ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ ó þÿÿÿ ñ ò ý ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ è ü< é ( € à à € × Ó º t h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f º t h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f ò ¬ / È 0 Ò 0 ¸ z[ R o m a n ¸ · D W i n g d 0 ¸ Õ ä · D A r i a l n g s ˆ¹ 0 ¸ · D T i m e s N e w ð· ç 0 ¸ z[ 0 ¸ i n g s R o m a n ¸ ð· ç 0 ¤ € @ ÿÿ ¥ ˆ¹ „4¸ ¸ ¸ z[ ð· ç . d ÿ © @ £ n d @ @ ð ÿý? @ ` ` " ÿÿï ÿÿÿÿÿÿ € € ð• @ Q - * ! * * " + 6 7 2 2 1 # . > ð0 • ÿ3™ ÿfÌ ð 8 ƒ Ì ó ÿ™ †A @ -ñ 0 9 A G : B ÿ C ƒ H ¿ À ÅA ÷ € ”B@ Êš;­ ”Ç Êš; ú g þ z[ 0 |üÿÿ¬ÿÿÿ p û < ý 4 d d d d L¸ ¸ / & , 1 % / 8 @ ? / $ ÿ - = V ' 3 ; ( 4 ß = D p ñ âÙ( € ý 4 I p û 0ˆ¹ \4¸ 5 < ó p ) d I 3Ì Ð - d @ - < 0ˆ¹ ‹ ° Ö ˜ R o m a n 0œ· R o m a n 0œ· · D Œ· · D ¤· Œ· ¤· ý 4 B d B d ˆ Ð Š Ð T i m e s N e w ç 0 ¤· z[ A r i a l N e w ç 0 ¤· z[ À À Š ð º L¸ º ¾< _ _ _ P P T 1 0 _ _ _ P P T 9 IHDR ‹ Ò ø n ù 3 n-ð) /ypfßÌ}×ÑI[‡ ÀeÉÿ‰PNG a«¬Õ sRGB ®Î é `PLTEÀÀÀÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjjÿ UUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ??ÿ++ÿ+*ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ à#g¿ cmPPJCmp0712 8 I ± tRNS @æØf AIDAT Á•Ã0 ì~±ÿ¯œš¸ â·÷¿{î»[„8( [Pz-2S82(Š§¢ìÖ\”d² XÈP<ãÆ € - •z IEND®B`‚ IHDR ù 0 n-ð& WvlÂHM«ü U+vn¹çÿ‰PNG a«¬Õ sRGB ®Î é `PLTEÀÀÀÀ¿ÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿj kÿjjÿUUÿTUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ++ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ M# A cmPPJCmp0712 8 I ± tRNS @æØf >IDAT Á 1 °€ŽùWùå– €ø}{ïí{÷J‚ % ”sî 4!uÊ61QJ uR W IHDR &› x› &vxÈ Éøˆy IEND®B`‚ ù ó sRGB ®Î é n-ðé Ñe!Âù(˜mPÇùɈËáöÿ‰PNG PLTE™f™fffÀÀÀ™™Ìf™™™™ff™f™Ì™Ì™™ËO)ã cmPPJCmp0712 jtRNSÿÿ ×Ê A DIDAT •cP‚ , SV‡ A ® T € ÿÿ ‚ %õà 6A CÃÂ! ÄP.iu ƒ‰ ÂD !".l`) S ˆbõàP„bLí@ ¯ ¬ € ÿÿ ¯ ? Ù Õ] çK‹· IEND®B` ¬ Ú % ð µó Abstract Writing Process Ÿ Intel ISEF D & S Chair ó Ÿ ¨ Abstract? ¡ A b r i e f , w r i t t r e s e a r c h p r o j e s u c c i n c t d e s c r s p u r p o s e , t h e t h e d a t a c o l l e c o n c l u s i o n s r e A c l e a r a n d s i o f t h e m a i n p o A s e l f - c o n t a i n m a k e s e n s e a l l ¡ Ÿ ¨ ! ¨ & John Cole What Is an Ÿ e n e x p l a n a t c t , c o n s i s t i p t i o n o f t p r o c e d u r e s c t e d , a n d t a c h e d . m p l e s u m m a r i n t s o f t h e e d s t a t e m e n b y i t s e l f . Mastering the ” i o n o f t h e i n g o f a h e p r o j e c t f o l l o w e d , h e y s t a t e m e n t e x p e r i m e n t t t h a t m u s t J K ó Ÿ Rules ¡ - ¨ ISEF Abstract ( Ÿ ª ó ó Ÿ 8 R e v i e w o f A b s t r a c t s P u r p o s e ¡ Ÿ ¨ • Provides SRC a quick study of your project as it is an overview of the purpose, means, and result of research. Helps judges (both special and category) discern quickly whether the project qualifies for specific awards and whether the research is significant in its specific area. Informs visitors to ISEF (students, teachers, and the public at large) of the nature of the research. ¡ € € ó Ÿ ¨ Steps in Developing Abstract ¡ Ÿ ¨ Begin with a Research Project Prospectus to outline the research project. A prospectus helps the researcher identify the nature and scope of the investigation, research methods, and anticipated conclusions and/or applications. An example of such a prospectus follows: ¡ * ’ l æ ó ó Ÿ ª Ÿ ¨ Î Once the research is completed and you are ready to show your project, use an Abstract Template to write a draft of the abstract. The following example was created using a table format in a Word document. ¡ Ï ’ l Ï ó Ÿ ¨ Sample Abstract Template ¡ ó Ÿ ¨ Explanation of Parts Ÿ ¨ ¸ Purpose of the Experiment An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied. Procedures Used A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. An abstract does not give details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included. Observation/Data/Results This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include tables or graphs. Conclusions Conclusions from the investigation should be described briefly. The summary paragraph should reflect on the process and possibly state some applications and extensions of the investigation. An abstract does not include a bibliography unless specifically required by your local fair. The Intel ISEF requires the bibliography as part of the research plan to be provided on Form 1A. ¡ À P Ž P P § P P ´ P P ~ P • ¨ µ • § : ó Ÿ ª Ÿ ó Abstract ¡ ª Ÿ ó ¨ Sample Ÿ ¨ Other Examples ó Ÿ Tips ¡ & p h a s i z e t ( h y p o t h e s r e s u l t s , r e c o m m e n d F o c u s o n l r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t . E x c l u d e a s u p e r v i s o O m i t d e t a U s e t h e p ( H o w e v e r , a c t i v e v e v e r b s . ) U s e s h o r t s e n t e n c e U s e c o m p l a b b r e v i a t o t h e r s m a s p a c e . ) A v o i d j a r U s e a p p r o U s e c o n c i U s e c o r r e p u n c t u a t i ¡ P € ¡ ( ¨ h i c a y w e s o t s ) n i o h e ª Writing and Revising e a s , m e c l u s o n s n