ÐÏ à¡± á
>
þÿ
ó
þÿÿÿ
ñ
ò
ý
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ è ü<
é (
€
à
à
€
×
Ó
º t
h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y
f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t .
p d f
º t
h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e .
o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f
ò ¬
/ È
0 Ò
0
¸ z[
R o m a n
¸
· D
W i n g d
0 ¸
Õ ä
· D
A r i a l
n g s
ˆ¹
0 ¸
· D
T i m e s
N e w
ð·
ç 0
¸ z[ 0 ¸
i n g s
R o m a n
¸ ð·
ç 0
¤
€ @
ÿÿ ¥
ˆ¹
„4¸
¸
¸
z[
ð·
ç
.
d
ÿ
©
@ £ n
d
@ @
ð
ÿý?
@
` `
"
ÿÿï
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
€ €
ð•
@
Q
-
*
!
*
*
"
+
6
7
2
2
1
#
.
>
ð0
•
ÿ3™ ÿfÌ
ð 8
ƒ
Ì
ó
ÿ™
†A
@ -ñ
0
9
A
G
:
B
ÿ
C
ƒ
H
¿
À
ÅA
÷
€
”B@
Êš;­ ”Ç Êš;
ú g
þ
z[ 0
|üÿÿ¬ÿÿÿ
p û
<
ý 4
d
d
d
d
L¸
¸
/
&
,
1
%
/
8
@
?
/
$
ÿ
-
=
V
'
3
;
(
4
ß
=
D
p
ñ
âÙ(
€
ý 4
I
p û
0ˆ¹ \4¸
5
<
ó
p
)
d
I
3Ì
Ð
-
d
@
-
<
0ˆ¹
‹ °
Ö ˜
R o m a n
0œ·
R o m a n
0œ·
· D
Œ·
· D
¤· Œ·
¤·
ý 4
B
d
B
d
ˆ Ð
Š Ð
T i m e s
N e w
ç 0
¤· z[
A r i a l
N e w
ç 0
¤· z[
À
À
Š ð
º
L¸
º
¾<
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
_ _ _ P P T 9
IHDR
‹ Ò
ø n
ù 3
n-ð)
/ypfßÌ}×ÑI[‡ ÀeÉÿ‰PNG
a«¬Õ
sRGB ®Î é
`PLTEÀÀÀÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjjÿ
UUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ??ÿ++ÿ+*ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
à#g¿
cmPPJCmp0712 8
I
±
tRNS @æØf
AIDAT
Á•Ã0
ì~±ÿ¯œš¸ â·÷¿{î»[„8( [Pz-2S82(Š§¢ìÖ\”d² XÈP<ãÆ €
-
•z
IEND®B`‚
IHDR
ù 0
n-ð&
WvlÂHM«ü U+vn¹çÿ‰PNG
a«¬Õ
sRGB ®Î é
`PLTEÀÀÀÀ¿ÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿj
kÿjjÿUUÿTUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ++ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
M# A
cmPPJCmp0712 8
I
±
tRNS @æØf
>IDAT
Á
1
°€ŽùWùå– €ø}{ïí{÷J‚
%
”sî 4!uÊ61QJ
uR W
IHDR
&›
x›
&vxÈ
Éøˆy
IEND®B`‚
ù ó
sRGB ®Î é
n-ðé
Ñe!Âù(˜mPÇùɈËáöÿ‰PNG
PLTE™f™fffÀÀÀ™™Ìf™™™™ff™f™Ì™Ì™™ËO)ã
cmPPJCmp0712
jtRNSÿÿ ×Ê
A
DIDAT •cP‚
,
SV‡ A
® T
€ ÿÿ
‚
%õà 6A CÃÂ! ÄP.iu ƒ‰ ÂD !".l`) S ˆbõàP„bLí@
¯
¬
€ ÿÿ
¯
? Ù
Õ] çK‹·
IEND®B`
¬
Ú
%
ð µó
Abstract Writing Process Ÿ
Intel ISEF D & S Chair ó
Ÿ
¨
Abstract? ¡
A
b r i e f ,
w r i t t
r e s e a r c h
p r o j e
s u c c i n c t
d e s c r
s
p u r p o s e ,
t h e
t h e
d a t a
c o l l e
c o n c l u s i o n s
r e
A
c l e a r
a n d
s i
o f
t h e
m a i n
p o
A
s e l f - c o n t a i n
m a k e
s e n s e
a l l
¡
Ÿ
¨ !
¨ &
John Cole
What Is an
Ÿ
e n
e x p l a n a t
c t ,
c o n s i s t
i p t i o n
o f
t
p r o c e d u r e s
c t e d ,
a n d
t
a c h e d .
m p l e
s u m m a r
i n t s
o f
t h e
e d
s t a t e m e n
b y
i t s e l f .
Mastering the
”
i o n
o f
t h e
i n g
o f
a
h e
p r o j e c t
f o l l o w e d ,
h e
y
s t a t e m e n t
e x p e r i m e n t
t
t h a t
m u s t
J
K
ó
Ÿ
Rules
¡ -
¨
ISEF Abstract
(
Ÿ
ª
ó
ó
Ÿ
8
R e v i e w
o f
A b s t r a c t
s
P u r p o s e
¡
Ÿ
¨ •
Provides
SRC a quick study of your project as it is an overview of the purpose,
means, and result of research.
Helps judges (both special and category) discern quickly whether the
project qualifies for specific awards and whether the research is
significant in its specific area.
Informs visitors to ISEF (students, teachers, and the public at large) of
the nature of the
research. ¡
€
€
ó
Ÿ
¨
Steps in Developing
Abstract ¡
Ÿ
¨
Begin with a Research Project Prospectus to outline the research
project. A prospectus helps the researcher identify the nature and scope
of the investigation, research methods, and anticipated conclusions
and/or applications. An example of such a prospectus follows: ¡ *
’
l
æ
ó
ó
Ÿ
ª
Ÿ
¨ Î
Once the research is completed and you
are ready to show your project, use an Abstract Template to write a draft
of the abstract. The following example was created using a table format
in a Word document.
¡
Ï
’
l
Ï
ó
Ÿ
¨
Sample Abstract
Template ¡
ó
Ÿ
¨
Explanation of
Parts Ÿ
¨ ¸
Purpose of the Experiment
An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of
the project.
A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
Procedures Used
A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the
investigation was conducted.
An abstract does not give details about the materials used unless it
greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the
investigation.
An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done
by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student
involvement must not be included.
Observation/Data/Results
This section should provide key results that lead directly to the
conclusions you have drawn.
It should not give too many details about the results nor include tables
or graphs.
Conclusions
Conclusions from the investigation should be described briefly.
The summary paragraph should reflect on the process and possibly state
some applications and extensions of the investigation.
An abstract does not include a bibliography unless specifically required
by your local fair. The Intel ISEF requires the bibliography as part of
the research plan to be provided on Form 1A. ¡ À
P Ž
P
P §
P
P ´
P
P ~
P
•
¨
µ
•
§
:
ó
Ÿ
ª
Ÿ
ó
Abstract
¡
ª
Ÿ
ó
¨
Sample
Ÿ
¨
Other Examples
ó
Ÿ
Tips ¡ &
p h a s i z e
t
( h y p o t h e s
r e s u l t s ,
r e c o m m e n d
F o c u s
o n l
r e s e a r c h
p r o j e c t .
E x c l u d e
a
s u p e r v i s o
O m i t
d e t a
U s e
t h e
p
( H o w e v e r ,
a c t i v e
v e
v e r b s . )
U s e
s h o r t
s e n t e n c e
U s e
c o m p l
a b b r e v i a t
o t h e r
s m a
s p a c e . )
A v o i d
j a r
U s e
a p p r o
U s e
c o n c i
U s e
c o r r e
p u n c t u a t i
¡ P
€
¡
(
¨
h
i
c
a
y
w
e
s
o
t
s
)
n
i
o
h e
ª
Writing and Revising
e
a s
,
m e
c l u s
o n s
n
t h
n
i t
Ÿ
p e c t s :
p u r p o s e
t h o d s ,
s c o p e ,
i o n s ,
a n d
e
s e n t
s t r u c
e t e
s
e
b y
l l
w o
e
t
e
o
r
n
u
n
m
d
c
r
t
i
s
E m
c u r r e n t
y e a r ' s
i s
a
c o n t i n u a t i o n
n y
o f
t h e
m e n
r
s
w o r k
i l s
a n d
d i s c u
a s t
t e n s e
t o
w h e r e
a p p r o p
r b s
r a t h e r
t h
g
p
s
c
o
P
Ÿ
e
e
e
t
s
.
n
t
i
,
t o r
s
d
r
a
o r
s i o n s
e s c r i b e
i a t e
u s e
n
p a s s i v e
b u t
v a r y
c e s
( D o
n o t
i n g
a r t i c l e s
o r
n
o r d e r
t o
s a v e
o n
r i a t e
s c i e n t i f i c
l a n g u a g e
e
s y n t a x
t
s p e l l i n g ,
g r a m m a r ,
a n d
n
P !
I
K
V
v
ó
-
Ÿ
Techniques ¡
a d d i n g
s e n t e n c e
O
a n
e x p e r i m
t w o - c y c l e
w a t e r
o n
c
b
e
e
a
i
f
x
l
o
f
h
g
a
e
a
a
s
c
u
e
¨
Revision
a
r
e
m
e
w o r d ,
i
n
a
r
g
t
r
t
i
a
i
a
n
t
n
i
Ÿ
p h r a s e ,
a l :
i o n
o
e
e n g
n
a l g
>
o r
T h i s
p r o j e c t
i s
f
t h e
e f f e c t s
o f
i n e
e x h a u s t
a e .
R e v i s e d :
T h i s
p r o j
s a y
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n
o f
t s
o f
t w o - c y c l e
m a r i n e
s t
w a t e r
o n
c e r t a i n
g r e
.
D e l e t i o n
d e l e t i n g
o r
s e n t e n c e
h
r
i
r
a
e
m
e
s
d e
q u i r
p l e m
c o n s
v
e
e
t
d
f
e
a
e
o
n
p
v e l o p
r
s u c
v i r o n
p l i c a
O r i
e l o p e
d
f o r
n t a t i
r u c t i
e
c
m
t
a
g i n
d
a
s u
o n
o n
a
n
c
o
a
l :
o
c e
f
p p
R e v i s e
d
a n
o r
e s s f u l
e n t
r e c
i o n .
¡ ð
d
i
i
o
:
T
g i n a
m p l e
n s t r
/
r
s
t
l
i
s
h
i
A d d i t i o n
T
g
f
e
c
w o r d ,
h e
i n a
u l
e n
a t i
e
t
e
e
c t
i s
h e
n g i n e
n
a
p h r a s e ,
r e s e a r c h e r
l
c o d e
v i r o n m e n t
o n .
h e
r e
l
c o d
m e n t a
u c t i o
P
s e a r c h e r
e
r e q u i r e d
t i o n
o f
t h e
n
P 1
P ,
P .
o
z
0
âÙ(þ
—
"
âÙ(þf
ó
ª
Ÿ
s u b s t i t u t i n g
s e n t e n c e
f o r
#
Ÿ
Ø
S u b s t i t u t i o n
o n e
w o r d ,
p h r a s e ,
a n o t h e r
o r
O r i g i n a l :
I n
t h e
b e g i n n i n g ,
t h e
i d e a
w a s
t o
d e t e r m i n e
t h e
t o x i c i t y
o f
o u t b o a r d
e n g i n e
l u b r i c a n t .
R e v i s e d :
T h e
i n i t i a l
i d e a
w a s
t o
d e t e r m i n e
t h e
t o x i c i t y
o f
o u t b o a r d
e n g i n e
l u b r i c a n t .
T r a n s p o s i t i o n
m o v i n g
w o r d s ,
p h r a s e s ,
o r
s e n t e n c e s
t o
a n o t h e r
p o s i t i o n
f
c
l
c
t
i
r
i
h
o
b
e
g
a
e
a
h
m
a
r s
a
t e d
t
s o
b e r ,
d i g
O r
s
l
w i t
u r c
r e
i t a
i g i n a l
i g h t
g
h
l i g h
e
t o
a
f l e c t e
l
c a m e
o
c
l
c
b
c
p
r
i
h
a
a
t
e
g
a
c
m
i
a
h
m
k
e
c a l
t e d
t
s o
b e r ,
t o
r a .
R e v
f i b e
w i t h
u r c e
r e f
a
d i
¡ œ
F
i s
r s
l
t
l e
g i
e d
a
i g
o
c t
t a
:
s
h
a
e
l
P
:
U s
u i d e s
t
g u i
n
i n t
d
a n d
r a .
i n g
,
a
d e d
e g r a
g u i
A
l i
t
g
n
i
d ,
y s t e m
t
g u i
d e d
f
e g r a t
d
t h e
Î
g
u
n
a
s
h
i
t
n
o
s
f
t
d
p
y
r
i
e
t
s
o
n
d
i c a l
t e m
w a s
m
a
g
b a c k
u s i
d e s
r o m
i n g
n
g u
n g
w a s
a
i d e d
P I
P •
P F
„
$
âÙ(þƒ
âÙ(þB
$
ó
I
ê
Ÿ
ª
C
a
r
r
c
p
o
n
e
e
o
a
m
d
s
v
n
s
b
/
u
i
s
s
i
o
l
s
i
a
s
m
a
m
w
k
v
w
t
e
l
e
e
i
o
i
a
t
t
t
r
l
l
t
r
h
e
h
e
l
t
h
t
o
r
o
i
i
w
b
e
n
n
i
o
f
v e
u
t h
i l
f i
n
r
t
i
d
g
Ÿ
a t
p
s
o n
e r
e .
i o n
c o
a r a g r a p h
i n
t h e
u
t e c h n i q
a b l e
s h o
m
s
s
u
r
b i n i n g
s e n t e n c e s
,
w h i c h
u s u a l l y
e
o f
m u l t i p l e
e s
a n d
a
t e n i n g
o f
t h e
O
e
d
n
d
c
b
a g
h
r
d
s
a
s
h
a
e
i
i g
w
i
t i
t
o s
c t
,
g h
i
i
n
v
h
e
e
a
n a
t h
u
e s
a t
n
r i
n d
e f
l :
T h
a n
i n
s e
t o d
.
T w o
s e e m e
t h e
a
w i t h
t h e
s
f i c i e n
R
s t
s e
p
i n
c i
e v i
i g a
t o
u l s
g
b
e n t
s
t
d
i
a
e
e
a
n
c
h
:
d
d
y
g
t
e
T
t w o
:
1
h i g
e r i a
a t
e
h e
a
)
h
w
x c
e
v
a
a
d
f
p r o
e s t i
y
a n
l t e r
t o
i r s t
p u l s
e c o n d
t
h e a
l
k
v
i
h
p
t
i
o
t
a
r
e
l
l
h
n
o
r
l
t
j
n
i
a
a
g e
j
g
d
n
b
e c t
a t i
p o
a t i
e
p
m e t
i n g
i s
t
e x
e
a
n
g
.
c
t
g
e
h
t
i v
b
;
i g
¡ ô
o
s
v
r
h
h
b
c
w
n
s
e
o
o
i
o
h
a s
o f
i b l e
m
d
g
i
a
i s
i
h
l i
n g
i n g
s
t o
n g
i n g .
e
m e t h o d s
a c t e r i a
2 )
h
P ¥
P ê
P ¤
5
âÙ(þ(
âÙ(þ%
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
ó
%
Ÿ
¨ :
Quiz: What
techniques are used in revising this passage?
¡
;
9
(
(
Ÿ
¨ R
Original:
The purpose of my project is to find the connection between the ratio of
radii of an ellipse and its mechanical advantage on specified angle of
rotation intervals.
Revision:
This project examined the connection between the ratio of radii of an
ellipse and the mechanical advantage of a specified angle of rotation
intervals.
¡ ‚
P ¥
P
P ˜
P
ó
âÙ(þH
ó
/
/ ð L
ó
ó
&
âÙ(þã
ó
'
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
!
"
ó
(
ó
ó
ó
™
¤È ` ð
Td4
²ž ÿÿÌ
™
ÿÿÿ
d
d
d
0
ÿÿÿ
€
€€
ÿÿÿ HV,
Nˆ€ /q¹
úùæ ˆ
ÝÝÝ
d
d
Ø
þ
l
ð `
ÿ d -
þ
@
*
,
ÿÿÿ•
ê
ø 7
ï
f ÿÿÿ
l ÌÌÿ ™Ì f Ì ™™ÿ 3ÌÌ ` ð
†Ñì EÉ„ ` ð
OY• ÿÿÿ ?Hs Ììÿ ™Ì L„p ™Ì
3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ` ð
Uµ^ …³± ` ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
Ì™ ÿÿÿ Ôœ ν@ Ìf €€ ÿ™ ÿÿ™ ` ð
ו Ƴ~ ` ð
[ ¶ 4˜Ž
£ >
ÿý?
"
ÿÿï
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ,
£ ¤
ÿý?
l
ÿÿï
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
þ
d
Ô
Ð @
þ
l
Z
€
£ n
ÿý?
"
ÿÿï
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
` ð
3fÿ {FÐ
nk âïÍ
{Šn R|:
Tʉ ` ð
ÿf ¸mR
æõö ¥á¨
@
@
Z
ó
ó
P
ÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿ
ÿÿÌ
•Àç
êÜx
)
+
–
Z
@ @
` `
€ €
P £ T
$
@
`
€
` £
0 p £ >
€ £ >
¨1
ð
ð
ð
ð 1
ð
l
l
°
ð
ðH,
#
.
