
Ant, Vertebrate (ingested)
Handel et al. 1981; Myers et al. 2004
8
Tsuga canadensis
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
9
Tussilago farfara
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
10
Ulmus americana
Facultative
Wind
Montgomery 1977
11
Uvularia perfoliata
Facultative
Ant
Handel et al. 1981
12
Uvularia sessilifolia
Facultative
Ant
Britton and Brown 1913
13
Vaccinium angustifolium
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
14
Veronica officinalis
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Myers et al. 2004
15
Viburnum alnifolium
Facultative
Vertebrate (ingested)
Personal observation
16
17
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2
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4
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