t h n i t Ÿ p e c t s : p u r p o s e t h o d s , s c o p e , i o n s , a n d e s e n t s t r u c e t e s e b y l l w o e t e o r n u n m d c r t i s E m c u r r e n t y e a r ' s i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n n y o f t h e m e n r s w o r k i l s a n d d i s c u a s t t e n s e t o w h e r e a p p r o p r b s r a t h e r t h g p s c o P Ÿ e e e t s . n t i , t o r s d r a o r s i o n s e s c r i b e i a t e u s e n p a s s i v e b u t v a r y c e s ( D o n o t i n g a r t i c l e s o r n o r d e r t o s a v e o n r i a t e s c i e n t i f i c l a n g u a g e e s y n t a x t s p e l l i n g , g r a m m a r , a n d n P ! I K V v ó - Ÿ Techniques ¡ a d d i n g s e n t e n c e O a n e x p e r i m t w o - c y c l e w a t e r o n c b e e a i f x l o f h g a e a a s c u e ¨ Revision a r e m e w o r d , i n a r g t r t i a i a n t n i Ÿ p h r a s e , a l : i o n o e e n g n a l g > o r T h i s p r o j e c t i s f t h e e f f e c t s o f i n e e x h a u s t a e . R e v i s e d : T h i s p r o j s a y e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n o f t s o f t w o - c y c l e m a r i n e s t w a t e r o n c e r t a i n g r e . D e l e t i o n d e l e t i n g o r s e n t e n c e h r i r a e m e s d e q u i r p l e m c o n s v e e t d f e a e o n p v e l o p r s u c v i r o n p l i c a O r i e l o p e d f o r n t a t i r u c t i e c m t a g i n d a s u o n o n a n c o a l : o c e f p p R e v i s e d a n o r e s s f u l e n t r e c i o n . ¡ ð d i i o : T g i n a m p l e n s t r / r s t l i s h i A d d i t i o n T g f e c w o r d , h e i n a u l e n a t i e t e e c t i s h e n g i n e n a p h r a s e , r e s e a r c h e r l c o d e v i r o n m e n t o n . h e r e l c o d m e n t a u c t i o P s e a r c h e r e r e q u i r e d t i o n o f t h e n P 1 P , P . o z 0 âÙ(þ — " âÙ(þf ó ª Ÿ s u b s t i t u t i n g s e n t e n c e f o r # Ÿ Ø S u b s t i t u t i o n o n e w o r d , p h r a s e , a n o t h e r o r O r i g i n a l : I n t h e b e g i n n i n g , t h e i d e a w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o x i c i t y o f o u t b o a r d e n g i n e l u b r i c a n t . R e v i s e d : T h e i n i t i a l i d e a w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o x i c i t y o f o u t b o a r d e n g i n e l u b r i c a n t . T r a n s p o s i t i o n m o v i n g w o r d s , p h r a s e s , o r s e n t e n c e s t o a n o t h e r p o s i t i o n f c l c t i r i h o b e g a e a h m a r s a t e d t s o b e r , d i g O r s l w i t u r c r e i t a i g i n a l i g h t g h l i g h e t o a f l e c t e l c a m e o c l c b c p r i h a a t e g a c m i a h m k e c a l t e d t s o b e r , t o r a . R e v f i b e w i t h u r c e r e f a d i ¡ œ F i s r s l t l e g i e d a i g o c t t a : s h a e l P : U s u i d e s t g u i n i n t d a n d r a . i n g , a d e d e g r a g u i A l i t g n i d , y s t e m t g u i d e d f e g r a t d t h e Î g u n a s h i t n o s f t d p y r i e t s o n d i c a l t e m w a s m a g b a c k u s i d e s r o m i n g n g u n g w a s a i d e d P I P • P F „ $ âÙ(þƒ âÙ(þB $ ó I ê Ÿ ª C a r r c p o n e e o a m d s v n s b / u i s s i o l s i a s m a m w k v w t e l e e i o i a t t t r l l t r h e h e l t h t o r o i i w b e n n i o f v e u t h i l f i n r t i d g Ÿ a t p s o n e r e . i o n c o a r a g r a p h i n t h e u t e c h n i q a b l e s h o m s s u r b i n i n g s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h u s u a l l y e o f m u l t i p l e e s a n d a t e n i n g o f t h e O e d n d c b a g h r d s a s h a e i i g w i t i t o s c t , g h i i n v h e e a n a t h u e s a t n r i n d e f l : T h a n i n s e t o d . T w o s e e m e t h e a w i t h t h e s f i c i e n R s t s e p i n c i e v i i g a t o u l s g b e n t s t d i a e e a n c h : d d y g t e T t w o : 1 h i g e r i a a t e h e a ) h w x c e v a a d f p r o e s t i y a n l t e r t o i r s t p u l s e c o n d t h e a l k v i h p t i o t a r e l l h n o r l t j n i a a g e j g d n b e c t a t i p o a t i e p m e t i n g i s t e x e a n g . c t g e h t i v b ; i g ¡ ô o s v r h h b c w n s e o o i o h a s o f i b l e m d g i a i s i h l i n g i n g s t o n g i n g . e m e t h o d s a c t e r i a 2 ) h P ¥ P ê P ¤ 5 âÙ(þ( âÙ(þ% âÙ(þ âÙ(þ âÙ(þ âÙ(þ ó % Ÿ ¨ : Quiz: What techniques are used in revising this passage? ¡ ; 9 ( ( Ÿ ¨ R Original: The purpose of my project is to find the connection between the ratio of radii of an ellipse and its mechanical advantage on specified angle of rotation intervals. Revision: This project examined the connection between the ratio of radii of an ellipse and the mechanical advantage of a specified angle of rotation intervals. ¡ ‚ P ¥ P P ˜ P ó âÙ(þH ó / / ð L ó ó & âÙ(þã ó ' ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ! " ó ( ó ó ó ™ ¤È ` ð Td4 ²ž ÿÿÌ ™ ÿÿÿ d d d 0 ÿÿÿ € €€ ÿÿÿ HV, Nˆ€ /q¹ úùæ ˆ ÝÝÝ d d Ø þ l ð ` ÿ d - þ @ * , ÿÿÿ• ê ø 7 ï f ÿÿÿ l ÌÌÿ ™Ì f Ì ™™ÿ 3ÌÌ ` ð †Ñì EÉ„ ` ð OY• ÿÿÿ ?Hs Ììÿ ™Ì L„p ™Ì 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ` ð Uµ^ …³± ` ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – Ì™ ÿÿÿ Ôœ ν@ Ìf €€ ÿ™ ÿÿ™ ` ð ו Ƴ~ ` ð [ ¶ 4˜Ž £ > ÿý? " ÿÿï ÿÿÿÿÿÿ, £ ¤ ÿý? l ÿÿï ÿÿÿÿÿÿ þ d Ô Ð @ þ l Z € £ n ÿý? 