.l
ðZ
ð&1
ð
ð(
€
ß
ˆ
ð
"ñ
l
c
ðÔ
B l
C É
¿
ð
€ ß
ð
D
FÁ*
Á
œ
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
•
€
ÿ
ðÿy
•
ƒ ð ¢ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
—
Ý
º l É
l Ã
y
y
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
~
Õ
ð
ð
l
c
ðÔ
B ×
C «
D
FÁ*
Á
œ
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
•
€
ÿ
ðÿ[
•
ƒ ð › ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
—
² ¯
ú × «
× ¥
[
² [
²
@ ¬
~
«
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
•
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B Ê
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C À
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
œ Ê À Ê •
œ
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð Á ‹
¦ÿŒ
Æ
@ ¬
(
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
i
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
•
ˆ
B º
C B
D
Ž
•
•
ðÿº B º <
EÁ
FÁ"
•
—Á
œ
@¿
0 º B º B
€
ÿ
•
ƒ
‹
¦ÿŒ
~
@ ¬
:
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
Æ
ù
ðä
l
ð
Ó
ðŽ
• 0e
‚ ˜²
ƒ 0e
„ ˜²
…
‡
ˆ
‰
¿
ô
?
†Á
B µ
‡Á
“
@¿
C I
ˆ
”
- À
ÅÁ
Ä
Ó
•
Á
Ç
Õ
8c
EÁ
Š
–
FÁ"
•
‹
¦ÿŒ
—Á
˜
È
×
É
ÿ
€
•
™
•
Ž
š
ƒ ð Ñ „
•
•
›
œ
…
‘
’
ÏÁ
Ò
Ã
ÆÁ
Ô
8c
D
‰
Ê
-
Ë 5%
€€€
Ì
ËËË
Í
Î
?
÷
¿
€
•
‚
ƒ œ1
„
… ðù
†
‡
ˆ
À
Á
 d
Ã
Ä
Å
Æ
Ì 0íìÿÍ @T‰ Î € Ï €ÿÿÐ
yÿÑ 2
Ò
N Ó PÃ Ô
Õ ' Ö p” × °<ÿÿØ
Ù '
A ¨) B
C
D |¾ E
•
„ |¾
ðÿ I µ M µ
k
I
I
Ç
È
Ú p”
…
ÿ
† |¾
É
Ê 0u
Ð
‡
ˆ
Ë
@ ¬
ð
¬
Ž
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €S "ñ-
•
•
‘
’
¿
‚ †
°
ð
×
l
ðÌ
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B Ï
C e
ðÿÏ 0 Ï
D
EÁ
FÁ"
e Ï 0 Ï 0
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
°
v
~
Û
ðÄ
l
ð
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B ]
C Æ
D
EÁ
ðÿ]
œ
Æ ]
]
FÁ-
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
#
ç
~
-
ð
ð
l
c
ðÌ
B '
C \
•
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
\ 7 \ '
•
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
* '
ƒ
\
#
\
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ß
ðÌ
ð
l
Ó
ðŽ
C
ˆ
B Õ
D
ðÿ†
EÁ
FÁ"
Õ
Ì Ô
•
†
€
†
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
ð
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
1
Ë
ß
l
c
ðÄ
d
B }
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C z
•
D
EÁ
—Á
•
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ} ~ }
®
z } ~ } ~
•
€
•
ƒ ð ÷ ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
ðÄ
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
~
—
ð
l
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B Ù
C ð
ðÿÙ ð
D
EÁ
FÁÙ ð Ù ð
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
¦
O
~
?
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B «
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ˆ
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
H « ˆ « ‚
H
H
•
€
•
ƒ ð ‹ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
Î
¦
U
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
d
•
ˆ
B Ù
C >
D
Ž
•
•
ðÿÙ > Ù 8
EÁ
FÁ"
•
—Á
œ
@¿
6 Ù > Ù >
€
ÿ
•
ƒ
‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
'
~
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
¦
é
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B «
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C Œ
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
Œ « Œ « V
Œ
Œ
€
•
ƒ ð ª ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
”
¦
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B [
C §
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
I
€
•
ƒ ð ² ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
§
[
•
f
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ö
M
¥
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
d
B C
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C +
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿC + C
C + C +
€
•
ƒ ð ð ‹
yÿŒ
~
ð
@ ¬
¹
ðÌ
l
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
O
•
ð
;
Ž
Ó
ðŽ
B
ˆ
ðÿ
C O
D
O
- `
EÁ
Z
O
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
k
~
¬
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B 2
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
e
C x
D
•
@¿
ˆ
x
2
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
Ò
€
•
ƒ ð v ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
@ ¬
ðÄ
l
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
–
Å
v
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B „
C „
ðÿ„ „
D
EÁ
FÁ„ „ „ „
•
€
• ÿ™™ ¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
C è
FÁ"
œ
•
€
¿
ð
ú
æ
~
j
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B Õ
EÁ
—Á
D
•
•
@¿
ˆ
•
ƒ ð ƒ ‹
ÿ
ðÿ
Õ
è
Õ
è
B
yÿŒ
•
Ž
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
(
ú
l
ð
æ
ðä
Ó
ðŽ
• 0e
‚ ˜²
ƒ 0e
„ ˜²
…
‡
ˆ
‰
¿
ô
?
B ˜
C ²
EÁ
FÁ"
•
†Á
ˆ
‰
Š
“
”
•
–
@¿
- À
Á
Ã
Ä
ÅÁ
ÆÁ
Ç
È
Ó
Ô
Õ
×
8c
8c
D
‡Á
€
•
‹
—Á
É
ÿ
Œ
˜
Ê
-
•
™
ƒ ð É „
Ž
š
Ë 5%
€€€
Ì
ËËË
…
•
•
œ
Í
Î
›
‘
’
ÏÁ
Ò
?
÷
¿
€
•
‚
ƒ œ1
„
… ðù
†
‡
ˆ
À
Á
 d
Ã
Ä
Å
Æ
Ì 0íìÿÍ @T‰ Î € Ï €ÿÿÐ
yÿÑ 2
Ò
N Ó PÃ Ô
Õ ' Ö p” × °<ÿÿØ
Ù '
A ¨) B
C
D |¾ E
•
„ |¾
ðÿ
Œ ² ˜ ¬
=
Ç
È
Ú p”
…
ÿ
† |¾
É
Ê 0u
Ð
‡
ˆ
Ë
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €S "ñ-
•
•
‘
’
¿
EÁ
—Á
•
€
•
ƒ ð è ‹
‚ †
ð
6
l
ð
°
ð
B T
Ž
C `
•
c
ðÄ
d
•
@¿
ˆ
D
•
ÿ
ðÿT ` T Z
FÁ"
œ
yÿŒ
T ` T `
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
EÁ
À ›
FÁ"
›
•
ð
*
ª
~
¿
ÿ
ðÌ
l
ð
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B ›
C
D
ðÿ›
› Ì M
€
•
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ã
R
~
V
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B >
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
ñ
> S û
œ
€
•
ƒ ð ª ‹
Œ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ó
0
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B U
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
U • •
•
ÿ
ðÿ•
€
•
ƒ ð ² ‹
Œ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
•
ð
#
x
ðÌ
ð
l
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B <
ðÿ
C 8
D
• < 8 <
EÁ
6
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
B
•
~
Ä
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C H
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
s l H l *
s
s
€
•
ƒ ð ¢ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
ðÄ
-l
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ-
•
ð
A
z
‰
Ó
ð†
B
ˆ
C
ðÿ
D
EÁ
€
•
ÿ
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¡
€
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
z
›
ð
l
ð
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C 9
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
n l 9 l 3
n
n
•
€
•
ƒ ð › ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
h
z
¡
ð
ð
l
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ž
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
0 l ž l ’
0
0
€
•
ƒ ð Ø ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
i
z
ð
!l
ð
c
ðÄ
B `
C i
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
` i
€
•
ƒ ð | ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
` Q
}
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
z
i
ð
"l
ð
c
ðÄ
B |
D
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
•
@¿
ˆ
|
B
FÁ"
€
œ
ðÿ
0
C 6
•
|
6
•
ƒ ð Ø ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ù
z
6
ð
ð
#l
c
ðÌ
B
D
•
•
@¿
ˆ
FÁ&
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð É ‹
Œ
•
Ž
"ñ
¿
ÿ
ðÿå
È å
È
ð
$l
ð
C
EÁ
—Á
n
å
z
@ ¬
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
c
ðÄ
B Ð
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
Ð
Ð ö *
FÁ"
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð “ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
§
z
ð
ð
%l
c
ðÄ
B "
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C •
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
" • " Š 6
œ
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
V
z
•
ð
ð
&l
c
ðÄ
B
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C Ï
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
™ *
Ï
™
™
€
•
ƒ ð É ‹
yÿŒ
ðˆ
ð
ð
@ ¬
¬
ð\
'l
ˆ
ð
ð
"ñ
(l
c
ðÌ
B K
¬
¬
ð
¬
`
¿
¬ ` € "ñ
~
¢
ð
¿
`
~
ð
¢
u
z
Ï
C !
•
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
n 3
•
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
! ?
Ó K
‹
@ ¬
`
V
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
•
ð
ð
)l
c
ðÌ
d
B 9
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ·
•
ÿ
ðÿ9 ™
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð è ‹
¦ÿŒ
H
–
9 · 9 ™ 9 ™
>
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ë
~
ð
¢
ðà
*l
“
ð6
•
ðT
Ÿ
style ¢
!
ð
+l
ƒ
ð0
•
€ (—¸ ‡
"ñ
¸
•
¿
¨
!
ƒ
ð
¿
¯
À
` •
ÿ
ð
Ã
Click to edit Master title
ª
ð$
€ À™¸ •
"ñ
¸
ðž
Ÿ
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level ¢ -
ƒ
¿
¨ R
!
¿
ð
À
ð
ÿ
`
ð
Ã
Click to edit Master text styles
ª
S
ð
ðÒ
,l
“
ð6
•
€ l ¸ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
]
` }
¸
ð@
Ÿ
*
¡
ð
Ã
ø
ð
ðÔ
-l
“
ð6
•
€ 0¥¸ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
` ° Ð
€
ðB
ð
Ã
¸
Ÿ
*
¡
ú
ð
ðÔ
.l
“
ð6
•
€ ø©¸ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
]
` }
¸
ðB
Ÿ
*
¡
ð
Ã
Ø
ð
ðZ
l
³
ðB
€
•
ƒ ð “ ‹
yÿ“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h œ
@¿ - ÿ
?
ð
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ <
0
‹
ë.
ª
À ò,/ Š ü
º
Š 0
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
_ _ _ P P T 9
€
€
€
€
‹ Þ
- B
p - B
€ - B
º
€
€
€
B e a m
€
€
€
î ñ1
ï
a1
ð
ð
ð
ðY1
ð
p
p
À
ð
ðH,
#
.
.p
ðZ
ðß0
ð
ð(
€
ß
ˆ
ð
"ñ
p
c
ðÔ
B l
C É
¿
ð
€ ß
ð
D
FÁ*
Á
œ
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
•
€
ÿ
ðÿy
•
ƒ ð ¢ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
—
Ý
º l É
l Ã
y
y
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
~
Õ
ð
ð
p
c
ðÔ
B ×
C «
D
FÁ*
Á
œ
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
•
€
ÿ
ðÿ[
•
ƒ ð › ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
—
² ¯
ú × «
× ¥
[
² [
²
@ ¬
~
«
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
•
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B Ê
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C À
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
œ Ê À Ê •
œ
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð Á ‹
¦ÿŒ
Æ
@ ¬
(
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
i
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
•
ˆ
B º
C B
D
Ž
•
•
ðÿº B º <
EÁ
FÁ"
•
—Á
œ
@¿
0 º B º B
€
ÿ
•
ƒ
‹
¦ÿŒ
~
@ ¬
:
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
Æ
ù
ðä
p
ð
Ó
ðŽ
• 0e
‚ ˜²
ƒ 0e
„ ˜²
…
‡
ˆ
‰
¿
ô
?
†Á
B µ
‡Á
“
@¿
C I
ˆ
”
- À
ÅÁ
Ä
Ó
•
Á
Ç
Õ
8c
EÁ
Š
–
FÁ"
•
‹
¦ÿŒ
—Á
˜
È
×
É
ÿ
€
•
™
•
Ž
š
ƒ ð Ñ „
•
•
›
œ
…
‘
’
ÏÁ
Ò
Ã
ÆÁ
Ô
8c
D
‰
Ê
-
Ë 5%
€€€
Ì
ËËË
Í
Î
?
÷
¿
€
•
‚
ƒ œ1
„
… ðù
†
‡
ˆ
À
Á
 d
Ã
Ä
Å
Æ
Ì 0íìÿÍ @T‰ Î € Ï €ÿÿÐ
yÿÑ 2
Ò
N Ó PÃ Ô
Õ ' Ö p” × °<ÿÿØ
Ù '
A ¨) B
C
D |¾ E
•
„ |¾
ðÿ I µ M µ
k
I
I
Ç
È
Ú p”
…
ÿ
† |¾
É
Ê 0u
Ð
‡
ˆ
Ë
@ ¬
ð
¬
Ž
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €S "ñ-
•
•
‘
’
¿
‚ †
°
ð
×
p
ðÌ
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B Ï
C e
ðÿÏ 0 Ï
D
EÁ
FÁ"
e Ï 0 Ï 0
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
°
v
~
Û
ðÄ
p
ð
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B ]
C Æ
D
EÁ
ðÿ]
œ
Æ ]
]
FÁ-
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
#
ç
~
-
ð
ð
p
c
ðÌ
B '
C \
•
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
\ 7 \ '
•
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
* '
ƒ
\
#
\
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ß
ðÌ
ð
p
Ó
ðŽ
C
ˆ
B Õ
D
ðÿ†
EÁ
FÁ"
Õ
Ì Ô
•
†
€
†
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
ð
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
1
Ë
ß
p
c
ðÄ
d
B }
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C z
•
D
EÁ
—Á
•
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ} ~ }
®
z } ~ } ~
•
€
•
ƒ ð ÷ ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
ðÄ
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
~
—
ð
p
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B Ù
C ð
ðÿÙ ð
D
EÁ
FÁÙ ð Ù ð
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
¦
O
~
?
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B «
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ˆ
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
H « ˆ « ‚
H
H
•
€
•
ƒ ð ‹ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
Î
¦
U
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
d
•
ˆ
B Ù
C >
D
Ž
•
•
ðÿÙ > Ù 8
EÁ
FÁ"
•
—Á
œ
@¿
6 Ù > Ù >
€
ÿ
•
ƒ
‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
'
~
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
¦
é
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B «
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C Œ
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
Œ « Œ « V
Œ
Œ
€
•
ƒ ð ª ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
”
¦
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B [
C §
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
I
€
•
ƒ ð ² ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
§
[
•
f
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ö
M
¥
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
d
B C
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C +
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿC + C
C + C +
€
•
ƒ ð ð ‹
yÿŒ
~
ð
@ ¬
¹
ðÌ
p
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
O
•
ð
;
Ž
Ó
ðŽ
B
ˆ
ðÿ
C O
D
O
- `
EÁ
Z
O
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
k
~
¬
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B 2
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
e
C x
D
•
@¿
ˆ
x
2
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
Ò
€
•
ƒ ð v ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
•
@ ¬
ðÄ
p
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
–
Å
v
Ó
ð†
ˆ
B „
C „
ðÿ„ „
D
EÁ
FÁ„ „ „ „
•
€
• ÿ™™ ¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
C è
FÁ"
œ
•
€
¿
ð
ú
æ
~
j
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B Õ
EÁ
—Á
D
•
•
@¿
ˆ
•
ƒ ð ƒ ‹
ÿ
ðÿ
Õ
è
Õ
è
B
yÿŒ
•
Ž
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
(
ú
p
ð
æ
ðä
Ó
ðŽ
• 0e
‚ ˜²
ƒ 0e
„ ˜²
…
‡
ˆ
‰
¿
ô
?
B ˜
C ²
EÁ
FÁ"
•
†Á
ˆ
‰
Š
“
”
•
–
@¿
- À
Á
Ã
Ä
ÅÁ
ÆÁ
Ç
È
Ó
Ô
Õ
×
8c
8c
D
‡Á
€
•
‹
—Á
É
ÿ
Œ
˜
Ê
-
•
™
ƒ ð É „
Ž
š
Ë 5%
€€€
Ì
ËËË
…
•
•
œ
Í
Î
›
‘
’
ÏÁ
Ò
?
÷
¿
€
•
‚
ƒ œ1
„
… ðù
†
‡
ˆ
À
Á
 d
Ã
Ä
Å
Æ
Ì 0íìÿÍ @T‰ Î € Ï €ÿÿÐ
yÿÑ 2
Ò
N Ó PÃ Ô
Õ ' Ö p” × °<ÿÿØ
Ù '
A ¨) B
C
D |¾ E
•
„ |¾
ðÿ
Œ ² ˜ ¬
=
Ç
È
Ú p”
…
ÿ
† |¾
É
Ê 0u
Ð
‡
ˆ
Ë
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €S "ñ-
•
•
‘
’
¿
EÁ
—Á
•
€
•
ƒ ð è ‹
‚ †
ð
6
p
ð
°
ð
B T
Ž
C `
•
c
ðÄ
d
•
@¿
ˆ
D
•
ÿ
ðÿT ` T Z
FÁ"
œ
yÿŒ
T ` T `
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
EÁ
À ›
FÁ"
›
•
ð
*
ª
~
¿
ÿ
ðÌ
p
ð
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B ›
C
D
ðÿ›
› Ì M
€
•
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ã
R
~
V
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B >
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
ñ
> S û
œ
€
•
ƒ ð ª ‹
Œ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
ó
0
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B U
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
U • •
•
ÿ
ðÿ•
€
•
ƒ ð ² ‹
Œ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
•
ð
#
x
ðÌ
ð
p
Ó
ðŽ
ˆ
B <
ðÿ
C 8
D
• < 8 <
EÁ
6
•
€
•
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
B
•
~
Ä
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C H
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
s l H l *
s
s
€
•
ƒ ð ¢ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
ðÄ
-p
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ-
•
ð
A
z
‰
Ó
ð†
B
ˆ
C
ðÿ
D
EÁ
€
•
ÿ
¿
ÿ
@ ¬
¡
€
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
z
›
ð
p
ð
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C 9
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ"
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
n l 9 l 3
n
n
•
€
•
ƒ ð › ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
h
z
¡
ð
ð
p
c
ðÄ
B l
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ž
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
0 l ž l ’
0
0
€
•
ƒ ð Ø ‹
¦ÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
i
z
ð
!p
ð
c
ðÄ
B `
C i
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
FÁ"
•
œ
ðÿ
` i
€
•
ƒ ð | ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
` Q
}
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
z
i
ð
"p
ð
c
ðÄ
B |
D
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
•
@¿
ˆ
|
B
FÁ"
€
œ
ðÿ
0
C 6
•
|
6
•
ƒ ð Ø ‹
yÿŒ
•
Ž
•
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ù
z
6
ð
ð
#p
c
ðÌ
B
D
•
•
@¿
ˆ
FÁ&
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð É ‹
Œ
•
Ž
"ñ
¿
ÿ
ðÿå
È å
È
ð
$p
ð
C
EÁ
—Á
n
å
z
@ ¬
ð
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
c
ðÄ
B Ð
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
Ð
Ð ö *
FÁ"
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð “ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
§
z
ð
ð
%p
c
ðÄ
B "
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C •
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
ÿ
ðÿ
" • " Š 6
œ
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
yÿŒ
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
FÁ"
•
ð
V
z
•
ð
ð
&p
c
ðÄ
B
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C Ï
•
D
•
EÁ
—Á
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
™ *
Ï
™
™
€
•
ƒ ð É ‹
yÿŒ
ðˆ
ð
ð
@ ¬
¬
ð\
'p
ˆ
ð
ð
"ñ
(p
c
ðÌ
B K
¬
¬
ð
¬
`
¿
¬ ` € "ñ
~
¢
ð
¿
`
~
ð
¢
u
z
Ï
C !
•
D
•
@¿
ˆ
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
ÿ
ðÿ
n 3
•
€
•
ƒ ð ¹ ‹
¦ÿŒ
•
Ž
! ?
Ó K
‹
@ ¬
`
V
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
•
ð
ð
)p
c
ðÌ
d
B 9
Ž
•
@¿
ˆ
C ·
•
ÿ
ðÿ9 ™
D
•
EÁ
—Á
FÁ&
œ
•
€
•
ƒ ð è ‹
¦ÿŒ
H
–
9 · 9 ™ 9 ™
>
@ ¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬
¬ ` €
"ñ
¿
ð
ë
~
ð
¢
ðà
*p
“
ð6
•
ðT
Ÿ
style ¢
!
ð
+p
ƒ
ð0
•
ð
ðW
Ÿ
style ¢
$
ð
,p
“
ð6
•
€ ؼ˜ ‡
"ñ
˜
•
¿
¨
!
ƒ
ð
¿
ð
À
` p
ÿ
ð
Ã
Click to edit Master title
ª
ðÝ
€ |­˜ •
"ñ
Ã
˜
ƒ
¿
¨ #
ª
$
¿
ð
À
•
ÿ
`
à
Click to edit Master subtitle
ðÒ
€ $˜ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
]
` }
˜
ð@
Ÿ
*
¡
ð
Ã
ø
ð
ðÔ
-p
“
ð6
•
€ üƘ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
` ° Ð
€
ðB
ð
Ã
˜
Ÿ
*
¡
ú
ð
ðÔ
.p
“
ð6
•
€ P˘ ‡
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
# "ñ
¿
` ¿
ð
]
` }
˜
ðB
Ÿ
*
¡
ð
Ã
Ø
ð
ðZ
p
³
ðB
€
•
ƒ ð “ ‹
yÿ“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h œ
@¿ - ÿ
?
ð
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
0
‹
ë.
ª
À ò,/ ð ú
ñ
€
0
Š 0
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
z
ðr
0
ð
ð
ð(
ð
ð
ðÈ
ð
ƒ
ð0
˜
ðP
•
ð
€
Ã
Ÿ
œ •
ƒ
¿
*
¡
À
ÿ
ð
P
ù
ª
ðÊ
ð
ƒ
ð0
ðR
•
ð
€ Ü œ •
Ã
œ
Ÿ
ƒ
¿
*
¡
À
ÿ
ð
•
ß
ø
ª
ðd
ð
c
ð$
•
‡
•
¿
ÿ
?
ð
° Ð
ð
ð
Ã
œ
ð
ƒ
ð0
•
° 0 Ð
ð
€ l œ •
Ã
œ
ðž
Ÿ
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level ¢ -
ƒ
¨ R
!
¿
À
ÿ
ð
Click to edit Master text styles
°
ª
S
ð
ðÎ
“
ð6
ðP
•
€ Ìý˜ ‡
ð
œ
Ÿ
•
_
ƒ
P •
*
¿
ð
¡
À
Ã
ÿ
ú
ª
ðÐ
ð
“
ð6
ðR
•
ß •
Ÿ
€ H œ ‡
ð
œ
•
ƒ
Ã
*
¡
¿
À
ÿ
ð
_ •
Ø
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È À¸~P î ‰
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ï
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
ð˜
ð
ð0
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð$
ð
ðx
c
•
˜
€ üÕ˜ ¿
ÿ
*p
ð
ð
` p
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð$
ð
ð
ðx
c
•
Ã
˜
€ ÐÖ˜ ¿
ÿ
+p
ð
• `
à
ž
ð
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹ i
@ Bñ
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È ð¥kP
+
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
+
î }
ÿ
ˆ ‘
Dñ=
=ñ
ï
?
Š ‰
'ñ
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
”
ð
ð
ðœ
ð
ðŒ
ð
Ì
Ì
•
à
ð
ðr
S
€ ¸Aœ ¿
Ì
ÿ
ð$
*l
ð(
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð-
ðr
Ì
•
S
€ ŒBœ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
` &
ð
Ã
œ
ð
ž
ð
ðH
Ì
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ ‘
‹ i
ë.
‚¯È ½ ž
+
Dñ=
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î Y
ï
?
Š ‰
'ñ
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
p
ð
ð
ð$
œ
ð
ðh
ð
ð
¨
¨
¨
ð
ð(
ðx
c
•
€
Yœ ¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ðH
¢
ð
¨
ƒ
ð0
€
ðè
e a c
o f
d i s
ð
Zœ ¿
•
Ÿ
ž
h
F i n a l i
n o
m o r e
p l a y e d
w
ƒ
¿
À
I n t e l
I S
s t
t o
w r i
t h a n
2 5 0
i t h
t h e
p
A
p
t
F
n
a b
r o j e
o
j u
i n a l
s
c
d
i
t r a c t
g i
t
i n
a
b
g e s
a n d
s t
s
p r o
O
F
t
v
o
j
d
n
i
h
e
t
u
a
¡
Í
a
i
b
c
p
s
s
a
t
c
n
e
r
h
d
y
.
e
a l
a
t i
e r
g e
.
Ð
s
p
t
t
l
o
a
r o
w
r a
l y
m
n d
v
r
t
j
e
i
h
e
ÿ
E
t
w
r
ð
u l e s
r
n
a b s t
s
t o
b
c t .
0 € j f
e q u i r e
r a c t
e
s
t h e
e s s e n c e
o f
t h e
e f
b u t
c o m p l e t e
f o r m
e
p u b l i c
v i e w i n g
t h e
c t .
v e d ,
S R C
i t h
t w o
e
c t ,
o n e
t
a t
t h e
p
a k e
c o p i e
t h e
p u b l
p
m
o
r
s
i
r o v
b o s
d
o j e
t o
c
o
ðH
¨
F
r
e
a
o r d
o j e
i
s
i
c
n
d
e
s
t
h
e s
t
d
c o
p l a y
a n d
a n d o
v i s i
h e
p i e s
t h e
u t
t o
t o r s
o f
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
Š ‰
ë.
¨®È PhNá
+
Dñ=
'ñ
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î ²
ï
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
€
É
ð
ðÁ
ð
Ô
ð
ð!
Ô
¢
ðY
ð(
ð
Ô
ƒ
ð0
€ Üoœ ¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
ð
€ P 0 N
ðÁ
Ÿ
¨ I
The abstract must focus on the current year's
research and give only minimal reference to previous work.
Details and discussions should not be included in the abstract, but may
be put in the longer, written research paper (if required), or given on
the project exhibit board.
Finalists at the Intel ISEF are required to use the on-line system for
submitting their abstract. Regional and local fairs use the Official
Abstract Form (not necessary for most local fairs).
In addition, abstracts must not include acknowledgments (such as
referencing mentor or university laboratory).
¡ ,
J
›
™
ò
ó
U
0 ß
›
±
ðH
ð
Ô
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ ‘
‹ i
ë.
…¯È Pk3
+
Dñ=
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î §
ï
?
Š ‰
'ñ
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
¾
ð
ð
ð$
ð¶
à
ð
x
x
ð
x
ðN
ð(
ðx
c
•
€ l~œ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
° ð 0 Ö
ð
Ã
œ
ð
ž
ð
ð–
x
³
ðB
œ
ð
•
€ È~œ ‡
*l ˆ
•
ƒ
ð
¿
¯
À
` •
ÿ
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ðH
x
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
ë.
¨®È -
ÿ
Š ‰
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
Û
+
@ Bñ
Dñ=
'ñ
+
¹
î Ÿ
ï
ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
€
¶
ð
ð
ð$
œ
ð
ð®
ð
ð
€
€
€
ðF
ð(
ðx
c
•
€ 臜 ¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð$
ðŽ
€
c
•
€
‘œ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
ð
`
ð
Ã
œ
ð"
ž
¦
ø
ð
€ p ` P p
€
ðH
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
Š ‰
ë.
¨®È •DÜ
+
Dñ=
'ñ
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î ß
ï
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
€
ö
ð
ðî
ð
ˆ
ð
ð•
1ˆ
ð†
ð(
ðt
1ˆ
•
ðZ
ð
ˆ
“
ð6
•
ð
ð
ð
# "ñ&
€ ¼­œ ¿
@
Ÿ
Ð
0
÷
Ã
•
Ë
¿
À
U
ÿ
V
U
‰
?
ð
Ð @ 0 ÷
ð
@
n
0
÷
ð‚
Š :
ˆ z
º
Š 0
º
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹
±
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹
¬
€ ÿÿ
ðb
Ÿ
¨ ²
Conclusions/Applications
Explain in a sentence or two what results you anticipate your research
will produce. What conclusions or applications do you hope to be able to
explain? ¡ ~
ÿ
"
d
ÿ š
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
&
'
™
&
'
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ð-
ˆ
“
ð6
•
0
€ \¾œ ¿
n
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
@
ð‚
Š :
ˆ z
º
Š 0
º
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹
±
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹
¬
€ ÿÿ
ð&
Ÿ
¨ v
Data/Observations
Determine what data do you need to collect and what difficulties you may
encounter as you research.
¡ ~
ÿ
"
d
ÿ e
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
&
'
d
&
'
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð8
€ З
¿
ˆ z
º
À
Š 0
ð
ˆ
“
ð6
œ ¿
•
ð‚
Š :
•
ÿ
º
?
ð
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
@
‹
x
0
±
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹
¬
€ ÿÿ
ð@
Ÿ
¨ •
Methods of research
Explain in a sentence or two how you plan to research your topic. What
methods will you use? What resources will you need? ¡ ~
ÿ
"
d
ÿ }
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
&
'
|
&
'
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ðC
ˆ
“
ð6
•
0
x
€ ¤Êœ ¿
•
ð‚
ˆ z
Š :
º
¿
Š 0
À
º
ÿ
?
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
ð
‹
@
±
×
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹
¬
€ ÿÿ
ðK
Ÿ
¨ ›
Purpose of project / experiment
In a sentence of 25 words or fewer, explain the reason for your research
project or a hypothesis you have selected to test. ¡ ~
ÿ
"
d
ÿ |
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
&
'
{
&
'
¦
ø
@ ` €
ðé
ð
ˆ
“
ð6
•
0
€
×
Öœ ¿
•
ð‚
ˆ z
Š :
º
¿
Š 0
À
º
ÿ
?
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
ð
‹
@
±
Ð
_ _ _ P P T 9
ðñ
Ÿ
Name:
School: ¡ ¢
‹
¨
¬
€ ÿÿ
Possible Title:
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
ÿ
"
d
'
ÿ
&
'
&
&
&
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð
ðZ
B
ˆ
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
ÿ
ð
@
Ð
0
Ð
ðZ
B
@
÷
0
÷
ðZ
B
@
Ð
@
÷
ðZ
B
0
Ð
0
÷
ðZ
B
@
×
0
×
ðZ
B
@
x
0
x
ðZ
B
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ˆ
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ÿ
ð
@
0
ðZ
-ˆ
ð
B
s
ð*
¿
?
Ë œ1
¿
×
ÿ
ð
@
n
0
n
ð¶
¢
ð
+ˆ
ƒ
ð0
€ líœ ¿
ðV
Ÿ
Prospectus ¡
#
ð
ˆ
•
ƒ
¨ "
#
ðH
¿
À
ÿ
Sample Research Project
ð
ð
P
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
ë.
¨®È –nÝ
+
Dñ=
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
@ Bñ
+
î
ÿ
Š ‰
'ñ
º
=ñ
ï
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
€
6
ð
ð
ð$
ð.
@
ð
•
•
ð
•
ðÆ
ð(
ðŽ
c
•
€ •üœ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
ð
`
ð
Ã
œ
ð"
ž
¦
ø
ð
€ p ` P p
•
ðH
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
Š ‰
ë.
¨®È `É€Þ
+
Dñ=
'ñ
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î µ
ï
€
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
Ì
ð
ð
ð$
Ÿ
ð
ðÄ
`
ð
˜
˜
ð
<˜
ð\
ð(
ðx
c
•
€ ¸ Ÿ ¿
ÿ
*l
ð
À
ñ
ð
Ã
ž
ð¤
ð
ð
ð
ðŒ
<˜
•
ð
ð
# "ñ&
Ã
Ÿ
ðo
À
Ÿ
Ã
Œ
_
q
ð
À
˜
£
ð<
•
Ÿ ¿
€ è
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
À
¯
ð‚
Š :
ˆ z
º
Š 0
º
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹
±
ðq
_ _ _ P P T 9
Ÿ
"
d
ÿ
‹
¨
¬
€ ÿÿ
State conclusions/applications.
"
¡ 6
ÿ
#
ð¢
ð
˜
£
ð<
À
•
€ x Ÿ ¿
¯
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
ð¶
±
ˆ ®
Š @
º
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
Š ^
º
‹
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹ @
¬ 8
€ ÿÿ
€
ÿÿ
ðp
Ÿ
¨ à
Detail succinctly observations/data/results:
This section should provide key results that lead directly to the
conclusions you have drawn.
It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts
or graphs.
¡ t
ÿ
"
d
ÿ ³
ÿ
"
d
ÿ "
²
"
#
ðL
ð
˜
£
ð<
À
•
b
ðš
€
Ÿ ¿
ˆ ’
Š J
•
Š 8
º
ƒ
º
¿
À
ÿ
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
?
‹
±
ð
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹ ,
¬ $
€ ÿÿ
ð6
Ÿ
¨ Ì
Summarize procedures, emphasizing the key points
or steps:
A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the
investigation was conducted.
Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the
procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation.
An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done
by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student
involvement must not be included.
¡ N
;
ÿ
"
d
ÿ ’
;
"
•
"
"
ð.
ð
˜
£
ð<
•
Ÿ ¿
ðš
€
•
ƒ
ˆ ’
Š J
¿
Š 8
º
À
º
ÿ
?
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
ð
‹
À
±
Û
b
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹ ,
¬ $
€ ÿÿ
ð
Ÿ
¨ ®
Purpose of project / experiment:
An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of
the project.
A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
¡ N
!
ÿ
"
d
ÿ Ž
!
"
Œ
"
"
ðM
ð
˜
£
ð<
À
•
€ ¼$Ÿ ¿
Û
ðV
•
ƒ
ˆ N
¿
Š F
À
ÿ
º
?
ð
_ _ _ P P T 9
ð{
Ÿ
Name
School ¡ N
‹ (
¨
ÿ
¬
Title
"
d
€ ÿÿ
ÿ
€ ÿÿ
ÿ
"
d
ÿ
#
ðZ
ð
B
˜
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
Ë œ1
¿
×
ÿ
ð
À
ðZ
B
À
ðZ
B
ðZ
B
ðZ
B
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
À
À
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
À
Û
Û
ðZ
B
À
b
b
ðZ
B
s
ð*
¿
?
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
?
ðZ
˜
ð
ÿ
ð
À
B
s
ð*
¿
?
Ë œ1
¿
×
ÿ
ð
À
¯
¯
ð
ðH
˜
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ ‘
Š ‰
ë.
¨®È rœß
+
Dñ=
'ñ
¹ ÿÿÿÿ
=ñ
@ Bñ
+
î 0
ï
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹ i
€
ð˜
€
ð
ð0
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð$
Ÿ
ð
ðx
c
•
€ œ:Ÿ ¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð$
ðx
c
•
€ \;Ÿ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
ð
`
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð
ž
ð
ðH
ƒ
ð0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ
ˆ 8
ë.
¨®È €#sà î Z
ï
ÿ
Š 0
º
?
ð
¥½¬ ÿÿÿ –
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
‹
€
Ê
ð
ðÂ
ð
Ü
0
ð
ð"
Ü
¢
ðZ
ð(
ð
Ü
ƒ
ð0
€ ÀCŸ ¿
ðH
ˆ @
•
ƒ
Š 8
¿
º
À
ÿ
ð
• €
%
_ _ _ P P T 9
‹
¬
ðr
Ÿ
¨
Revise and edit the abstract in the template.
Once you have filled in each section, you can easily copy and paste the
final version into the abstract form online. Such a procedure avoids the
need to retype the entire abstract, thereby reducing the chance of errors
in the final version. ¡
!
!
2
!
¦
ø
ð
Ø ø
Ü
8 X
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
†¯È p]²* î ¹
ï
€
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
)
ð
ð
ð$
Ÿ
ð
ð!
À
ð
¼
¼
ð
U¼
ð¹
ð(
ðx
c
•
€ œmŸ ¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
P
ð
Ã
ž
ðl
ðŒ
T¼
•
ð
ð
ð
ð
# "ñ&
Ã
Ÿ
ðæ
0
Ÿ
à
Ã
™
o
m
e
¯
ð
à 0
ð
¼
“
ð6
•
€ ÀyŸ ¿
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
0
£
ðx
Ÿ
¨ "
The contributions of this project are twofold.