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Š ‰ 'ñ ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ” ð ð ðœ ð ðŒ ð Ì Ì • à ð ðr S € ¸Aœ ¿ Ì ÿ ð$ *l ð( ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð- ðr Ì • S € ŒBœ ¿ ÿ +l ð ` & ð à œ ð ž ð ðH Ì ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ ‘ ‹ i ë. ‚¯È ½ ž + Dñ= ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î Y ï ? Š ‰ 'ñ ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € p ð ð ð$ œ ð ðh ð ð ¨ ¨ ¨ ð ð( ðx c • € Yœ ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ðH ¢ ð ¨ ƒ ð0 € ðè e a c o f d i s ð Zœ ¿ • Ÿ ž h F i n a l i n o m o r e p l a y e d w ƒ ¿ À I n t e l I S s t t o w r i t h a n 2 5 0 i t h t h e p A p t F n a b r o j e o j u i n a l s c d i t r a c t g i t i n a b g e s a n d s t s p r o O F t v o j d n i h e t u a ¡ Í a i b c p s s a t c n e r h d y . e a l a t i e r g e . Ð s p t t l o a r o w r a l y m n d v r t j e i h e ÿ E t w r ð u l e s r n a b s t s t o b c t . 0 € j f e q u i r e r a c t e s t h e e s s e n c e o f t h e e f b u t c o m p l e t e f o r m e p u b l i c v i e w i n g t h e c t . v e d , S R C i t h t w o e c t , o n e t a t t h e p a k e c o p i e t h e p u b l p m o r s i r o v b o s d o j e t o c o ðH ¨ F r e a o r d o j e i s i c n d e s t h e s t d c o p l a y a n d a n d o v i s i h e p i e s t h e u t t o t o r s o f ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ Š ‰ ë. ¨®È PhNá + Dñ= 'ñ ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î ² ï º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i € É ð ðÁ ð Ô ð ð! Ô ¢ ðY ð( ð Ô ƒ ð0 € Üoœ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ð € P 0 N ðÁ Ÿ ¨ I The abstract must focus on the current year's research and give only minimal reference to previous work. Details and discussions should not be included in the abstract, but may be put in the longer, written research paper (if required), or given on the project exhibit board. Finalists at the Intel ISEF are required to use the on-line system for submitting their abstract. Regional and local fairs use the Official Abstract Form (not necessary for most local fairs). In addition, abstracts must not include acknowledgments (such as referencing mentor or university laboratory). ¡ , J › ™ ò ó U 0 ß › ± ðH ð Ô ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ ‘ ‹ i ë. …¯È Pk3 + Dñ= ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î § ï ? Š ‰ 'ñ ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ¾ ð ð ð$ ð¶ à ð x x ð x ðN ð( ðx c • € l~œ ¿ ÿ +l ð ° ð 0 Ö ð à œ ð ž ð ð– x ³ ðB œ ð • € È~œ ‡ *l ˆ • ƒ ð ¿ ¯ À ` • ÿ ð à ž ð ðH x ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ ë. ¨®È - ÿ Š ‰ º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i Û + @ Bñ Dñ= 'ñ + ¹ î Ÿ ï ÿÿÿÿ =ñ € ¶ ð ð ð$ œ ð ð® ð ð € € € ðF ð( ðx c • € 臜 ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð$ ðŽ € c • € ‘œ ¿ ÿ +l ð ð ` ð à œ ð" ž ¦ ø ð € p ` P p € ðH ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ Š ‰ ë. ¨®È •DÜ + Dñ= 'ñ ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î ß ï º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i € ö ð ðî ð ˆ ð ð• 1ˆ ð† ð( ðt 1ˆ • ðZ ð ˆ “ ð6 • ð ð ð # "ñ& € ¼­œ ¿ @ Ÿ Ð 0 ÷ à • Ë ¿ À U ÿ V U ‰ ? ð Ð @ 0 ÷ ð @ n 0 ÷ ð‚ Š : ˆ z º Š 0 º _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ ± _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ ¬ € ÿÿ ðb Ÿ ¨ ² Conclusions/Applications Explain in a sentence or two what results you anticipate your research will produce. What conclusions or applications do you hope to be able to explain? ¡ ~ ÿ " d ÿ š ÿ " d ÿ & ' ™ & ' ¦ ø ð @ ` € ð- ˆ “ ð6 • 0 € \¾œ ¿ n • ¿ À ÿ ? ð @ ð‚ Š : ˆ z º Š 0 º _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ ± _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ ¬ € ÿÿ ð& Ÿ ¨ v Data/Observations Determine what data do you need to collect and what difficulties you may encounter as you research. ¡ ~ ÿ " d ÿ e ÿ " d ÿ & ' d & ' ¦ ø @ ` € ð8 € З ¿ ˆ z º À Š 0 ð ˆ “ ð6 œ ¿ • ð‚ Š : • ÿ º ? ð _ _ _ P P T 1 0 @ ‹ x 0 ± _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ ¬ € ÿÿ ð@ Ÿ ¨ • Methods of research Explain in a sentence or two how you plan to research your topic. What methods will you use? What resources will you need? ¡ ~ ÿ " d ÿ } ÿ " d ÿ & ' | & ' ¦ ø ð @ ` € ðC ˆ “ ð6 • 0 x € ¤Êœ ¿ • ð‚ ˆ z Š : º ¿ Š 0 À º ÿ ? _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ð ‹ @ ± × _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ ¬ € ÿÿ ðK Ÿ ¨ › Purpose of project / experiment In a sentence of 25 words or fewer, explain the reason for your research project or a hypothesis you have selected to test. ¡ ~ ÿ " d ÿ | ÿ " d ÿ & ' { & ' ¦ ø @ ` € ðé ð ˆ “ ð6 • 0 € × Öœ ¿ • ð‚ ˆ z Š : º ¿ Š 0 À º ÿ ? _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ð ‹ @ ± Ð _ _ _ P P T 9 ðñ Ÿ Name: School: ¡ ¢ ‹ ¨ ¬ € ÿÿ Possible Title: ÿ " d ÿ ÿ " d ' ÿ & ' & & & ¦ ø @ ` € ð ðZ B ˆ s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × ÿ ð @ Ð 0 Ð ðZ B @ ÷ 0 ÷ ðZ B @ Ð @ ÷ ðZ B 0 Ð 0 ÷ ðZ B @ × 0 × ðZ B @ x 0 x ðZ B s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˆ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ÿ ð @ 0 ðZ -ˆ ð B s ð* ¿ ? Ë œ1 ¿ × ÿ ð @ n 0 n 𶠢 ð +ˆ ƒ ð0 € líœ ¿ ðV Ÿ Prospectus ¡ # ð ˆ • ƒ ¨ " # ðH ¿ À ÿ Sample Research Project ð ð P ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ ë. ¨®È –nÝ + Dñ= ¹ ÿÿÿÿ @ Bñ + î ÿ Š ‰ 'ñ º =ñ ï ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i € 6 ð ð ð$ ð. @ ð • • ð • ðÆ ð( ðŽ c • € •üœ ¿ ÿ +l ð ð ` ð à œ ð" ž ¦ ø ð € p ` P p • ðH ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ Š ‰ ë. ¨®È `É€Þ + Dñ= 'ñ ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î µ ï € º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i Ì ð ð ð$ Ÿ ð ðÄ ` ð ˜ ˜ ð <˜ ð\ ð( ðx c • € ¸ Ÿ ¿ ÿ *l ð À ñ ð à ž ð¤ ð ð ð ðŒ <˜ • ð ð # "ñ& à Ÿ ðo À Ÿ à Œ _ q ð À ˜ £ ð< • Ÿ ¿ € è • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ? ð À ¯ ð‚ Š : ˆ z º Š 0 º _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ ± ðq _ _ _ P P T 9 Ÿ " d ÿ ‹ ¨ ¬ € ÿÿ State conclusions/applications. " ¡ 6 ÿ # ð¢ ð ˜ £ ð< À • € x Ÿ ¿ ¯ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ? ð 𶠱 ˆ ® Š @ º _ _ _ P P T 1 0 Š ^ º ‹ _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ @ ¬ 8 € ÿÿ € ÿÿ ðp Ÿ ¨ à Detail succinctly observations/data/results: This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs. ¡ t ÿ " d ÿ ³ ÿ " d ÿ " ² " # ðL ð ˜ £ ð< À • b ðš € Ÿ ¿ ˆ ’ Š J • Š 8 º ƒ º ¿ À ÿ _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ? ‹ ± ð _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ , ¬ $ € ÿÿ ð6 Ÿ ¨ Ì Summarize procedures, emphasizing the key points or steps: A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included. ¡ N ; ÿ " d ÿ ’ ; " • " " ð. ð ˜ £ ð< • Ÿ ¿ ðš € • ƒ ˆ ’ Š J ¿ Š 8 º À º ÿ ? _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ð ‹ À ± Û b _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ , ¬ $ € ÿÿ ð Ÿ ¨ ® Purpose of project / experiment: An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied. ¡ N ! ÿ " d ÿ Ž ! " Œ " " ðM ð ˜ £ ð< À • € ¼$Ÿ ¿ Û ðV • ƒ ˆ N ¿ Š F À ÿ º ? ð _ _ _ P P T 9 ð{ Ÿ Name School ¡ N ‹ ( ¨ ÿ ¬ Title " d € ÿÿ ÿ € ÿÿ ÿ " d ÿ # ðZ ð B ˜ s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × Ë œ1 ¿ × ÿ ð À ðZ B À ðZ B ðZ B ðZ B s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð ÿ ð À À s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð ÿ ð À Û Û ðZ B À b b ðZ B s ð* ¿ ? ˜ ð ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ? ðZ ˜ ð ÿ ð À B s ð* ¿ ? Ë œ1 ¿ × ÿ ð À ¯ ¯ ð ðH ˜ ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ ‘ Š ‰ ë. ¨®È rœß + Dñ= 'ñ ¹ ÿÿÿÿ =ñ @ Bñ + î 0 ï º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ i € 𘠀 ð ð0 ð( ð ð ð ð$ Ÿ ð ðx c • € œ:Ÿ ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð$ ðx c • € \;Ÿ ¿ ÿ +l ð ð ` ð à Ÿ ð ž ð ðH ƒ ð0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ²ž ÿÿÌ Nˆ€ /q¹ •Àç Tʉ ˆ 8 ë. ¨®È €#sà î Z ï ÿ Š 0 º ? ð ¥½¬ ÿÿÿ – _ _ _ P P T 1 0 ‹ € Ê ð ð ð Ü 0 ð ð" Ü ¢ ðZ ð( ð Ü ƒ ð0 € ÀCŸ ¿ ðH ˆ @ • ƒ Š 8 ¿ º À ÿ ð • € % _ _ _ P P T 9 ‹ ¬ ðr Ÿ ¨ Revise and edit the abstract in the template. Once you have filled in each section, you can easily copy and paste the final version into the abstract form online. Such a procedure avoids the need to retype the entire abstract, thereby reducing the chance of errors in the final version. ¡ ! ! 2 ! ¦ ø ð Ø ø Ü 8 X ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. †¯È p]²* î ¹ ï € ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ) ð ð ð$ Ÿ ð ð! À ð ¼ ¼ ð U¼ ð¹ ð( ðx c • € œmŸ ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ P ð à ž ðl ðŒ T¼ • ð ð ð ð # "ñ& à Ÿ ðæ 0 Ÿ à à ™ o m e ¯ ð à 0 ð ¼ “ ð6 • € ÀyŸ ¿ • ¿ À ÿ ? ð 0 £ ðx Ÿ ¨ " The contributions of this project are twofold. First, the toxicity of two-cycle marine engine exhaust was found to be considerably greater than reported in the literature (1.4% vs. 4.2%). Secondly, the benefits of a flow-through bioassay technique utilizing the Biomonitor was demonstrated. ¡ $ # ÿfÌþ- ¦ ø ð @ ` € ðƒ ¼ “ ð6 • € Ô~Ÿ ¿ • ¿ À ÿ ? ð 0 E £ ð Ÿ ¨ ± Anomalies in growth curves raised the suspicion that evaporation was affecting the results; therefore, a flow-through system was improvised utilizing the characteristics of a device called a Biomonitor. Use of the Biomonitor lessened the influence of evaporation, and the EC 50 was found to be 1.4% exhaust water using Ankistrodesmus sp. as the test organism. Mixed populations of various algae gave an EC 50 of 1.28% exhaust water. ¡ 2 ² Ê Ì þ ç ÿ™ þ ¦ ø @ ` € ð ð• ¼ “ ð6 • € œŸ ¿ • ¿ À ÿ ? ð 0 ç E ð Ÿ ¨ £ Toxicity was determined by means of the standard bottle or "batch" bioassay technique. Scenedesmus quadricauda and Ankistrodesmus sp. were used as the test organisms. Toxicity was measured in terms of a decrease