First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be
considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%).
Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the
Biomonitor was demonstrated. ¡ $
#
ÿfÌþ-
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ðƒ
¼
“
ð6
•
€ Ô~Ÿ ¿
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
0
E
£
ð
Ÿ
¨ ±
Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion
that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through
system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a
Biomonitor. Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation,
and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp.
as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of
1.28% exhaust water.
¡ 2
²
Ê
Ì þ
ç
ÿ™ þ
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð
ð•
¼
“
ð6
•
€ œŸ ¿
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
0
ç
E
ð
Ÿ
¨ £
Toxicity was determined by means of the standard
bottle or "batch" bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and
Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms. Toxicity was measured
in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective
concentration - 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be
3.75% exhaust water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the
bottle technique.
¡ <
¤
¥
Ì þ
ú
ÿ™ þ
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ðu
¼
“
ð6
•
€ (–
Ÿ ¿
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
0
‰
ç
ð
Ÿ
¨ £
This project in its present form is the result
of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine
exhaust water on certain green algae. The initial idea was to determine
the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants
eventually led to the formulation of "synthetic" exhaust water which, in
turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test
substance.
¡ 2
¤
š
3Ìþ
ÿfÌþ
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð
ð+
¼
“
ð6
•
€ ĦŸ ¿
•
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
0
à
‰
ð½
Ÿ
¨ a
Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae
Mary E. Jones
Hometown High School, Hometown, PA ¡ *
b
0
þ2
þ
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð`
B
ð
¼
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
0
à
à
ðZ
B
¼
s
ð*
¿
À
?
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
0
‰
‰
ðZ
B
0
ç
ç
ðZ
B
ð
¼
s
ð*
¿
À
?
ð
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
¼
s
ð*
¿
ð
?
E
ðZ
¼
À
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
0
E
0
£
B
s
ð*
¿
ð
?
£
ð`
¼
À
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
B
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
¼
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
0
ð`
B
ð`
B
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
¼
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
0
à
0
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
ð
U¼
•
ð
ð
ð
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
ð
×
ÿ
ð
•
# "ñ"
Ã
Ÿ
ðÐ
à
ð•
ðˆ
À
Ÿ
Ã
0
•
0
ð
• ð À
0¼
“
ð6
•
€ œ±Ÿ ¿
•
¿
À
À
ðb
Ÿ
Applications
¨
¡
Conclusions
ÿ
?
ð
ð
€
ÿfÌþ
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ðÉ
/¼
“
ð6
•
À
€ ¤ºŸ ¿
•
¿
€
ð[
Ÿ
Observations
¨
¡
Data
À
ÿ
?
ð
ð
P
Ì þ
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ð¿
.¼
“
ð6
•
À
ðQ
€ Hß ¿
•
¿
À
P
Ÿ
¨
Methods
¡
ÿ
?
ð
ð
À
ÿ™ þ
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ð¿
-¼
“
ð6
•
À
ðQ
€
À
Ÿ
ËŸ ¿
•
¨
¿
Purpose
À
¡
ÿ
?
ð
ð
•
3Ìþ
¦
ø
ð
@ ` €
ð`
B
1¼
ƒ
ð0
¿
ð
?
2¼
À
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
ð
•
À
•
ðZ
B
ð
À
À
À
ðZ
B
ð
P
ð
€
À
ð`
B
•
ð
ð`
B
•
À
ðH
s
ð*
¿
ð
?
3¼
À
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
s
ð*
¿
ð
?
P
ðZ
4¼
À
À
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
B
s
ð*
¿
ð
?
€
ð`
5¼
À
À
Ë œ1
¿
ÿ
ð
B
ƒ
ð0
¿
ð
?
6¼
À
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
ð
?
7¼
À
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
ð
ƒ
ð0
ð
¿
À
?
¼
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
À
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
ï®È pµåÂ î —
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
ðÿ
ð
ð
ðŸ
ð
ð
ä
ä
•
P
ð
ðr
S
€ (ÚŸ ¿
ä
ÿ
ð—
*l
ð(
ð
¯
` p
ð
Ã
ž
ðå
¢
ð
ä
ƒ
ð0
€ pÛŸ ¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
ð
€ 0
ð…
Ÿ
¨ [
Persistent Global Activation of the Aplysia
Serotonergic System After Sensitizing Stimuli
The marine mollusk Aplysia responds to noxious stimulation with a
stereotyped arousal reaction that includes escape locomotion, increased
heart rate and sensitization of defensive reflexes. Although previous
studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) is important for most of these
behavioral responses, it is still unclear how the 5-HT system is
activated in response to noxious stimuli. To address this question, I
used a specific staining of the 5-HT neurons in the living central
nervous system (CNS) that allowed me to (1) systematically record their
electrical activity following a noxious stimulus, and (2) trace their
projections using the neuronal tracer Neurobiotin. I found that in
response to tail-nerve shock, a procedure known to mimic a noxious tail
stimulus, the vast majority of 5-HT neurons increased their firing rate
for several minutes and became more excitable. 5-HT neurons were found to
project toward various peripheral targets such as the gill, heart, body
wall, tail, siphon, head, and tentacles as well as to other ganglia in
the CNS. This study shows that the Aplysia 5-HT system is globally and
persistently activated after a noxious stimulus. Such an activation might
serve to synchronize the different aspects of the arousal reaction in
Aplysia.
¡ ’
W
þ0
l
Z
P
$
-
.
%
ª t
$
6
ž
ð
ä
|
-
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
†¯È •2Õ+ î $
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
”
ð
ð
ðŸ
ð
ðŒ
ð
ì
ì
•
p
ð
ðr
S
€ DþŸ ¿
ì
ÿ
ð$
*l
ð(
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð-
ðr
ì
•
S
€
ÿŸ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
` 6
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð
ž
ð
ðH
ì
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
†¯È ཅ, î :
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
ª
ð
ð
ðð
ð¢
ð
ô
ô
•
•
ð
ô
ð:
ð(
ðr
S
€
¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð-
ðˆ
ô
•
S
€ 8
¿
ÿ
+l
ð
0
` `
ð
Ã
ð"
ž
¦
ø
ð
€ p ` P p
ô
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
†¯È Ý:- î À
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
0
ð(
°
ð
ðÀ
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð-
•
ðˆ
S
€ HN˜ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
P
` À
ð
Ã
ð"
ž
¦
ø
ð
€ p ` P p
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
Š¯È Àj‰• î ª
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
ð
Ð
ð
ðª
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð-
ðr
•
S
€ ,F
¿
ÿ
+l
ð
@ ` æ
ð
Ã
ð
ž
ð
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
Š¯È Y Ž î $
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
”
ðŒ
ð
ð
ð$
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ðð
ðr
•
S
€ œW
¿
ÿ
*l
ð
¯
 €
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð-
•
ðr
S
€ Ü]
¿
ÿ
+l
ð
€
` ¦
ð
Ã
ð
ž
ð
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
Š¯È ð¶o• î Ø
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ï
€
H
ð@
p
ð
8
ð
ð
ðØ
ð(
8
ð|
ð
ð
ð
¯
`
8
ð
•
# "ñ
g
Ÿ
Ã
ð
ð
¯
˜
`
ðt
ð
Ã
8
£
ð<
•
¯
ð
€ ¼Ž˜ ¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
Ÿ
x
P E R I O D
C A T A C L Y S M I C
V A R I A B L E
A N D
I T S
I M P L I C A T I O N S
O F
L O W
S T A T E S
C
s
d
s
m
t
i
o
c
f
d
(
e
c
t
w
p
m
s
a
e
2
s
m
s
p
w
s
h
o
a
y
w
t
a
h
m
b
e
r
r
a
x
a
h
e
r
o
t
x
0
t
a
e
r
h
t
a
b
ÿ
?
ð
`
t
s
a
a
t
e
p
s
r
e
a
n
t
n
i
l
i
d
a
m
p
0
u
g
c
i
i
a
v
s
a
t
r
r
t
a
e
t
q
m
d
e
s
l
m
e
t
a
e
5
d
n
o
m
c
t
e
e
c l y s
e m s ,
f
( t
( t h
e r
f
p r i m
c t .
r v a t
a i n
u e n t
a t i c
t h u
n d e d
l a s t
p h e
u n d
a r i l
l
t o
e s
u
g n e t
r i e n
.
T h
y
a t
e t i c
n d a r
a r y ,
h
s y
e s
a
a l l
r v a t
m i
e
h e
e
l o
a r
H o
i o
c a
l y
d
s
p
u
n o
e r
y
e
s i
i c
c e
e
t r
i
y
a
s t
n d
b
i o
c
a c
p
s e
w s
y ,
w e
n s
t a
e
e c
X e r
p
m e
s t
f o
l u
n g
c
d
m o
i b
n t
s
n d
e m
w
e e
n s
v a r i a
h
c o n
r i m a r
c o n d a
f r o m
p r o d
v e r ,
h a v e
c l y s m
x h i b i
r e a s e
r a y
p
i o d
o
t o
s e
n o n
i
o o d .
c u s e d
c i d a t
d a t a
a t a c l
a
l o w
d e l
p
u t e s
e r a c t
s t a r s
i t s
s
s h o
h i c h
n
c o n
.
¡ "
b
s
y
r
l
i
)
y
t
u c
p r
i
i c
t
i
r o
f
v e
s
T h
o
e
g
y s
s
r o
l o
i o
p o
p r
u l
o n
f i
=
A N A L Y S I S
O F
X 1 0
O N
T H E
O R I G I N
e s
s t i
a n
) .
h e
i n g
e v i
n d i
v a
l o w
n
m
d u c
t i m
r a l
c u r
i s
n
c
t h e
a t h
m i c
t a t
p o s
w
s
n s
t s
e d i
d
e
e s
r m e
a
n
d
U
s
o
c
r
a
t
e
r
r
r
e
e
e
t
b
a
c
x
s
d
r e
g
o
a
s u a
e c o
X - r
u s
a t e
i a b
s t a
s s
i o n
.
L
y e a
e n t
e s e
e a t
o r i
r e d
v a r
i n
d
i
a t e
e t w
n d
t i o
h i b
h o u
b y
b
f
l
l
n
a
i n a r y
a
w h i t e
o w
m a s s
l y ,
d a r y
o n t o
y s
u p o n
d
l
t
t
)
o
r
l
a
i
g
t h
e s
e s
r a n
f o
w
s
s ,
y
n
r c h
n g
i n
f r o
a b l
y e a
t h
t o
e n
h e
s
o
t
l
d
n
p a s
i
n
s
e
t
n
i
l
a t
s
r
t
a
o
a
f e r
a n
a t e s
n d
t
i s
a
o f
l o w
m
X 1 0 ,
e
t h a t
r
i s
t h e
t h e
n
o w
o t
t
]
à
ª ,
š
Ž
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð
ð`
B
8
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
8
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
`
¯
ð`
B
ð`
B
ð`
B
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
`
8
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
ð
8
ƒ
ð0
ð
¿
À
?
8
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
`
¯
`
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
€°È Ћ y î
ï
€
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
†
ð~
ð
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ðÞ
•
# "ñ
g
ð|
Ÿ
Ã
ð
¯
`
ð
¯
`
ð²
ð
Ã
ð
£
ð<
•
€ p‚ ¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
`
ð>
Ÿ
¨ "
THE STRING TOPOLOGY BV ALGEBRA, HOCHSCHILD
COHOMOLOGY
AND THE GOLDMAN BRACKET ON SURFACES
¯
This project provides an algebraic description of the String Topology
Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra for a large class of manifolds. Such a
description previously existed only for spheres and projective spaces.
The homology H(LX) of the space of free loops of a closed oriented smooth
manifold X has a rich algebraic structure called string topology,
discovered by Chas and Sullivan in 1999. In particular, H(LX) is a
Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) algebra. However this structure is hard to
compute in algebraic terms.
This project studies string topology in the case when the manifold X is
aspherical. In this case the Hochschild cohomology Gerstenhaber algebra
HH(A) of the group algebra A of the fundamental group of X has a BV
structure. My main result is a theorem establishing a natural isomorphism
between the Hochschild cohomology BV algebra HH(A) and the string
topology BV algebra H(LX). In particular, for a closed oriented surface X
of hyperbolic type this gives a complete description of the BV algebra
operations on H(LX) and HH(A) terms of the Goldman bracket of loops on X.
There are several conjectures connecting the string topology BV algebra
with algebraic structures on the Hochschild cohomology of algebras
related to the manifold X. My theorem is the first such hypothesis that
has been proven. The proof is based on a combination of topological and
algebraic constructions allowing to compute and compare multiplications
and BV operators on both H(LX) and HH(A).
¡ 8
7
ì
hÿZ
Ç
ª ª
•
°
f
¦
¢
F
ø
@ ` €
ð`
B
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
`
¯
ð`
B
ð`
B
ð`
B
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
`
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
`
¯
`
ðH
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
Š¯È 0 • î Ì
ï
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
€
<
ð4
0
ð
ðÌ
ð(
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð”
•
# "ñ
g
ð|
Ÿ
Ã
ð
¯
`
X
ð
¯
` X
ðh
ð
Ã
ð
£
ð<
•
¯
`
€
X
¨
¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
?
ð
ðô
Ÿ
H
C O M P U T E R
A I D E D
I N S T R U C T I O N
M O D E R N
C L A S S R O O M
C
m
u
o
m
e
p
m
o
o
f
u
A
A
e
V
l
D
e
t
c
e
(
p
d
t
t
i
o
a
T
o
r
i
i
c
p
t
a
e
I
V
C
e
o
a
n
f
o
n
l
e
n
f
o
n
f
n
i
a
i
x
h
o
x
s
r
e
h
h
n
f
l
h
v
e
n
n
o
r
h
n
d
n
i
o
n
m p u
n y
t a p
t h
d e r
v i r
a c e
d i u
e
o
t h
r m
d e r
r i c
p r o
h a n
r t u
b o r
m e n
t e n
e
s
n d u
p e r
i m i
o v i
s k t
e
s
e
p
t o
s u
s o
e r e
e r p
s o u
a c c
v e s
u l d
a c t
o s e
d
a
u c a
t h
r t u
m p u
v i r
t
a
p
i
n
o
e
r
e
s
,
n
i
m .
f
i s
o f
p r
a
g r
c e
a L
a t
s i
s i
t u
c t
i e
l a
d e
o p
t u
r o
t h
c h
c o
a
o p
r c
e s
t i
a
i c
t
t t
t i
e
a L
t e
o n
r s
h
e a s ,
d
i n
p r o
f r e
m e n t
n
A l t
t h e
p r o
e d u
i v i l
a n d
a m
s
e d u
A B ,
o r y ,
o n a l
b l e
d e n t
e x p
n c e
r
t o
d
t h
s o l
d e n t
g r a m
e
a f
a
p
n d u c
r e
m
u l a t
e s
h
s i b l
g a t e
i d
s
a l l y
o
s t
i t u d
o n ,
b r o a
A B
i
r
A i
m e n t
a v
a
m
j e
s h
f
u t
h o
c o
j e
c a
e g
i n
u i
c a
a
p
,
s c
s
e r
c h
m
r o
u t
s '
,
f o
r o
t e
a n
i o
a v
e .
d
u c
.
u d
e
w e
d e
s
d e
e
b e
n d
a
a n y
c t
w
a n d
o r
e
i l i z
u g h
n c e r
c t
w
t i o n
e d ,
t e r n
t e
w
t i o n
V i r t
r o v i
f u l l
i e n c
h a v e
i m e n
e m i s
o d e r
u g h
i o n .
a n d
a s
w
r d a b
p o s e
d .
y
c o
n ,
p
e
m a
V i r
t o
d
h
a
O t h e
e n t '
t o w a
r e
e
r
p e
o n e
d
I n
u s i
n
r
a
a
t
t s
t r
n
a n
T
t
e l
i l
d
f i
s
e a
t
x c
c a
g
t
a
t
c c
t h
i o
d
n
l
s
e q
l a
h e
,
y
v i
a
e s
e a
l
i t
e n
m
o
d
t
e
c
r
s
r
x
r
i
s
n
u n i
e r t
e d
a L A
e r m
m m u
b e n
p r o
s
t
m i n
p e c
p l e
r u c
V R
d
i
n
n
a
b
a
a
u
d
y
e
e
e
r
s
e
u
n
o
s
s
a
o
t
s
i
a
e
m
v
e
u
t
o
d
a
s
m
t
g
t
t
s
o
i
t
c
r
n
o
e
n
e
t
R
a
u
b
l
'
d
f
t
c
a
y
v
e d
m
i l l
.
T h
p r o
t i n g
i o n
o m p u
e s t r
d
m o
m a k
s s i b
i n
S
a l l y
s i g n
h e
c
e a l i
3 i p p e
o r a t
f r e e
e a r n
f i r s
e o
g
f o r d
i n g ,
h e r s
s
r e
a n d
i r o n
t
y
u
B
i
n
e
g
h
e
t
m
t
i e
a
c a
w
n e
i t
f i
r e
e i
d .
i v
e n
i o
t o
I N
T H E
a n k i n d
l e f t
e
m a i n
v i d e
a
t
t
i
t
e
l
o
.
e
l
t
o
t a
e r s
c t e d
i v a t
t h i
e
t o
u t h
k e
a s
t
i o
s
t
i n
a i m
o
n
n
h
a
,
s
e w
e
d
t o
a s s r o o m .
y
( V R )
d
a
o r y
d o m
a n
t
h
a m e
a b l
b o
'
u
s e a
v i
m e n
s
w
n d
t i o
a s
h o
y
t s ,
s s ,
r
n d
w
t
d
a n
s )
e
t h
s a
r c
a b
t
h e r e
o
d '
,
a l l
o f
g e
o f
h
i l i t y
w a s
h e r e
l a c k
n
w
o f
i t
s u c h
a s
r e s u l t s
e ,
t a t i o n
o f
n
( C A I )
i m m e r s e
a
t
c
s
v
t
t
f
h
o
u
i
h
h
u
e
m
c
a
a
i
t
u s e r
m u n i t y
h
n e w
b l e
b u
t
e n d l
s
m o d e
u r e .
¡
i n
r
t e
t
e s
r n
"
t h e
e s p o
c h n o
a r e
s
o p
t e c
¥
n
l
a
p
h
V
s
o
l
o
n
i
e
g
s
r
o
r t
a
i e
o
t u
l o
u
l
s
d
n
g
a L A
o n e
a r
e m a
i t y
i c a
B
w
p r
e
n
n d e
w a
l
o
o
o
d
i
r l d .
T h e
v e d
t h a t
t
o n l y
a n d
t s
i n
2
s
ª P
Ü
.
o
O
¹
¦
ø
@ ` €
ð`
B
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
`
¯
ð`
B
X
`
X
ð`
B
X
ð`
B
X
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ÿ
ð
¯
ð
ƒ
ð0
¿
À
?
ð
Ë Ÿo
¿
×
ð
ÿ
`
¯
`
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
Š¯È °“½• ð
ñ
?
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ðŠ
@
ð
ð"
ð
ð
ð
ð-
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
•
S
€ (-œ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È À¸~P ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
ð
ð
|
|
ð
|
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
|
•
S
€ ü‹œ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
|
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È ÷ Û ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
ð
ð
„
„
„
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
„
•
S
€ Džœ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
„
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È
GÜ ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
0
ð
Œ
Œ
ð
Œ
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
Œ
•
S
€ àôœ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
Œ
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È –nÝ ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
P
ð
”
”
ð
”
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
”
•
S
€ x Ÿ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
”
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È `:ƒÞ ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
p
ð
œ
œ
ð
œ
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
œ
•
S
€ x8Ÿ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
œ
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È ãžß ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
•
ð
¤
¤
ð
¤
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
¤
•
S
€ èZŸ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
¤
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È pmuà ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
°
ð
¬
¬
ð
¬
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
¬
•
S
€ ¤iœ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
¬
ƒ
ð0
0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
¨®È PhNá ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
ñ
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
’
ð
ð
ð-
ðŠ
Ð
ð
À
À
ð
À
ð^
S
•
¿
ÿ
ð"
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
À
•
S
€ ¼×Ÿ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
À
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
ï®È Pœñ ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
Ð
Ð
•
ð
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
Ð
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
Ð
•
S
€ ¨Uœ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
Ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
‚¯È ðí ž ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
Ø
Ø
•
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
Ø
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
œ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
Ø
•
S
€ H|œ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
œ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
Ø
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
…¯È PÜ5
ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
à
à
•
@
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
à
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
à
•
S
€ xkŸ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
à
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
†¯È p]²* ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
è
è
•
`
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
è
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ÿ
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
è
•
S
€ |ûŸ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
è
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
†¯È •2Õ+ ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
ð
ð
•
€
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
ð
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
ð
•
S
€ ,
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
†¯È ཅ, ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
ø
ø
•
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
ø
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
ø
•
S
€ Ì0
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ø
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
†¯È N=- ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð„
À
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ðX
C
•
¿
ÿ
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ã
ð„
ð
ð-
•
S
€ ¼B
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
Š¯È ðÿו ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð„
à
ð
ð
ð
ð(
ð
ðX
ð
C
ð
•
¿
ÿ
ð
° Ð
ð
Ã
ð„
ð
S
ð-
•
€ p[
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
Š¯È 𢢎 ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð„
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ðX
C
•
¿
ÿ
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ã
ð„
ð
ð-
•
S
€ ðl
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
Š¯È ð¶o• ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð„
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ðX
C
•
¿
ÿ
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
Ã
ð„
ð
ð-
•
S
€ Tˆ
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
Š¯È 0 • ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
$
$
•
@
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
$
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
$
•
S
€ ¨Ž
¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
$
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ÿÿÿ
‹
ƒ
€€€
ë.
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
Š¯È °“½• ð
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
Š 0
ð
º
_ _ _ P P T 1
ñ
0
Œ
ð
ð
ð
ð„
ð
<
<
•
€
ð
ðX
C
¿
ÿ
<
ð
ð(
ð
° Ð
ð
ð
ð-
Ã
ð„
<
•
S
€ ,[˜ ¿
ÿ
ð
° 0 Ð
°
ð
Ã
ð-
Ÿ
ª
ðH
ð
<
ƒ
ð0
•
ÿÿÿ
0
‹
¦
= &t
M
ë #O ²®
™
ƒ
“ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿
€€€
»àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì
ë.
€°È À(%y r À
!¬ R¼
¿ ¨Á •Ò ¶Ô
=Q
˜·
QS
«ç
Î
m
ÿ
?
ˆ 8
À
så
Š 0
7± S>
m@
ð
º
‡B
_ _ _ P P T 1
¡D
»F
ÕH
ïJ
eU
yW
•Y
¡[
Û
£
?
U
-j
a!
•,
0
µ]
É_
®
Ýa
è ü<
ñc
é (
f
/
•
€
à
h
à
õ
€
×
Ó
º t
h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y
f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t .
p d f
º t
h tþÿ
à…ŸòùOh «‘ +'³Ù0
èT
h
p
¸
È
à
ì
$
0
Process sJohn O. Cole
John O. Cole
W@
PZ=
@
8
ä
-
'
AbBeam O. Ab21 nPa;V¨®È @
0kÆ <±È
Mastering the Abstract Writing
Microsoft PowerPoint t
³
G
¨S ÿÿÿÿ
‰ g
Ì)
¡'
Ñ Á
÷
€
€
€€
€ € €
€€ ÀÀÀ ÀÜÀ ¦Êð
""" ))) UUU MMM BBB 999 ÿ|€ ÿPP Ö “ Ììÿ ïÖÆ ççÖ -©• 3
f
™
Ì
3 33 f3 ™3 Ì3 ÿ3
f 3f ff ™f Ìf ÿf
™ 3™ f™ ™™ Ì
™ ÿ™
Ì 3Ì fÌ ™Ì ÌÌ ÿÌ fÿ ™ÿ Ìÿ
3 3 3 f 3 ™ 3 Ì 3 ÿ 3 33 33
3 f33 ™33 Ì33 ÿ33 f3 3f3 ff3 ™f3 Ìf3 ÿf3 ™3 3™3 f™3 ™™3 Ì™3 ÿ™3 Ì3 3Ì3
fÌ3 ™Ì3 ÌÌ3 ÿÌ3 3ÿ3 fÿ3 ™ÿ3 Ìÿ3 ÿÿ3
f 3 f f f ™ f Ì f ÿ f 3f 33f f3f
™3f Ì3f ÿ3f ff 3ff fff ™ff Ìff ™f 3™f f™f ™™f Ì™f ÿ™f Ìf 3Ìf ™Ìf ÌÌf ÿ
Ìf ÿf 3ÿf ™ÿf Ìÿf ÿ Ì Ì ÿ ™™ ™3™ ™ ™ Ì ™
™ 33™ f ™ Ì3™ ÿ ™ f™ 3f™ f3
™ ™f™ Ìf™ ÿ3™ 3™™ f™™ ™™™ Ì™™ ÿ™™ Ì™ 3Ì™ fÌf ™Ì™ ÌÌ™ ÿÌ™ ÿ™ 3ÿ™ fÌ™ ™ÿ™
Ìÿ™ ÿÿ™
Ì 3 ™ f Ì ™ Ì Ì Ì 3™ 33Ì f3Ì ™3Ì Ì3Ì ÿ3Ì fÌ 3fÌ ff™ ™fÌ ÌfÌ
ÿf™ ™Ì 3™Ì f™Ì ™™Ì Ì™Ì ÿ™Ì ÌÌ 3ÌÌ fÌÌ ™ÌÌ ÌÌÌ ÿÌÌ ÿÌ 3ÿÌ fÿ™ ™ÿÌ ÌÿÌ ÿ
ÿÌ 3 Ì f ÿ ™ ÿ 3Ì 33ÿ f3ÿ ™3ÿ Ì3ÿ ÿ3ÿ fÿ 3fÿ ffÌ ™fÿ Ìfÿ ÿfÌ ™ÿ 3™ÿ f™
ÿ ™™ÿ Ì™ÿ ÿ™ÿ Ìÿ 3Ìÿ fÌÿ ™Ìÿ ÌÌÿ ÿÌÿ 3ÿÿ fÿÌ ™ÿÿ Ìÿÿ ÿff fÿf ÿÿf ffÿ ÿfÿ
fÿÿ ¥ ! ___ www ††† –––
ËËË ²²² ××× ÝÝÝ ããã êêê ñññ øøø ÿûð
¤ €€€ ÿ
ÿ ÿÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ
4
¡' A
Ì x
€ €
Ð À
(
€ € €€ ÀÀÀ ÀÜÀ ðʦ
x
K
€
€
€
""" ))) UUU MMM BBB 999 €|ÿ PPÿ “ Ö ÿìÌ ÆÖï Öçç •©3
f
3
33 3f 3™ 3Ì 3ÿ f
f3 ff f™ fÌ fÿ ™
™3 ™f ™™
™Ì ™ÿ Ì
Ì3 Ìf Ì™ ÌÌ Ìÿ ÿf ÿ™ ÿÌ 3
3 3 3 f 3 ™ 3 Ì 3 ÿ 33 33
3 33f 33™ 33Ì 33ÿ 3f 3f3 3ff 3f™ 3fÌ 3fÿ 3™ 3™3 3™f 3™™ 3™Ì 3™ÿ 3Ì 3Ì3
3Ìf 3Ì™ 3ÌÌ 3Ìÿ 3ÿ3 3ÿf 3ÿ™ 3ÿÌ 3ÿÿ f
f 3 f f f ™ f Ì f ÿ f3 f33 f3f
f3™ f3Ì f3ÿ ff ff3 fff ff™ ffÌ f™ f™3 f™f f™™ f™Ì f™ÿ fÌ fÌ3 fÌ™ fÌÌ f
Ìÿ fÿ fÿ3 fÿ™ fÿÌ Ì ÿ ÿ Ì ™™ ™3™ ™ ™ ™ Ì ™
™33 ™ f ™3Ì ™ ÿ ™f ™f3 ™3
f ™f™ ™fÌ ™3ÿ ™™3 ™™f ™™™ ™™Ì ™™ÿ ™Ì ™Ì3 fÌf ™Ì™ ™ÌÌ ™Ìÿ ™ÿ ™ÿ3 ™Ìf ™ÿ™
™ÿÌ ™ÿÿ Ì
™ 3 Ì f Ì ™ Ì Ì ™3 Ì33 Ì3f Ì3™ Ì3Ì Ì3ÿ Ìf Ìf3 ™ff Ìf™ ÌfÌ
™fÿ Ì™ Ì™3 Ì™f Ì™™ Ì™Ì Ì™ÿ ÌÌ ÌÌ3 ÌÌf ÌÌ™ ÌÌÌ ÌÌÿ Ìÿ Ìÿ3 ™ÿf Ìÿ™ ÌÿÌ Ì
ÿÿ Ì 3 ÿ f ÿ ™ Ì3 ÿ33 ÿ3f ÿ3™ ÿ3Ì ÿ3ÿ ÿf ÿf3 Ìff ÿf™ ÿfÌ Ìfÿ ÿ™ ÿ™3 ÿ™
f ÿ™™ ÿ™Ì ÿ™ÿ ÿÌ ÿÌ3 ÿÌf ÿÌ™ ÿÌÌ ÿÌÿ ÿÿ3 Ìÿf ÿÿ™ ÿÿÌ ffÿ fÿf fÿÿ ÿff ÿfÿ
ÿÿf ! ¥ ___ www ††† –––
ËËË ²²² ××× ÝÝÝ ããã êêê ñññ øøø ðûÿ ¤
€€€
ÿ ÿ
ÿÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿÿÿ
kekkeHkeHkHkkkpkŠkŠkkŠkpkkŠkkkkpkkŠpkkkkkkkkpkkkkŠkŠpkŠpkkk
ŠpkŠpppkŠkkŠppkkpkŠp
kkHekkkkkkkkkkkHkkekkkekkpkkŠkkkkŠkŠkpkkkŠkkpŠpkpŠkkpkk
kkkkkŠkpk
pŠŠ•p•
pkpŠpŠpk
kkŠkkHkkekkeHkkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpŠkkkpkk
ŠkkŠkpkkpŠkkkkŠkkkpŠppŠkŠppŠpŠpŠp
ŠpŠŠpkŠŠpkŠkkŠpŠ
pkkkkkkŠkpkkkkpŠkkkkeHkkkkkkekk
kkkkkkkkkpkkŠkkkpkŠkŠpkkkŠpkpŠpŠkŠkŠpŠkŠkpŠpkkŠkkkkŠk
pŠpkpkkkkŠpŠ
kkkkkkkkkkkŠpkkkp
kŠkkpkkkkpŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkpkkpkkkkkkŠŠkkpkkpŠkpkkkŠŠppkŠpkpkkŠ
kkŠpŠ
ŠkpŠpkpŠpkpŠpkk
kkk
kpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkpkŠpkpŠkkpkkŠkkkkkŠkpŠpkkkpkppŠkkkkkpŠkŠp
kpŠkŠpkpŠkkkpŠpŠkpkŠpŠppŠ
pŠŠpŠŠŠkpŠŠŠpŠpk
Š
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkkpkŠkkŠpkŠpŠkkkkŠkkkkŠkkkpŠpŠpkkkkŠkŠpkŠŠ
kkŠpŠkpŠpkpkŠkŠppkŠkŠpkkkkkkpkkpŠŠpŠpŠpkk
kppŠŠp
ppŠpŠppkŠŠŠpp
kkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkŠpŠkkŠkpŠpkkkk
kkkpkpkpkŠkpkpkpkpŠkkkpŠkpkŠkpkkpkppŠkŠkŠpŠkkŠpkkpkkpŠkpŠkŠpkpk
ŠppŠkŠpŠpŠpŠppkŠp
kkpkkkkpkkkpkŠkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkŠkpkk
kkpkpkŠkkkkkkŠpkŠkŠkkkŠkpkŠkŠkŠkkkpkŠkkŠkkpŠpŠkppŠŠkkŠkpp
ŠŠŠpk
ŠkŠpŠppŠkpppkpkp kŠkpŠpŠpŠkŠpŠkŠppŠpŠŠŠ kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpk
kkkkkkkpkkkkkkkŠkkŠkkkpŠpŠpkkŠppkpŠpkŠŠpŠpŠppŠpŠkŠkpŠpŠpŠkkpŠkŠkpkpkpŠŠk
kŠkŠ
kpŠpkpŠpŠkŠŠpŠŠŠŠpŠppkŠpŠpŠpŠpppŠpŠŠpŠpŠppŠpŠkkkŠkk
kkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkŠkkkkkŠpkkpŠpkkkkpkŠkkkkkkkkkkŠkkŠppkkkkkŠkkkppkpŠkpkkŠ•k
ŠppŠpŠŠkkpŠpkkpŠpkŠpŠŠpkkpŠkŠ
kpŠpppŠkŠkpŠkŠpkŠŠŠpŠppkŠ
pŠpkppkpkkkkpŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkpkkpŠkŠkpkkpkkkkkkpŠkpkk
•kŠkŠkpkŠŠpkkpŠkkŠpkkŠpkpŠpŠkkkŠkkŠpkŠkkŠpkkppŠppŠpŠpk
kŠpŠp
ŠkpppŠkpŠkpŠppŠŠ‹kkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkŠpŠkŠkŠkkkpkpkŠk
pŠpŠpŠŠkŠkkŠkkpkpŠkŠkpkpŠŠpŠppŠkpkkŠkpŠppkŠppkŠpŠkkk•kŠpŠkŠkpŠk•kk
ŠpppŠpŠpŠpk
pŠpŠŠŠkkŠkpk kkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkkkk
kkpkkpŠkkkkŠpkkŠkkkkppkppkkkŠkkpŠpkŠkkpkkkkŠpŠŠkŠppŠpkŠkpkŠŠpkkpkŠ
kkkppŠŠpŠpŠpkŠkkkkŠpŠpŠkpŠpkkŠpŠpkpppp ŠŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkpkkkŠpkkkŠkkkkkpkŠkkkkkkpkŠkŠkŠŠkŠkppkŠkkkpŠkkŠpŠŠpkkpppkŠkŠkkkp
ŠŠppŠkŠpŠŠpkppŠŠkppkp
pŠpŠpŠpŠŠŠkŠŠkkppŠkkekkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkŠkkkkkpkŠkkkkkkkkŠkpkkpŠkŠkkkpŠpŠpkŠpkkpkkpkpkŠŠkpkkŠppŠkpkŠkk
pŠŠkŠpŠppŠpŠkppŠkkpŠpkkŠŠkŠkpŠŠkŠ
k
ŠŠppkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkpŠkkkkkpkkkkŠkkpkkpŠkkkkkkkkŠkŠpkŠkkpkpkk
kkkpkkŠpkkpŠpŠppkŠkpkŠkkpŠkŠŠpŠkŠpŠkkppŠpkpŠpppŠkpŠkŠppkŠkŠŠk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkŠkkŠkpkkkkkŠkkkkkŠpk
pkpkkŠkpŠkŠkkkŠkŠkkkkŠkkŠkkŠpkkŠpkŠpŠpkpkpŠkpkkpkŠkkkŠŠpkŠkppŠppkŠ
•kppkŠpŠkkkppkŠpŠpŠppŠpŠkpkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠ
™
Ì
kkpkkkpŠkkkkkŠkkkpŠpkkŠkpkkŠkpkkkpkŠpkpŠppkŠkpkkpkkŠpŠpŠŠpkŠpŠkŠpŠpŠk
pkkŠŠŠpŠkkpkkŠpŠpŠpŠpŠpŠkŠkŠppkpŠpŠkkpŠpŠŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠk
kpkkkkpkkkpkkkkkŠkkkkkpkkpkkŠkkŠkŠpkkkpkkŠkkŠkkpŠkkkŠkpŠkkkŠkkpkkkkk
kkkkpkkkpkkkkkkkŠkkpkkkkpkkŠpkŠkkkŠkŠkpkkkpŠŠŠpŠpŠkŠkpŠHeekeHkHekke
HHkeeHeHkkeHkkekkkkekkekHekkeHkkHkkkHkkekHkkkkkHekkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkk
kkpkkkpkkkkkkkŠpkkkŠkkkkkkkpkkŠppŠŠpŠŠpŠppŠpkŠpkŠpŠpŠpkpkppŠpkpŠp
BkHHkHekHekHkeeHkHkeeeHkeHkeHeHHkHeHekHkkkkekHekkekkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkpkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpŠkŠkpŠpŠŠkŠpkkŠpŠkpŠkkpŠkŠkŠkpkpŠpkŠkpŠpŠkpŠpkŠpŠ
ŠŠŠkkŠkpŠŠpŠkHekeHeHkHHeekHHeHeHkHkHekHkHkkkeHkkkkkeHekHkkkkHkkHkkkkk
HkkkkkkpkŠkkkŠpkkkŠkŠpŠkpkpkŠŠkppkpŠpkppkŠkkpkpŠpŠpŠkkkppŠpŠŠpŠpŠp
ŠpŠkpŠpŠpŠkppkpkpŠkpŠŠppŠpeHkeHkHkBekkHHeekkkHkeHkeHeeHeeHkkkkkkkkkkŠ
kkkkŠkpkŠkkkŠkŠkkkkŠpkŠpkpŠpkŠpkkpkpkpŠkŠŠpkpkŠkkŠkŠpŠkkŠpkkŠŠpŠkpŠppŠ
pkŠkŠkppŠpŠpkŠkkkŠkpŠkkŠŠŠpŠŠŠpkpkŠppŠ ••kHeHkkkkkkHkkkeHkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkŠkkpkkkkpkkpkkkpkkkpkkkpkpkkpkpkkkkkkkpŠkŠpkkŠkŠkkpkkkŠkkŠkkkpkŠpŠpp
kkŠpkŠpkŠkkpkkppŠkŠpŠkpŠpkkpŠpŠpkpppŠkppŠkkŠq‹ kkkkkekkkkekkkk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkŠkkŠpkŠkkkkkŠkŠkkkpkŠkkkkŠkk•kpŠpŠk•kp
ŠkpŠpkkpŠpŠkŠkpkpkkpkkŠkŠpŠkkpŠpkŠkpŠŠpŠpkŠkŠŠŠŠpkkŠpqŠq ppk
kekkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkpŠkkkpkkkkkkpŠkkpkpkpkkkŠkpŠkp
pkpkkkkkpŠkŠkpkŠpkkkkkkkkkpkŠŠkpŠkkpŠppŠkkpŠkŠpkŠpŠpkŠppŠpŠpŠppkpk
qq‹kkpŠkŠkkHkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkŠkkkpkkkŠkŠ
kkkŠkŠkkkkkŠkŠkkkŠkpŠkkkpŠkpŠkŠpŠkŠppŠpkkŠkkppŠŠkpŠkkŠpŠpŠppŠpkkkŠ
kŠkpŠŠkŠ‹qŠpkŠkŠkŠppHkkkkHkkkekkHekkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkŠkkkkkkpk
kŠkkkpŠkkŠkkpkpŠkpkpkkkkkpkkkkpkkkkŠkkkŠpkpkppkkŠkŠpŠpkpŠkkppŠpkpkŠpŠ
pŠkŠkkŠpŠkkŠpppkkŠqŠkŠŠpp ŠppŠpŠkpekkekkekkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkŠkpkkkkpk
kpkkkkkkkpkŠkkkkpkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkŠkŠpŠkkŠkkpkpŠkkpkpkkkppŠkŠkŠkŠpkkkŠ
kkkŠkŠŠkkkŠkpŠpŠpkŠpŠpŠŠpp‹q‹ŠpkkŠp ŠŠpŠŠppkpkkpkkkkkkkkkpkkpkk
ekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkpŠkkkkkkkkpkkpkkpŠkŠkŠkkkŠŠkŠpkŠkk
pkpkkkkkkkŠkpkkpkkŠpŠkppkppŠpkkkpkkkppk‹pq‹pŠppŠ kpŠpkkpkkkkŠkkkk
HekkekkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkk k kk
kk kkkk k
pk
k kkpk
kp
pkpkŠk
pŠŠ
pŠpp
Š•k• p
Š k kpŠkk‹ŠŠq‹p‹kpkŠpŠ pkŠkkkk
••kŠkp ŠpekHkkkkHkkkekkHkkkHkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿ Šÿÿÿÿkpÿ kpkÿ ÿÿ
ÿk ÿÿÿÿkÿ ŠkkŠkÿÿÿp kkkkÿÿÿÿkŠpÿÿÿk •kÿÿÿp kpÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ kkp‹pppqpŠpŠpp
ŠpŠ kpŠkpŠpŠpŠkpkpŠ ŠŠp kkekHekkkkkkkkkekkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿ kÿ
ÿ
kÿ kkŠÿÿkk ÿ ÿ kkkÿ kkŠpkÿ Šÿ k•pÿ ÿk kÿ•k ÿ kÿ pkÿpŠŠÿÿ ÿŠ ÿ ÿ ÿ pŠ
•pŠpŠ‹Š‹kŠŠŠ kpkkkkŠkkpŠpkk kk ŠkHkkkkkekHkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkekkkkkkk
kkkkpkkÿ ÿÿ kÿÿÿÿ kÿ kkkÿ ÿÿÿŠÿ
ÿ
kkkÿ pÿ Škkÿÿÿ ÿ•kp ÿÿÿk•ÿ kpkŠpp
ÿÿ kÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ •‹k‹qpkpŠpppkkkkkkŠpkkkkkp pk kŠkkkekkHkHkekHekHkkkkkk
kkkkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿkkÿÿ ÿkŠÿ kkkÿÿÿkkk ÿÿÿÿkÿÿÿkk•kÿ kÿ kpk•kÿp kŠÿ
ÿkpk kÿ kŠk kkÿÿpk ÿ ÿ ÿ pkpŠŠkpŠkŠkŠpkkkpŠŠkkkpŠkŠ kppkHkkkek
kkkkkkkkekkHkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿkkÿÿÿÿpkkÿ Škkÿÿk ÿkÿ
ÿ
kkkÿ
ÿkkŠkkÿ ÿ pkÿŠ ÿkŠÿk ÿkŠŠÿ •ÿÿÿÿlÿ ÿÿŠpŠkkppŠkkkpkkkpŠkkŠppkpkŠpppk
pkpŠŠŠekkHkHkkHkkeHkkkkkkkkkkekHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿkkkŠkÿkkkkkÿkkpŠÿkÿÿÿkk
ÿÿÿÿpÿÿÿkpŠkÿÿÿkkkkpkÿÿÿkkkÿÿÿkppkÿÿÿ
pÿŠpŠkŠÿppŠkkpŠkpkpkkŠkpkp
pkkkkŠkŠpŠkŠŠpkŠpkpkekekekekeHkkkkkkkekkkHkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkŠkkkkpkkkŠkkkkpŠkkkŠkpŠk
ŠpŠpplppŠkŠkpkpŠk
kkpkkkkkpkŠŠkŠŠkkkpppkŠpkkpŠŠpŠŠHkHkHkkkHkkkkekHkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkkpkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkk
ŠpŠp
kŠkŠkkpkŠŠpkkpkkkŠpkŠpŠppkpkkp•kŠkŠkŠpkpkpkŠ kekekkHkkkkkkHkkkekkkkke
kkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠpkpkŠpŠ
kpŠpŠpkŠpkŠpkkŠkkkkkpkpŠkpkkkkkkppŠpkkkŠŠpŠp kkHkkkekHe
HkekekkkkkkkkHkkkkkekkkekkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkk
kŠkkkpŠppk
kkkŠkŠpkkkkkkkpkkkŠkkŠŠŠkkkkkkpŠŠpŠkŠpŠkppkp
Š
kkeHekHkkkkkkHkHkkHkHekkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkHkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkkkŠpkkkpŠkŠkpŠŠp
ŠpŠppŠŠpkpŠkkkkkpkkkkppkpkŠpkkpkŠkkŠkpp
kpkpkŠkpkpŠŠŠp
eHkkHkkeHekekkkekkekkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkkkkHekHkkekHekHkkekk
kkkkekkkk
kk kp kk kpkŠk
ppk p•
ŠkkkkkkŠkkpŠpŠkkpkkŠkkkpkŠkŠk•
pkkkkkkkŠpŠkŠŠŠkŠpŠkŠkpŠ
keHkekkkkkHkHekkkHkkkHkHkkHekkekkHekkkkke
kekHkkkkekHkkkHkkkkkkHÿÿÿ kÿÿk ÿÿ kÿÿ kŠk•ÿÿÿp Šÿÿ• ÿ ÿÿpŠpkppŠkpŠkkkkpk
kkkkkpŠkkpkkkkkkkkŠppkkpppkkkpk Š
kHkkekkHeHkekkkHkkekHkekkkkk
kHkkHkkkkHekkkHkkkekkkHekkHekkkkHkkeÿkÿ ÿ pÿ ÿÿ Šÿÿ •k•ÿ pkÿŠÿ Šÿ ÿÿ
kp
ŠkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkŠpŠkpŠpkŠkpkkkkkkkŠŠkŠpŠkŠpkkk Š
ŠkekHHkHkekHkk
kekHkkekHHkekkHkekkeHkekkHekekkHkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkÿ ÿ Šÿ ÿÿ •ÿÿ Špkÿ Š•
Špÿ kÿ ÿÿÿÿ ŠkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpŠkkŠkkkkŠkpkkŠpŠppkpkppkkk Š
ŠŠk
kkkHekekkHkkeeHkHekHkekeHkHeekHkHekHkHkekHkeeHkkekkekkeHkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿp ÿŠ
ÿÿŠpÿÿppŠŠÿ kpk ÿk ÿŠÿÿkÿkpŠkkkkkkkkpkkkpŠpŠŠpkkkkkkkkkŠpŠkŠkŠŠŠkŠŠŠ
pk p
ŠppŠpHekkkHekeHHHkekHkeHHeHkekHkHkeekHkkHkekHekHkkeHkkHkkkkkkkk
kkkkk•kÿ ŠÿÿŠpÿ pŠÿpŠŠppÿk ÿŠkÿÿkkÿ ÿpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpŠkŠpkpkkkkkk•k•kpp
ŠppkpkpkppkpkkkŠŠŠp
pŠpŠkHkHeHkeHekkeekkeHekekHeHeekekHHkkkekeHkkekkk
ekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkÿkpŠpkŠÿŠkppkŠpkŠkÿÿÿkkkkŠkŠÿŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠpŠŠkkpkk
kkkkkkkkŠkpŠkkŠkkŠŠŠkŠpŠkpkpŠpkkkpŠBekHkekHkHBHkHBeHkHeHkkHkkHHHe
keHekHkHeHkkHekHkkkkkkkkkŠkpŠpkŠkkkkŠkpkkpŠŠpkkŠkpkŠkkpkŠkpkkkkkkkkkkkk
kpkŠkpkkpkkkkkpkkkŠkŠppkkkkpŠkpŠpkkppŠpkkpŠkŠkkkkkHkBekBeHeekkeekH
keBkeHeeHekeekekHkeHekkHkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpŠkŠpkkppŠkkpŠpŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkpŠkkk
kHkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠpkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkpppŠkŠkpŠpkpŠkŠkŠpŠkpŠpŠpŠpŠkppŠpŠpŠpek
HHkHkHkHeHHkeHekHkeHekHeHkHkHeHekkkkekkekkkkpŠpkkkpŠkkpkkŠpŠŠpkŠpkŠkkkkkk
kŠkkpkkŠkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkk•pkkk•kkkkpkkkkkpkkŠppŠkŠpkpkkkkkŠŠpkpŠpkŠpŠkp
ŠpŠpŠŠpkŠpkkHekBeHeeeHeekHekkBeHkHHekHeHekkekkHekHkkkHkkkŠkkkkkŠkkkkpŠkk
kpkkkkkkkkkpŠkpkkkŠkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkŠkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkkkŠpŠppk
pkŠpkŠkpŠkŠkpŠpkŠpŠkkkkHeHkkekHeHkHeHeHHekHeekBkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkpk
kkkŠpkkpkŠŠpkkŠkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkpHekkkkkHkkkkpkkŠpŠkpkkpkkkkkNkkkkkŠk
pŠkŠpŠpŠkkŠkkkpkpŠŠpkŠpkŠpŠkkpkpkkkeHeBHHkBkHekHekeHkekkHkkHkekHHeH
kkkkkkkpkkŠkkŠkkpkkkŠkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpkkkpkŠkkk
kkkkkkkkpŠpkŠkkpkkkpŠkkkpŠkŠkŠŠpŠppŠpŠpŠkkkŠppkpkkŠkeHBkeBeeHeeHHeHBekk
HkeekekkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠkpŠpkpŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkHkkkkHkkkkk•k
kkkŠkŠkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpŠpŠkŠkpkkpkkkkpkpkpkpŠŠpŠpkpŠpkŠŠkpŠŠkkpHekHH
kHeHkHBkeHkHkekHkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkŠkkŠkpkkkkkkkHekkkHkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkk
kekkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkpkpkkkkkHkkkkppkpŠkkkpŠkkŠkŠkkpŠkkpŠŠkpkkŠkkŠp
•kŠkpkkkkeHeeeeHkekekHkkeeHHkekHkkkekkkkkkkkkk•kkkpkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkekkkeHkkkHkkkpkkŠkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠkkkkkkkŠkkpŠpkkkkkkpkŠpŠ
ppkŠpŠkkkpŠpŠkkŠpkkkkŠHeHeHHeHHkHkHekHkkkkkkekkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkpkŠHk
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkHekkkkkkekkkkkkpkkkŠkŠkkkkkkHkkkkpŠkŠkpkkpŠpkpŠk
kkkkkpŠpŠppkpŠŠpŠpkpŠpŠpkkkppkkŠkpkHkkkekHekekekHkkHekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpk
kkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkHekkekkkkkkkkkkHkekkHkkkkkHkkkkkŠkkŠkkkkkkkkekHekkkkkkkkpk
pkkŠkkŠkŠpkkpkkkkŠpŠkkŠpŠkpkkkpŠŠŠkkkkŠkŠkpkkŠŠHeeHkekkHkkHkkkkkkkkHk
kkHkekkkkkkkkkkkkpkkHkkHkkkkekkkkHkkHkkekekkekHkkekkHkkkkkpkkpkkkkkkpkkkH
kkkkkkkkŠpŠŠpŠkkpkkpkkkkŠkŠkkkkŠpŠkpkkkŠpŠkŠkŠppkpkpkkpŠpkkkŠpkekHeHBeH
kHekkkHkkHekkekkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkeeHkkkkHekHkkkkHkkkkkekkHkkHkkke
ekkkkkk
kkkkkpkkkekkkkkkkkkHkkkkpkkpkŠkkkŠpkpŠpkkŠŠpkkpkŠpkŠpŠpkpkkkpŠpŠpkŠkŠpkk
kkkpk•kHekkkkkekkkHkkekkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkekeHkekkHekkkkkekkkkkHkHkHekkHke
Hk
p kkkkkkkkkkkkeHkkkHekkkkkkkŠpŠpŠŠkkpkkkkkkŠkkkŠppkpŠkŠppŠŠpkkŠk
•k•kkkŠkkpkkŠkkpkŠk kkkkkekHkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkekekekkkkHkeek kHkkH ke
keH k k k kkH kH
kkkk kkpkk kkkk
kkk
kpk
kkk
Špk
Škkpkkkkk
kkpŠkpkkkpkpkkŠpkkkkŠkkkpkkpkŠkkkeHkkekekHkkkHkkekkkkkkkkHkkkkHkeHkee
HeHk kkek k HH
H
Hk k H kkk kkkk kHk
k k
Š Š
Š p
k
k
k pŠkkŠkkpŠkkpŠppŠpŠkkkpŠpkkpkkpkkkkkpkkŠpekHkkkkkkHkkkkkekkkHkkkek