in the maximum standing crop. The effective concentration - 50% (EC 50) for Scenedesmus quadricauda was found to be 3.75% exhaust water; for Ankistrodesmus sp. 3.1% exhaust water using the bottle technique. ¡ < ¤ ¥ Ì þ ú ÿ™ þ ¦ ø ð @ ` € ðu ¼ “ ð6 • € (– Ÿ ¿ • ¿ À ÿ ? ð 0 ‰ ç ð Ÿ ¨ £ This project in its present form is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of two-cycle marine engine exhaust water on certain green algae. The initial idea was to determine the toxicity of outboard engine lubricant. Some success with lubricants eventually led to the formulation of "synthetic" exhaust water which, in turn, led to the use of actual two-cycle engine exhaust water as the test substance. ¡ 2 ¤ š 3Ìþ ÿfÌþ ¦ ø @ ` € ð ð+ ¼ “ ð6 • € ĦŸ ¿ • ¿ À ÿ ? ð 0 à ‰ ð½ Ÿ ¨ a Effects of Marine Engine Exhaust Water on Algae Mary E. Jones Hometown High School, Hometown, PA ¡ * b 0 þ2 þ ¦ ø @ ` € ð` B ð ¼ ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ 0 à à ðZ B ¼ s ð* ¿ À ? Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð 0 ‰ ‰ ðZ B 0 ç ç ðZ B ð ¼ s ð* ¿ À ? ð Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð ¼ s ð* ¿ ð ? E ðZ ¼ À Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð 0 E 0 £ B s ð* ¿ ð ? £ ð` ¼ À Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð B ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ¼ ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð 0 ð` B ð` B ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ¼ ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð 0 à 0 ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ð U¼ • ð ð ð ð Ë Ÿo ¿ ð × ÿ ð • # "ñ" à Ÿ ðÐ à ð• ðˆ À Ÿ à 0 • 0 ð • ð À 0¼ “ ð6 • € œ±Ÿ ¿ • ¿ À À ðb Ÿ Applications ¨ ¡ Conclusions ÿ ? ð ð € ÿfÌþ ¦ ø ð @ ` € ðÉ /¼ “ ð6 • À € ¤ºŸ ¿ • ¿ € ð[ Ÿ Observations ¨ ¡ Data À ÿ ? ð ð P Ì þ ¦ ø ð @ ` € ð¿ .¼ “ ð6 • À ðQ € Hß ¿ • ¿ À P Ÿ ¨ Methods ¡ ÿ ? ð ð À ÿ™ þ ¦ ø ð @ ` € ð¿ -¼ “ ð6 • À ðQ € À Ÿ ËŸ ¿ • ¨ ¿ Purpose À ¡ ÿ ? ð ð • 3Ìþ ¦ ø ð @ ` € ð` B 1¼ ƒ ð0 ¿ ð ? 2¼ À Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ð • À • ðZ B ð À À À ðZ B ð P ð € À ð` B • ð ð` B • À ðH s ð* ¿ ð ? 3¼ À Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð s ð* ¿ ð ? P ðZ 4¼ À À Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð B s ð* ¿ ð ? € ð` 5¼ À À Ë œ1 ¿ ÿ ð B ƒ ð0 ¿ ð ? 6¼ À Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ð ƒ ð0 ¿ ð ? 7¼ À Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ð ƒ ð0 ð ¿ À ? ¼ Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ À ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. ï®È pµåÂ î — ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ðÿ ð ð ðŸ ð ð ä ä • P ð ðr S € (ÚŸ ¿ ä ÿ ð— *l ð( ð ¯ ` p ð à ž ðå ¢ ð ä ƒ ð0 € pÛŸ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ð € 0 ð… Ÿ ¨ [ Persistent Global Activation of the Aplysia Serotonergic System After Sensitizing Stimuli The marine mollusk Aplysia responds to noxious stimulation with a stereotyped arousal reaction that includes escape locomotion, increased heart rate and sensitization of defensive reflexes. Although previous studies have shown that serotonin (5-HT) is important for most of these behavioral responses, it is still unclear how the 5-HT system is activated in response to noxious stimuli. To address this question, I used a specific staining of the 5-HT neurons in the living central nervous system (CNS) that allowed me to (1) systematically record their electrical activity following a noxious stimulus, and (2) trace their projections using the neuronal tracer Neurobiotin. I found that in response to tail-nerve shock, a procedure known to mimic a noxious tail stimulus, the vast majority of 5-HT neurons increased their firing rate for several minutes and became more excitable. 5-HT neurons were found to project toward various peripheral targets such as the gill, heart, body wall, tail, siphon, head, and tentacles as well as to other ganglia in the CNS. This study shows that the Aplysia 5-HT system is globally and persistently activated after a noxious stimulus. Such an activation might serve to synchronize the different aspects of the arousal reaction in Aplysia. ¡ ’ W þ0 l Z P $ - . % ª t $ 6 ž ð ä | - ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. †¯È •2Õ+ î $ ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ” ð ð ðŸ ð ðŒ ð ì ì • p ð ðr S € DþŸ ¿ ì ÿ ð$ *l ð( ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð- ðr ì • S € ÿŸ ¿ ÿ +l ð ` 6 ð à Ÿ ð ž ð ðH ì ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. †¯È ཅ, î : ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ª ð ð ðð ð¢ ð ô ô • • ð ô ð: ð( ðr S € ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð- ðˆ ô • S € 8 ¿ ÿ +l ð 0 ` ` ð à ð" ž ¦ ø ð € p ` P p ô ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. †¯È Ý:- î À ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € 0 ð( ° ð ðÀ ð( ð ð ð ð- • ðˆ S € HN˜ ¿ ÿ +l ð P ` À ð à ð" ž ¦ ø ð € p ` P p ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. Š¯È Àj‰• î ª ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ð Ð ð ðª ð( ð ð ð ð- ðr • S € ,F ¿ ÿ +l ð @ ` æ ð Ã ð ž ð ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. Š¯È Y Ž î $ ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € ” ðŒ ð ð ð$ ð( ð ð ð ðð ðr • S € œW ¿ ÿ *l ð ¯ € ð à ž ð ð- • ðr S € Ü] ¿ ÿ +l ð € ` ¦ ð Ã ð ž ð ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. Š¯È ð¶o• î Ø ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ï € H ð@ p ð 8 ð ð ðØ ð( 8 ð| ð ð ð ¯ ` 8 ð • # "ñ g Ÿ à ð ð ¯ ˜ ` ðt ð à 8 £ ð< • ¯ ð € ¼Ž˜ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À Ÿ x P E R I O D C A T A C L Y S M I C V A R I A B L E A N D I T S I M P L I C A T I O N S O F L O W S T A T E S C s d s m t i o c f d ( e c t w p m s a e 2 s m s p w s h o a y w t a h m b e r r a x a h e r o t x 0 t a e r h t a b ÿ ? ð ` t s a a t e p s r e a n t n i l i d a m p 0 u g c i i a v s a t r r t a e t q m d e s l m e t a e 5 d n o m c t e e c l y s e m s , f ( t ( t h e r f p r i m c t . r v a t a i n u e n t a t i c t h u n d e d l a s t p h e u n d a r i l l t o e s u g n e t r i e n . T h y a t e t i c n d a r a r y , h s y e s a a l l r v a t m i e h e e l o a r H o i o c a l y d s p u n o e r y e s i i c c e e t r i y a s t n d b i o c a c p s e w s y , w e n s t a e e c X e r p m e s t f o l u n g c d m o i b n t s n d e m w e e n s v a r i a h c o n r i m a r c o n d a f r o m p r o d v e r , h a v e c l y s m x h i b i r e a s e r a y p i o d o t o s e n o n i o o d . c u s e d c i d a t d a t a a t a c l a l o w d e l p u t e s e r a c t s t a r s i t s s s h o h i c h n c o n . ¡ " b s y r l i ) y t u c p r i i c t i r o f v e s T h o e g y s s r o l o i o p o p r u l o n f i = A N A L Y S I S O F X 1 0 O N T H E O R I G I N e s s t i a n ) . h e i n g e v i n d i v a l o w n m d u c t i m r a l c u r i s n c t h e a t h m i c t a t p o s w s n s t s e d i d e e s r m e a n d U s o c r a t e r r r e e e t b a c x s d r e g o a s u a e c o X - r u s a t e i a b s t a s s i o n . L y e a e n t e s e e a t o r i r e d v a r i n d i a t e e t w n d t i o h i b h o u b y b f l l n a i n a r y a w h i t e o w m a s s l y , d a r y o n t o y s u p o n d l t t ) o r l a i g t h e s e s r a n f o w s s , y n r c h n g i n f r o a b l y e a t h t o e n h e s o t l d n p a s i n s e t n i l a t s r t a o a f e r a n a t e s n d t i s a o f l o w m X 1 0 , e t h a t r i s t h e t h e n o w o t t ] à ª , š Ž ¦ ø @ ` € ð ð` B 8 ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? 8 ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ` ¯ ð` B ð` B ð` B ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ` 8 ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ð 8 ƒ ð0 ð ¿ À ? 8 Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ` ¯ ` ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. €°È Ћ y î ï € ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 † ð~ ð ð( ð ð ð ð ð ðÞ • # "ñ g ð| Ÿ Ã ð ¯ ` ð ¯ ` ð² ð Ã ð £ ð< • € p‚ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ? ð ` ð> Ÿ ¨ " THE STRING TOPOLOGY BV ALGEBRA, HOCHSCHILD COHOMOLOGY AND THE GOLDMAN BRACKET ON SURFACES ¯ This project provides an algebraic description of the String Topology Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra for a large class of manifolds. Such a description previously existed only for spheres and projective spaces. The homology H(LX) of the space of free loops of a closed oriented smooth manifold X has a rich algebraic structure called string topology, discovered by Chas and Sullivan in 1999. In particular, H(LX) is a Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) algebra. However this structure is hard to compute in algebraic terms. This project studies string topology in the case when the manifold X is aspherical. In this case the Hochschild cohomology Gerstenhaber algebra HH(A) of the group algebra A of the fundamental group of X has a BV structure. My main result is a theorem establishing a natural isomorphism between the Hochschild cohomology BV algebra HH(A) and the string topology BV algebra H(LX). In particular, for a closed oriented surface X of hyperbolic type this gives a complete description of the BV algebra operations on H(LX) and HH(A) terms of the Goldman bracket of loops on X. There are several conjectures connecting the string topology BV algebra with algebraic structures on the Hochschild cohomology of algebras related to the manifold X. My theorem is the first such hypothesis that has been proven. The proof is based on a combination of topological and algebraic constructions allowing to compute and compare multiplications and BV operators on both H(LX) and HH(A). ¡ 8 7 ì hÿZ Ç ª ª • ° f ¦ ¢ F ø @ ` € ð` B ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ` ¯ ð` B ð` B ð` B ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ` ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ` ¯ ` ðH ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. Š¯È 0 • î Ì ï ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 € < ð4 0 ð ðÌ ð( ð ð ð ð ð” • # "ñ g ð| Ÿ Ã ð ¯ ` X ð ¯ ` X ðh ð Ã ð £ ð< • ¯ ` € X ¨ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ? ð ðô Ÿ H C O M P U T E R A I D E D I N S T R U C T I O N M O D E R N C L A S S R O O M C m u o m e p m o o f u A A e V l D e t c e ( p d t t i o a T o r i i c p t a e I V C e o a n f o n l e n f o n f n i a i x h o x s r e h h n f l h v e n n o r h n d n i o n m p u n y t a p t h d e r v i r a c e d i u e o t h r m d e r r i c p r o h a n r t u b o r m e n t e n e s n d u p e r i m i o v i s k t e s e p t o s u s o e r e e r p s o u a c c v e s u l d a c t o s e d a u c a t h r t u m p u v i r t a p i n o e r e s , n i m . f i s o f p r a g r c e a L a t s i s i t u c t i e l a d e o p t u r o t h c h c o a o p r c e s t i a i c t t t t i e a L t e o n r s h e a s , d i n p r o f r e m e n t n A l t t h e p r o e d u i v i l a n d a m s e d u A B , o r y , o n a l b l e d e n t e x p n c e r t o d t h s o l d e n t g r a m e a f a p n d u c r e m u l a t e s h s i b l g a t e i d s a l l y o s t i t u d o n , b r o a A B i r A i m e n t a v a m j e s h f u t h o c o j e c a e g i n u i c a a p , s c s e r c h m r o u t s ' , f o r o t e a n i o a v e . d u c . u d e w e d e s d e e b e n d a a n y c t w a n d o r e i l i z u g h n c e r c t w t i o n e d , t e r n t e w t i o n V i r t r o v i f u l l i e n c h a v e i m e n e m i s o d e r u g h i o n . a n d a s w r d a b p o s e d . y c o n , p e m a V i r t o d h a O t h e e n t ' t o w a r e e r p e o n e d I n u s i n r a a t t s t r n a n T t e l i l d f i s e a t x c c a g t a t c c t h i o d n l s e q l a h e , y v i a e s e a l i t e n m o d t e c r s r x r i s n u n i e r t e d a L A e r m m m u b e n p r o s t m i n p e c p l e r u c V R d i n n a b a a u d y e e e r s e u n o s s a o t s i a e m v e u t o d a s m t g t t s o i t c r n o e n e t R a u b l ' d f t c a y v e d m i l l . T h p r o t i n g i o n o m p u e s t r d m o m a k s s i b i n S a l l y s i g n h e c e a l i 3 i p p e o r a t f r e e e a r n f i r s e o g f o r d i n g , h e r s s r e a n d i r o n t y u B i n e g h e t m t i e a c a w n e i t f i r e e i d . i v e n i o t o I N T H E a n k i n d l e f t e m a i n v i d e a t t i t e l o . e l t o t a e r s c t e d i v a t t h i e t o u t h k e a s t i o s t i n a i m o n n h a , s e w e d t o a s s r o o m . y ( V R ) d a o r y d o m a n t h a m e a b l b o ' u s e a v i m e n s w n d t i o a s h o y t s , s s , r n d w t d a n s ) e t h s a r c a b t h e r e o d ' , a l l o f g e o f h i l i t y w a s h e r e l a c k n w o f i t s u c h a s r e s u l t s e , t a t i o n o f n ( C A I ) i m m e r s e a t c s v t t f h o u i h h u e m c a a i t u s e r m u n i t y h n e w b l e b u t e n d l s m o d e u r e . ¡ i n r t e t e s r n " t h e e s p o c h n o a r e s o p t e c ¥ n l a p h V s o l o n i e g s r o r t a i e o t u l o u l s d n g a L A o n e a r e m a i t y i c a B w p r e n n d e w a l o o o d i r l d . T h e v e d t h a t t o n l y a n d t s i n 2 s ª P Ü . o O ¹ ¦ ø @ ` € ð` B ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ` ¯ ð` B X ` X ð` B X ð` B X ðH ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? Ë Ÿo ¿ × ÿ ð ¯ ð ƒ ð0 ¿ À ? ð Ë Ÿo ¿ × ð ÿ ` ¯ ` ƒ ð0 0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. Š¯È °“½• ð ñ ? Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ðŠ @ ð ð" ð ð ð ð- ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- Ã ð„ • S € (-œ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È À¸~P ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ ð ð | | ð | ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- à ð„ | • S € ü‹œ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð | ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È ÷ Û ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ ð ð „ „ „ ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- Ã ð„ „ • S € Džœ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð „ ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È GÜ ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ 0 ð Œ Œ ð Œ ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- Ã ð„ Œ • S € àôœ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð Œ ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È –nÝ ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ P ð ” ” ð ” ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- Ã ð„ ” • S € x Ÿ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ” ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È `:ƒÞ ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ p ð œ œ ð œ ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- Ã ð„ œ • S € x8Ÿ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð œ ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È ãžß ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ • ð ¤ ¤ ð ¤ ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- Ã ð„ ¤ • S € èZŸ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ¤ ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È