keHkHHeHBHekHkkkkk e kkH e
ek
k
ek
k
kkk kkke ek ke
kk
k kk k kpk k kkŠ ŠkkkpŠpkpŠkpŠpŠkŠkŠpkkŠkpŠkkkŠpkkpkkŠpŠpkŠkkkekkeHkkk
keHkkkkkekkkHHkkkkeHeekeHekkeHe
He
eH
H
kk
kk kkk
k
kk kk
kŠkŠ
kŠ Špkk kkkpŠkkkkŠkkkkŠpkpkpkkkkpkkkpkp•kkkkkkpkk
ŠppHkkkHkkkkekkkkkkHkkHkkHkeeHeHeHkHHkekkkHkk
e H e
e
k
kk
kk kkH
e
k kk
kpk
k kk Š kk ŠkkpkppkpŠpkkkŠkŠŠpŠkŠk
kkŠkkkkkkkŠkŠpŠkŠekekkkekkHkHekkkHeekHeeekHkBkkeekekHkHeeke H
H
H
k k
Hke kk
k k
k Š
k k
k k
p k
pkpŠkkŠkkkŠk
kŠŠkkpkkpkkpkkkppŠpkŠpkkpkpŠkpŠkkHkkHkHkkkkkHeeHkHeekHHBHekeHkHkkkkHeHeHH
ke
H e e k
k k
kkk H kkkH ek
H kp
kkk
kkk
kkk
Škk
kŠkkkpkkpŠpŠpkppkŠkpŠŠkkkkkkkkkkkkŠŠpkŠpkkkekkekkkeHekeHkkeHHHBkkekee
HkeeHkHBeHkHe He e HkH HkHe
kk kkkkkkkeeHeHekk
ekkkkkkkkkŠpkkkpkk
kkkŠkkkpkkkŠpŠkkŠpkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkkŠpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠŠkkkekkkeHkHeHk
eHBHeekekHHkHkHkHkBeeHkBeBk HeHk ekeH Hkek k ek kekHekkkkHkkHkkH
kkkkk
ŠkkkpkkkkkkkkŠpkkkkkkkkkpkkkkpkpkŠkkkŠpŠkkkpkkŠppŠkkkkppkpkkkkkkŠŠpkpp
eHkHkekHeHkeHBBkkekHekeekekkeHeHeHkHeHkHHeHekeHkBHekekkkHekkkHkkkkkeHkHek
kekekHkekkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkŠkkŠkkŠkkkŠkpkkŠpkkkpkkŠpkkkkkkkŠkŠkk
kkkkkkppkkŠkkHkeBeHBkekBBkeHHBHekHHkHkeHHeHeHeHeHeeBkeekHkeHekHkkkHkekkk
HkkekkHHkeeHkHeHkHkHkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkpŠkkkkkkkpkpkŠppŠkkpkkkpŠkkŠk
kŠkpŠkkpkkpkkkkkkkkŠkpkkHeHkHkeHBHkBkekekkekekeBkHeHkBHeHBekHkHeHHHeH
kkkekeHkkkkkHekekkHekek
HkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkkkkkkppk
kkkkŠkkŠkkpkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkŠkpkkkŠpkBHeBeBHeBeekHeHkeHeHBeBkeBHeHek
BkkHHBkeHekkkekeHHkkeHeHekkkkkHekeHH
e ekHkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkŠkŠkkkkkŠpkkpkkŠkpŠkŠŠkkkkkpkkkkkpkkpŠpŠŠŠpkŠkBeeHHekHkkHeHkHBe
HkkHHHHBkB Bk eB ee H He
kk kH
kk eHe e HHe ee
kkke k kkk kk
kkkkk kkkkp k k kk
kp k •kkk k k
Šk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkŠkpkpŠpkkHHB
keHBeeHkeeHeHkBeBeeekBk H H H e e
e
ke
H
kH
ke H k kkk
k kk k
k kkk Hkkk
k
k
k kkk Š
k
kkkkkkpkkkkkkkpŠ
pkpkŠpkkŠpŠeekBkekkHeHkBBeHeHHHBHHBkB e H
k
kHk H k Hk e ee
Hk
H
kkk k kk
kk kkkk k
k kk kkp k • kk k
pk • Hk
kkŠŠkkkHkkkkkkkŠkŠkkŠpkk HkHeHBHeHeHBHkHBeHeekeHeHe
e
ek kk
k
HH
eH
kk kkk k kk
kkkk
k kk k kŠ k kp
k
kkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkHŠkpkkppŠkpŠp eHeekkBHeHBekBeHeHeHBkBeHB
H
e ke
k
k
Hk
kk kkk k
k
kkkk k k kk
k
kk
k
kk
kk•
kkkŠkkkkkkkkkkpŠkkkkpkŠk ŠkBkHBHeHBeHeHeHeBHeH
eHeHeH
H H
H
H e
k
e
k e
k H
kkk
k k k
kkk
kkk
kk k
k
k
k k
k
k
kkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkkkŠkpŠ keHBkek
BHkBeHBHeHekBBHeHeHe
kk
k
ekH
k
ek
kH k e e
kkk k kkk
k
kkk
kkkkkkk
kk
pŠ
k
k k kk
kŠ
k
kŠpkkkkkkkkkpkkŠkk
kpkkpŠpkBkBBBkeBHkekBeHBHekeHBkBH HeH
HeeHeHekeBeH HBkHekekekHk ekkH
ekkkkkkkkek k kkHkkkkkkkkkkkk k kkŠ kŠkkHkkkk kkkpkŠkkkkpkkkkH kkkkk
kHkkHkŠŠkkpkkŠpkkŠpkkBHBkBkHBkBBHBHeHBkBHHBkeke ekekH kHekHkekBkHHB HekB
kHBHHeHe kHeHkkkkkkkkkHkk kH kHekekekkkkkkHkkk kkkk kpkkkkkkHk ekkkkkkkkk
Škkkkkk kkkHkekkkkkpkpkŠkŠpkkŠkpkkŠkeBkBeBeHekBkBHekBkeekeHBHekBHeHeeHkk
eHkBHeBkeHeHHeHkekHkHeekkkkkkkekkkkkkkkHekkekkkHkkkHkkkkkkkkkkHkkkŠkkkkkk
ekkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpkkkŠpkkŠk•kkBHHBHHeHBHekBBkHBekHkHe
HkeHHkkekHkeHeekHBkkHekHkekkBkBeeekHkHkkkHkkkkkkHekHekkkkkkkkHkkkekkekkkk
kkkkkkpkkkkekkkkkkkkŠkpkŠkkkŠkkkekkkkkHkkHkkkkkkkŠkŠpkpkkŠkpkkpkeBkeeHkBk
BHBeHeHkHHeHekHekkeeHBHeHeBHHBkeBBeHBeHBHBekHHkHkeHkkHkkkeHkekkkkkkkkkHke
HekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkeHkkHkkkkkkkkekkkpkkkkkHkŠkkkkkkkkkHkŠkpkkpkŠk•kpk
•kkkŠkBBHeBBeBkBHkHBekekekeHeHeHeHkekeeHekHeBHkBkHHeHkekHBekkekkkkekkekHk
kHkkHekkeHkekkHkkkeHkkkkkkHkekkkkkkkHkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkHkkkkkpkekHkkkkk
kpkkkpŠkpkkŠkkkkkpkBHeHBkkHkeeHeekHBHHeHHekBkHHeHkHeHHeBekHekHeeeHkeHHekH
ekHkkkHkkeHkeekkekkkHkkkHkHkekkkkkkekHkkkkkkkkkeHkekHkHkkkpkkkkkpkpkkeHke
kŠpkkkHkkeHkepkkkkkkkkŠkkkkpŠkkkkeeHeHBeBHHeHHkeekeHekeHkekekBeHBkeHHHBe
BBeHHBkBHekkkHHkkHkekkeHkkkHekHkHkekkeHekkkkHkkkkHkkekkkkkkHkHkkHkekkkkkŠ
kkkkŠkpkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkŠkŠpkkpkkkkkkkpkŠHBHBBeHHkeekHeBHkHekHHeHeH
BBeHkBkBeHeekHkHkBkHekkHeHkekkekkkHkekkekHkkkekkeHHekkkeHkkekkekkkkHkkkkk
kkekHekHkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkeHkkkHkkkkkHekkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpŠ•kkkkpHBekkHeBeHBe
HkeHeeHkBekHeHekHeHBkHHkBHeHeeHBekHeeHkekHeHkkkHekkHHkHkkHekHkHekkHkkkkek
kHkHkkkkkkkkkeeHeeHkkHkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkkkkkHkkpkkkeHkekkkŠkkkkpŠkkkkŠkkkpkk
kŠkeHHBBkkHkHkBeHeHHeHeHkBHBHeBBeHBBeBHeHBHkBkHekHkekHkkkkeHekkHekekeekHk
keBHeHkekHkkHkekkkkkkekkkekkHkHkkekkkkkkkHkkkkkkekekHeŠkkekeHkkkHkkkkkkkŠ
kkkkkpkpŠkkkkkkHeHekeHBeBeeHHeHkekHeHBeekBHkHHekeHkeHekBHeHkeHekHkkHeHek
ekHekkeHHkHkeBHkHkkkeHkekekkkHkkekHkkekeHHeekeHHekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkkkHk
kkkkHkeHkpkkpkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkeHeBHHekeHHkeeHeBeHBkBeHBHBeBeeBHHHeHeHeekH
ekekkHekeekkHHkeHkkHkekkekBkekekHHkkkkHkHekkeHkkkkkkHHekeHHkekkkkkkekkkkk
kkkkkekHkkkkkHkekHekkkkkkkŠkpŠpkkkkkpkkkkkk•kBHkekBkHeeHeHeHBkBkBHkBkBkeH
HkHeBeBHeBkHeekHHkekekHkHeekeHkeeHekeHkBHekHkkekekkHkkkkkkkkekkkHkekBkHke
HkkkkkkHkkkpkkkkeHkkHŠkkHkkekHkkkkkpkkŠkkkkkkkŠpkkŠkkkkkkkeeeBeHeBHeHBHkB
kBHeBHeBeHBHBBeBBekHkeHkeHkHekeeHkHkHekHkHekeHkHkHHHeHekHkeHkkHkekkekkHke
HkkeeeBeHeBHekkHkkkkHekkŠkkkkHkkekkkkHkkHkkkkHkkkkHkkkpkŠkkpkkkkkkkkkpkkH
HkHHBkkeHekBeBBeHBeHeHHekBkHkHkHBHBkBkHekeHekHkHekeeHeHeHkHeHekkBkBHkkekk
ekeHkHeHkHkekkkkkHHkHHHkkekkkekkkekkkpkkkekkkHkkkkkHekekHekeHkkkkpkkkkkkk
ŠkpkkkkkkkkkkkBBekBeHeHBBHBkkBBkHBHeHBHeHeBeeHekeeHekHHkkHkHekeHHkHeHkeeH
kkeHHeHkekHkeHkHkekkkkekkkHkeHekBBekeeHkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkHkHekkkkkkkkHkkkH
kkkkHkkŠkkkpkkkkŠpkkkkkkkŠkBkBkHeHBkeHBeHBBkHeBeHeBeeHBeHHBHekHHkekekeHeH
keHkekeHkekHkkeHBekHkHHeHkHkekkkHekHkHkekekeHBkBkHeHHkekkkHekkkŠkkkekkekk
ekkkHekHHkekekekkkkkkkkkŠkkŠppkkkHkkkkkkpeHeBeBHeBBeHBeBkBBHkBHBkHHeHHeHe
kHHeeekHHHekHekeBkHHHeeHeHkHekHBekekekekeekHekHkeHekkkHkHeHeHeBeHkkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkkHkHHeHkkkkkHkekekHHHkkpkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkeHHkBeHHkBeHkeBkB
BkBeHeBeBHeBkHBekkHkHekkekeHHkHeekekkkekeeBBekeHkeHkHkHHkkekHkkkkkeHkkBeB
HeHHkkekkkHkHkkHkkkkekkeekkkkkkHkekkHkHekkkkekkpkkkkkkŠpkkkekkekkkkkkHkBe
BHBBeBHkBBHBHekBBkBHkHeeHekeHkeeHeHkeeHeHeeHeHeHkHeHHHHBkHkHkeHkkHekkekHk
kHekHkkkeBeHHeHkBekkHkekkkekkkkkkHekHHkHekkkkeHkekHekkekkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkpH
kkHkkkkkkkBBBkHeeHHeBeBBkeHBHeHHBeBHkHBHekHeHHkkeBkHHeHkkeHkkHeHeeBeBkeek
eHkHeekeHkkeeHeekkekkkHHBeBeBBBkkekkkkBkkkkkHkkkkHekkHkkkHekHkHHkkeHkkkek
kŠkkkkkkkkkkŠHkkekkkkkkkkeHBBHHeBHBHeHBBkeBBeBkHeeBekkBkekkeeHHkHekkeeHHe
HeHekHHBHeHHHkeeekHkHkHeHkkHkkkHkHBeBeHeHHkeHekHkeHkkHkkkkkkkeekkHekkkkkH
kekkekkHkkkkkkkkkkkŠpkŠpkkkekHHkkkkkpŠBBHeBeeHeBkeHekBBHkHeHeHeHkHeeHeHeH
kHeeeeekBHHkekeHekBBeBeHkeeHkHHeHeHekkHekekHkkkeHHBeBHBeBkkkkkekeHkkkŠkkk
HkHkHekkkkkekHeHeHkHeekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkeHkekHkkkkkkBeHeHBHBHeBHBBHkBeBBk
BekHBkBHHekHkBekHkHHHeHkekBHkHkHBkeHkHeHkeHkkekkkeekeHHkkekeeBBeHBkBeHkkk
eHkHBkeekkkHkkeeHkkekHekHHkekHkkekHkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkHkHkkkkkekkkBBeHeH
eeHBeHeBeHeHeekHHekekekHeHekHekBekeHeHeHeHeBBBeHHeHekeHkeHeHeeHHHHkekeHkH
eHHBeBHBkBHkeHkkeHkkkkŠkkkeHkkeekHkkkekekHkHekHekkkkekkkkkkkkkkkŠkkeHekeH
keHkkkkBkHBHeBBHeHeHeHBkBkBHBkekHHkBeHBkHBeHBkHeHekeHkBkBkBkkekkeHkHekBek
HHkekekHeHkkeBBBeBHkeBBeekkHekekeHkkkkekHkkkHHHkekHHkHeHekHkkHHkkekkkkHkk
kkpkkkkkkeHkHŠpkekkpkHBBeBBkHBeHBBBkBeHeHkkeHBkBekHkekHekHekHeHBkHkekHBBe
HBHBHHeHekHkHkkeHkeHekkkeHBBkBHeBBBkkkkHekkBBkHeŠpkkHkeeHeHkkkHkkekkHkekk
ekHkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkBHHeHBkHkHkkŠkBeBHeHeBBeHBkeeHkBkeBeHkeHkeHeBHeHeHee
BkeHkeBHeHBeHkeekeekekBeBkHeekeHHkkHkeHBHBBBeBBkBkHHeHkkHekekkkkHkekHkHkk
ekkkeHkeHeHHkHeHekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkeekBkBkHkHekkkkHBHeHBHkHBeBkHHeHeHkHeH
BkBHHeHkeHeHkHkeHeBHkeHeHkeBHHkHHHeHkkHeeHHeHeekkeHHkeBeHBBHBHeekekkkBHeH
ekpHkeekHHeHeHkHkkkkHkHkkkeHkkkkkeHkkHkkkkkkkkkkHHHHeHŠkHeekkkkBBkeBeHeBe
ekHBeeeHeHkeHkeHeeHeeHHeHeHBeHBkkHBBBeBkHekeHeekHeHeekHkkHkHkHkkHBBHBBBHe
BekkHkHkeBkkHkkŠkekkHkkekkkkkekkeHeeHeeHkkHkHkekkkkkekkkkkkkkeHeeeHBkeeHH
ŠpkŠkBBBHBeHeHHBekeHHeHeeBkeHkBkBHHeeeHeekHekBBHeHeHkeHHkeBkHHekBkHkeHeee
kekeBeHBBeBeBBHHekkekHeBekHkkHekHHekeHHeHekkkeHkHkHkHkeeHkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkk
kkeBkHHekkkHkekkkkeHkBkBHkHeBkeHHeHekHHkBHeBeHkeHkHHkHHeBkHeBBeHekBkeeeHH
keeHkHeHeHekHHkkHBBBBBBkBHeBeHkeHekHekkkkkHkkkekeHHkkkkkHkkHkkeHkeHkHkkHk
ekkHekkkkkkkkkkkHBkBeHkkeHekkkkkHBBHBkBBeHkBHkekeHHekBkeHHkBeHeBeHeeHeHBB
BHeHeHeHHkBHkeeHeHekBkeHkekkeHBBHBBeHBBBHHkeHkHHBeHkeHkkkekHkHHkekeHkkkBk
eHkkHekeHeHkkHkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkHkBeHeHkkBkBkkkkkBeHeBekHeHekeBkHHeeBHeBkBeH
eHeHkHeHBkHkBkBBekBkHeeBkeHeHHkBekHkeHkHkHeBBeBeBBBeBkkeHkekeBHkekHkeekHe
kekeHkHHkeekeHkBeHeHekkHkkBkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkBHeHBkkkkBkekŠkpkHHekHBHeHeHkH
eHeeHHHeHBkHeHeHeHekBeHeBBBeHkHBkBkBkHHekBkeeHHkeHHeHeeHBkBHBBHBBHeHekekH
kBBeHHkkkHHkeHeHkHeHeekkHkHHkkkHkHkHekkkHkekkekkHekkkkkkHekBkBekHHeHkkkkk
k
þÿ
+,ù®D
+,ù®Ô
ÕÍÕœ.
•
Ø
à
ð
è
ø
ÕÍÕœ.
“—
“—
ˆ
•
¨
¸
À
È
Ð
/
Show
A
ä
-
On-screen
Home ree
…«
‘
Arial
Times New Roman
Wingdings
Beam '
Mastering the Abstract Writing Process
What
Is an Abstract?
ISEF Abstract Rules
Slide 4
Review of
Abstract’s Purpose
Steps in Developing Abstract
Slide 7
Slide
8
Sample Abstract Template
Explanation of Parts
Slide
11
Sample Abstract
Other Examples
Writing and Revising
Tips
Revision Techniques
Slide 16
Slide 17 ;
Quiz:
What techniques are used in revising this passage?
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Fonts Used
Slide Titles
ø
Design Template
8
@
_PID_HLINKS
ä
A
°
;
h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g /
i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f
-
ö $
_À‘ãõj
ô
¸ John O. Cole
C o l e
J o h n
O .
!
.
@
R
S
e
d
w
‰
˜
ª
¼
"
/
A
#
0
B
T
f
x
Š
™
«
$
1
C
U
g
y
‹
š
¬
%
2
D
V
h
z
Œ
›
-
&
3
E
W
i
{
•
œ
®
'
4
F
X
j
|
Ž
G
Y
k
}
•
•
¯
Á
(
5
H
Z
l
~
•
ž
°
Â
)
6
*
7
I
[
m
•
‘
±
Ã
\
n
€
’
Ÿ
¡
²
Ä
³
Å
+
8
J
,
9
K
]
o
•
“
¢
´
:
L
^
p
‚
”
£
µ
;
M
_
q
ƒ
•
¤
õ
<
N
`
r
„
–
¥
·
=
O
a
s
…
>
P
b
t
†
?
Q
c
u
‡
v
ˆ
—
¦
¸
§
¹
Ë
¨
º
Ì
©
»
Í
½
¾
¿
À
Æ
Ç
È
É
Ê
Ï
Ð
Ñ
Ò
Ó
Ô
Õ
Ö
×
Ø
Ù
Ú
Û
Ü
Ý
Þ
ß
à
þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿýÿ
ÿÿýÿÿÿô
þÿÿÿö
÷
ø
ù
ú
û
ü
þ
ýÿÿÿÿ
R o o t
E n t r y
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
•
•d›OÏ †ê ª ¹)è
× <±È
€
C u r r e n t
U s e r
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
D
S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i
o n
(
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
¶
U
P o w e r P o i n t
D o c u m e n t
(
ÿÿÿÿ
…«
D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o
r m a t i o n
8
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
Ì
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r
s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d
f
ò ¬
/ È
Î
0 Ò
0
¸ z[
R o m a n
¸
· D
W i n g d
0 ¸
Õ ä
· D
A r i a l
n g s
ˆ¹
0 ¸
· D
T i m e s
N e w
ð·
ç 0
¸ z[ 0 ¸
i n g s
R o m a n
¸ ð·
ç 0
¤
€ @
ÿÿ ¥
ˆ¹
„4¸
¸
¸
z[
ð·
ç
.
d
ÿ
©
@ £ n
d
@ @
ð
ÿý?
@
` `
"
ÿÿï
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
€ €
ð•
@
Q
-
*
!
*
*
"
+
6
7
2
2
1
#
.
>
ð0
•
ÿ3™ ÿfÌ
ð 8
ƒ
Ì
ó
ÿ™
†A
@ -ñ
0
9
A
G
:
B
ÿ
C
ƒ
H
¿
À
ÅA
÷
€
”B@
Êš;­ ”Ç Êš;
ú g
þ
z[ 0
|üÿÿ¬ÿÿÿ
p û
<
ý 4
d
d
d
d
L¸
¸
/
&
,
1
%
/
8
@
?
/
$
ÿ
-
=
V
'
3
;
(
4
ß
=
D
p
ñ
âÙ(
€
ý 4
I
p û
0ˆ¹ \4¸
5
<
ó
p
)
d
I
3Ì
Ð
-
d
@
-
<
0ˆ¹
‹ °
Ö ˜
R o m a n
0œ·
R o m a n
0œ·
· D
Œ·
· D
¤· Œ·
¤·
ý 4
B
d
B
d
ˆ Ð
Š Ð
T i m e s
N e w
ç 0
¤· z[
A r i a l
N e w
ç 0
¤· z[
À
À
Š ð
º
L¸
º
¾<
_ _ _ P P T 1 0
_ _ _ P P T 9
IHDR
‹ Ò
ø n
ù 3
n-ð)
/ypfßÌ}×ÑI[‡ ÀeÉÿ‰PNG
a«¬Õ
sRGB ®Î é
`PLTEÀÀÀÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjjÿ
UUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ??ÿ++ÿ+*ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
à#g¿
cmPPJCmp0712 8
I
±
tRNS @æØf
AIDAT
Á•Ã0
ì~±ÿ¯œš¸ â·÷¿{î»[„8( [Pz-2S82(Š§¢ìÖ\”d² XÈP<ãÆ €
-
•z
IEND®B`‚
IHDR
ù 0
n-ð&
WvlÂHM«ü U+vn¹çÿ‰PNG
a«¬Õ
sRGB ®Î é
`PLTEÀÀÀÀ¿ÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿj
kÿjjÿUUÿTUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ++ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
M# A
cmPPJCmp0712 8
I
±
tRNS @æØf
>IDAT
Á
1
°€ŽùWùå– €ø}{ïí{÷J‚
%
”sî 4!uÊ61QJ
uR W
IHDR
&›
x›
&vxÈ
Éøˆy
IEND®B`‚
ù ó
sRGB ®Î é
n-ðé
Ñe!Âù(˜mPÇùɈËáöÿ‰PNG
PLTE™f™fffÀÀÀ™™Ìf™™™™ff™f™Ì™Ì™™ËO)ã
cmPPJCmp0712
jtRNSÿÿ ×Ê
A
DIDAT •cP‚
,
SV‡ A
® T
€ ÿÿ
‚
%õà 6A CÃÂ! ÄP.iu ƒ‰ ÂD !".l`) S ˆbõàP„bLí@
¯
¬
€ ÿÿ
¯
? Ù
Õ] çK‹·
IEND®B`
¬
Ú
%
ð µó
Abstract Writing Process Ÿ
Intel ISEF D & S Chair ó
Ÿ
¨
Abstract? ¡
A
b r i e f ,
w r i t t
r e s e a r c h
p r o j e
s u c c i n c t
d e s c r
s
p u r p o s e ,
t h e
t h e
d a t a
c o l l e
c o n c l u s i o n s
r e
A
c l e a r
a n d
s i
o f
t h e
m a i n
p o
A
s e l f - c o n t a i n
m a k e
s e n s e
a l l
¡
Ÿ
¨ !
¨ &
John Cole
What Is an
Ÿ
e n
e x p l a n a t
c t ,
c o n s i s t
i p t i o n
o f
t
p r o c e d u r e s
c t e d ,
a n d
t
a c h e d .
m p l e
s u m m a r
i n t s
o f
t h e
e d
s t a t e m e n
b y
i t s e l f .
Mastering the
”
i o n
o f
t h e
i n g
o f
a
h e
p r o j e c t
f o l l o w e d ,
h e
y
s t a t e m e n t
e x p e r i m e n t
t
t h a t
m u s t
J
K
ó
Ÿ
Rules
¡ ó
¨
ISEF Abstract
(
Ÿ
ª
þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ
þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ó
Ÿ
8
R e v i e w
o f
A b s t r a c t
s
P u r p o s e
¡
Ÿ
¨ •
Provides
SRC a quick study of your project as it is an overview of the purpose,
means, and result of research.
Helps judges (both special and category) discern quickly whether the
project qualifies for specific awards and whether the research is
significant in its specific area.
Informs visitors to ISEF (students, teachers, and the public at large) of
the nature of the
research. ¡
€
€
ó
Ÿ
¨
Steps in Developing
Abstract ¡
Ÿ
¨
Begin with a Research Project Prospectus to outline the research
project. A prospectus helps the researcher identify the nature and scope
of the investigation, research methods, and anticipated conclusions
and/or applications. An example of such a prospectus follows: ¡ *
’
l
æ
ó
ó
Ÿ
ª
Ÿ
¨ Î
Once the research is completed and you
are ready to show your project, use an Abstract Template to write a draft
of the abstract. The following example was created using a table format
in a Word document.
¡
Ï
’
l
Ï
ó
Ÿ
¨
Sample Abstract
Template ¡
ó
Ÿ
¨
Explanation of
Parts Ÿ
¨ ¸
Purpose of the Experiment
An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of
the project.
A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
Procedures Used
A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the
investigation was conducted.
An abstract does not give details about the materials used unless it
greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the
investigation.
An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done
by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student
involvement must not be included.
Observation/Data/Results
This section should provide key results that lead directly to the
conclusions you have drawn.
It should not give too many details about the results nor include tables
or graphs.
Conclusions
Conclusions from the investigation should be described briefly.
The summary paragraph should reflect on the process and possibly state
some applications and extensions of the investigation.
An abstract does not include a bibliography unless specifically required
by your local fair. The Intel ISEF requires the bibliography as part of
the research plan to be provided on Form 1A. ¡ À
P Ž
P
P §
P
P ´
P
P ~
P
•
¨
µ
•
§
:
ó
Ÿ
ª
Ÿ
ó
Abstract
¡
ª
Ÿ
ó
¨
Sample
Ÿ
¨
Other Examples
ó
Ÿ
Tips ¡ &
p h a s i z e
t
( h y p o t h e s
r e s u l t s ,
r e c o m m e n d
F o c u s
o n l
r e s e a r c h
p r o j e c t .
E x c l u d e
a
s u p e r v i s o
O m i t
d e t a
U s e
t h e
p
( H o w e v e r ,
a c t i v e
v e
v e r b s . )
U s e
s h o r t
s e n t e n c e
U s e
c o m p l
a b b r e v i a t
o t h e r
s m a
s p a c e . )
A v o i d
j a r
U s e
a p p r o
U s e
c o n c i
U s e
c o r r e
p u n c t u a t i
¡ P
€
¡
(
¨
h
i
c
a
y
w
e
s
o
t
s
)
n
i
o
h e
ª
Writing and Revising
e
a s
,
m e
c l u s
o n s
n
t h
n
i t
Ÿ
p e c t s :
p u r p o s e
t h o d s ,
s c o p e ,
i o n s ,
a n d
e
s e n t
s t r u c
e t e
s
e
b y
l l
w o
e
t
e
o
r
n
u
n
m
d
c
r
t
i
s
E m
c u r r e n t
y e a r ' s
i s
a
c o n t i n u a t i o n
n y
o f
t h e
m e n
r
s
w o r k
i l s
a n d
d i s c u
a s t
t e n s e
t o
w h e r e
a p p r o p
r b s
r a t h e r
t h
g
p
s
c
o
P
Ÿ
e
e
e
t
s
.
n
t
i
,
t o r
s
d
r
a
o r
s i o n s
e s c r i b e
i a t e
u s e
n
p a s s i v e
b u t
v a r y
c e s
( D o
n o t
i n g
a r t i c l e s
o r
n
o r d e r
t o
s a v e
o n
r i a t e
s c i e n t i f i c
l a n g u a g e
e
s y n t a x
t
s p e l l i n g ,
g r a m m a r ,
a n d
n
P !
I
K
V
v
ó
-
Ÿ
Techniques ¡
a d d i n g
s e n t e n c e
O
a n
e x p e r i m
t w o - c y c l e
w a t e r
o n
c
b
e
e
a
i
f
x
l
o
f
h
g
a
e
a
a
s
c
u
e
¨
Revision
a
r
e
m
e
w o r d ,
i
n
a
r
g
t
r
t
i
a
i
a
n
t
n
i
Ÿ
p h r a s e ,
a l :
i o n
o
e
e n g
n
a l g
>
o r
T h i s
p r o j e c t
i s
f
t h e
e f f e c t s
o f
i n e
e x h a u s t
a e .
R e v i s e d :
T h i s
p r o j
s a y
e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n
o f
t s
o f
t w o - c y c l e
m a r i n e
s t
w a t e r
o n
c e r t a i n
g r e
.
D e l e t i o n
d e l e t i n g
o r
s e n t e n c e
h
r
i
r
a
e
m
e
s
d e
q u i r
p l e m
c o n s
v
e
e
t
d
f
e
a
e
o
n
p
v e l o p
r
s u c
v i r o n
p l i c a
O r i
e l o p e
d
f o r
n t a t i
r u c t i
e
c
m
t
a
g i n
d
a
s u
o n
o n
a
n
c
o
a
l :
o
c e
f
p p
R e v i s e
d
a n
o r
e s s f u l
e n t
r e c
i o n .
¡ ð
d
i
i
o
:
T
g i n a
m p l e
n s t r
/
r
s
t
l
i
s
h
i
A d d i t i o n
T
g
f
e
c
w o r d ,
h e
i n a
u l
e n
a t i
e
t
e
e
c t
i s
h e
n g i n e
n
a
p h r a s e ,
r e s e a r c h e r
l
c o d e
v i r o n m e n t
o n .
h e
r e
l
c o d
m e n t a
u c t i o
P
s e a r c h e r
e
r e q u i r e d
t i o n
o f
t h e
n
P 1
P ,
P .
o
z
0
âÙ(þ
—
"
âÙ(þf
ó
ª
Ÿ
s u b s t i t u t i n g
s e n t e n c e
f o r
#
Ÿ
Ø
S u b s t i t u t i o n
o n e
w o r d ,
p h r a s e ,
a n o t h e r
o r
O r i g i n a l :
I n
t h e
b e g i n n i n g ,
t h e
i d e a
w a s
t o
d e t e r m i n e
t h e
t o x i c i t y
o f
o u t b o a r d
e n g i n e
l u b r i c a n t .
R e v i s e d :
T h e
i n i t i a l
i d e a
w a s
t o
d e t e r m i n e
t h e
t o x i c i t y
o f
o u t b o a r d
e n g i n e
l u b r i c a n t .
T r a n s p o s i t i o n
m o v i n g
w o r d s ,
p h r a s e s ,
o r
s e n t e n c e s
t o
a n o t h e r
p o s i t i o n
f
c
l
c
t
i
r
i
h
o
b
e
g
a
e
a
h
m
a
r s
a
t e d
t
s o
b e r ,
d i g
O r
s
l
w i t
u r c
r e
i t a
i g i n a l
i g h t
g
h
l i g h
e
t o
a
f l e c t e
l
c a m e
o
c
l
c
b
c
p
r
i
h
a
a
t
e
g
a
c
m
i
a
h
m
k
e
c a l
t e d
t
s o
b e r ,
t o
r a .
R e v
f i b e
w i t h
u r c e
r e f
a
d i
¡ œ
F
i s
r s
l
t
l e
g i
e d
a
i g
o
c t
t a
:
s
h
a
e
l
P
:
U s
u i d e s
t
g u i
n
i n t
d
a n d
r a .
i n g
,
a
d e d
e g r a
g u i
A
l i
t
g
n
i
d ,
y s t e m
t
g u i
d e d
f
e g r a t
d
t h e
Î
g
u
n
a
s
h
i
t
n
o
s
f
t
d
p
y
r
i
e
t
s
o
n
d
i c a l
t e m
w a s
m
a
g
b a c k
u s i
d e s
r o m
i n g
n
g u
n g
w a s
a
i d e d
P I
P •
P F
„
$
âÙ(þƒ
âÙ(þB
$
ó
I
ê
Ÿ
ª
C
a
r
r
c
p
o
n
e
e
o
a
m
d
s
v
n
s
b
/
u
i
s
s
i
o
l
s
i
a
s
m
a
m
w
k
v
w
t
e
l
e
e
i
o
i
a
t
t
t
r
l
l
t
r
h
e
h
e
l
t
h
t
o
r
o
i
i
w
b
e
n
n
i
o
f
v e
u
t h
i l
f i
n
r
t
i
d
g
Ÿ
a t
p
s
o n
e r
e .
i o n
c o
a r a g r a p h
i n
t h e
u
t e c h n i q
a b l e
s h o
m
s
s
u
r
b i n i n g
s e n t e n c e s
,
w h i c h
u s u a l l y
e
o f
m u l t i p l e
e s
a n d
a
t e n i n g
o f
t h e
O
e
d
n
d
c
b
a g
h
r
d
s
a
s
h
a
e
i
i g
w
i
t i
t
o s
c t
,
g h
i
i
n
v
h
e
e
a
n a
t h
u
e s
a t
n
r i
n d
e f
l :
T h
a n
i n
s e
t o d
.
T w o
s e e m e
t h e
a
w i t h
t h e
s
f i c i e n
R
s t
s e
p
i n
c i
e v i
i g a
t o
u l s
g
b
e n t
s
t
d
i
a
e
e
a
n
c
h
:
d
d
y
g
t
e
T
t w o
:
1
h i g
e r i a
a t
e
h e
a
)
h
w
x c
e
v
a
a
d
f
p r o
e s t i
y
a n
l t e r
t o
i r s t
p u l s
e c o n d
t
h e a
l
k
v
i
h
p
t
i
o
t
a
r
e
l
l
h
n
o
r
l
t
j
n
i
a
a
g e
j
g
d
n
b
e c t
a t i
p o
a t i
e
p
m e t
i n g
i s
t
e x
e
a
n
g
.
c
t
g
e
h
t
i v
b
;
i g
¡ ô
o
s
v
r
h
h
b
c
w
n
s
e
o
o
i
o
h
a s
o f
i b l e
m
d
g
i
a
i s
i
h
l i
n g
i n g
s
t o
n g
i n g .
e
m e t h o d s
a c t e r i a
2 )
h
P ¥
P ê
P ¤
5
âÙ(þ(
âÙ(þ%
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
âÙ(þ
ó
%
Ÿ
¨ :
Quiz: What
techniques are used in revising this passage?
¡
;
9
(
(
Ÿ
¨ R
Original:
The purpose of my project is to find the connection between the ratio of
radii of an ellipse and its mechanical advantage on specified angle of
rotation intervals.
Revision:
This project examined the connection between the ratio of radii of an
ellipse and the mechanical advantage of a specified angle of rotation
intervals.
¡ ‚
P ¥
P
P ˜
P
ó
âÙ(þH
ó
/
/ ð L
ó
ó
&
âÙ(þã
ó
'
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
ó
!
"
ó
(
ó
ó
ó
0
)
ó
+
ó
P
,
ÿÿÿ•
ê
î $
ï
*
€
”
ð
ð
ðŸ
ð
ðŒ
ð
ì
ì
•
p
ð
ðr
S
€ DþŸ ¿
ì
ÿ
ð$
*l
ð(
ð
¯
` •
ð
Ã
ž
ð
ð-
ðr
ì
•
S
€
ÿŸ ¿
ÿ
+l
ð
@
` f
ð
Ã
Ÿ
ð
ž
ðø
¢
ð
ì
£
ð<
€ ìAô …
‡
¿
•
ƒ
¿
À
ÿ
ð
° Ç
ðŒ
Ÿ
¨ R
Simply put, the style of an abstract should
always be
declarative not discursive. ¡ S
Q
ðH
ð
ì
ƒ
ð0
0
•
ƒ
“ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿
ÿ
€€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ
ˆ 8
‹
ë.
†¯È ཅ, r
k
?
Š 0
¨
ð
º
õ
_ _ _ P P T 1
?
õj
I«
0
®
þÿÿÿ
þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ
ÕÍÕœ. “—
+,ù®D
ÕÍÕœ. “—
+,ù®Ô
•
ˆ
•
¨
¸
À
È
Ð
Ø
à
è
ð
ø
/
Show
A
ä
-
On-screen
Home ree
…«
‘
Arial
Times New Roman
Wingdings
Beam '
Mastering the Abstract Writing Process
What
Is an Abstract?
ISEF Abstract Rules
Slide 4
Review of
Abstract’s Purpose
Steps in Developing Abstract
Slide 7
Slide
8
Sample Abstract Template
Explanation of Parts
Slide
11
Sample Abstract
Other Examples
Writing and Revising
Tips
Revision Techniques
Slide 16
Slide 17 ;
Quiz:
What techniques are used in revising this passage?
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Fonts Used
Slide Titles
ø
Design Template
8
@
_PID_HLINKS
ä
A
°
;
h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g /
i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f
ö $
_À‘ãa«
ô
¸ John O. Cole
C o l e
J o h n
O .