pmuà ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ ° ð ¬ ¬ ð ¬ ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- Ã ð„ ¬ • S € ¤iœ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ¬ ƒ ð0 0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ¨®È PhNá ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 ñ Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ’ ð ð ð- ðŠ Ð ð À À ð À ð^ S • ¿ ÿ ð" ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- à ð„ À • S € ¼×Ÿ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð À ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ï®È Pœñ ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð Ð Ð • ð ð ðX C ¿ ÿ Ð ð ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- à ð„ Ð • S € ¨Uœ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð Ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ‚¯È ðí ž ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð Ø Ø • ð ðX C ¿ ÿ Ø ð ð( ð ° Ð ð œ ð ð- à ð„ Ø • S € H|œ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à œ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð Ø ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì …¯È PÜ5 ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð à à • @ ð ðX C ¿ ÿ à ð ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- à ð„ à • S € xkŸ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð à ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì †¯È p]²* ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð è è • ` ð ðX C ¿ ÿ è ð ð( ð ° Ð ð Ÿ ð ð- à ð„ è • S € |ûŸ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à Ÿ ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð è ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì †¯È •2Õ+ ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð ð ð • € ð ðX C ¿ ÿ ð ð ð( ð ° Ð ð ð ð- à ð„ ð • S € , ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì †¯È ཅ, ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð ø ø • ð ðX C ¿ ÿ ø ð ð( ð ° Ð ð ð ð- à ð„ ø • S € Ì0 ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ø ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì †¯È N=- ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð„ À ð ð ð ð ð ðX C • ¿ ÿ ð ð( ð ° Ð ð à ð„ ð ð- • S € ¼B ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì Š¯È ðÿו ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð„ à ð ð ð ð( ð ðX ð C ð • ¿ ÿ ð ° Ð ð à ð„ ð S ð- • € p[ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì Š¯È 𢢎 ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð„ ð ð ð ð ð ðX C • ¿ ÿ ð ð( ð ° Ð ð à ð„ ð ð- • S € ðl ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì Š¯È ð¶o• ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð„ ð ð ð ð ð ðX C • ¿ ÿ ð ð( ð ° Ð ð à ð„ ð ð- • S € Tˆ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì Š¯È 0 • ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð $ $ • @ ð ðX C ¿ ÿ $ ð ð( ð ° Ð ð ð ð- à ð„ $ • S € ¨Ž ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð $ ƒ ð0 0 • ÿÿÿ ‹ ƒ €€€ ë. “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì Š¯È °“½• ð ÿ ? ˆ 8 Š 0 ð º _ _ _ P P T 1 ñ 0 Œ ð ð ð ð„ ð < < • € ð ðX C ¿ ÿ < ð ð( ð ° Ð ð ð ð- à ð„ < • S € ,[˜ ¿ ÿ ð ° 0 Ð ° ð à ð- Ÿ ª ðH ð < ƒ ð0 • ÿÿÿ 0 ‹ ¦ = &t M ë #O ²® ™ ƒ “ Þ½h ” ŽŸ‹ ¿ €€€ »àã 33™ ™™ ™Ì ë. €°È À(%y r À !¬ R¼ ¿ ¨Á •Ò ¶Ô =Q ˜· QS «ç Î m ÿ ? ˆ 8 À så Š 0 7± S> m@ ð º ‡B _ _ _ P P T 1 ¡D »F ÕH ïJ eU yW •Y ¡[ Û £ ? U -j a! •, 0 µ] É_ ® Ýa è ü< ñc é ( f / • € à h à õ € × Ó º t h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f º t h tþÿ à…ŸòùOh «‘ +'³Ù0 èT h p ¸ È à ì $ 0 Process sJohn O. Cole John O. Cole W@ PZ= @ 8 ä - ' AbBeam O. 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ŠŠppkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkpŠkkkkkpkkkkŠkkpkkpŠkkkkkkkkŠkŠpkŠkkpkpkk kkkpkkŠpkkpŠpŠppkŠkpkŠkkpŠkŠŠpŠkŠpŠkkppŠpkpŠpppŠkpŠkŠppkŠkŠŠk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkŠkkŠkpkkkkkŠkkkkkŠpk pkpkkŠkpŠkŠkkkŠkŠkkkkŠkkŠkkŠpkkŠpkŠpŠpkpkpŠkpkkpkŠkkkŠŠpkŠkppŠppkŠ •kppkŠpŠkkkppkŠpŠpŠppŠpŠkpkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠ ™ Ì kkpkkkpŠkkkkkŠkkkpŠpkkŠkpkkŠkpkkkpkŠpkpŠppkŠkpkkpkkŠpŠpŠŠpkŠpŠkŠpŠpŠk pkkŠŠŠpŠkkpkkŠpŠpŠpŠpŠpŠkŠkŠppkpŠpŠkkpŠpŠŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠk kpkkkkpkkkpkkkkkŠkkkkkpkkpkkŠkkŠkŠpkkkpkkŠkkŠkkpŠkkkŠkpŠkkkŠkkpkkkkk kkkkpkkkpkkkkkkkŠkkpkkkkpkkŠpkŠkkkŠkŠkpkkkpŠŠŠpŠpŠkŠkpŠHeekeHkHekke HHkeeHeHkkeHkkekkkkekkekHekkeHkkHkkkHkkekHkkkkkHekkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkk kkpkkkpkkkkkkkŠpkkkŠkkkkkkkpkkŠppŠŠpŠŠpŠppŠpkŠpkŠpŠpŠpkpkppŠpkpŠp BkHHkHekHekHkeeHkHkeeeHkeHkeHeHHkHeHekHkkkkekHekkekkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkpkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpŠkŠkpŠpŠŠkŠpkkŠpŠkpŠkkpŠkŠkŠkpkpŠpkŠkpŠpŠkpŠpkŠpŠ ŠŠŠkkŠkpŠŠpŠkHekeHeHkHHeekHHeHeHkHkHekHkHkkkeHkkkkkeHekHkkkkHkkHkkkkk HkkkkkkpkŠkkkŠpkkkŠkŠpŠkpkpkŠŠkppkpŠpkppkŠkkpkpŠpŠpŠkkkppŠpŠŠpŠpŠp ŠpŠkpŠpŠpŠkppkpkpŠkpŠŠppŠpeHkeHkHkBekkHHeekkkHkeHkeHeeHeeHkkkkkkkkkkŠ kkkkŠkpkŠkkkŠkŠkkkkŠpkŠpkpŠpkŠpkkpkpkpŠkŠŠpkpkŠkkŠkŠpŠkkŠpkkŠŠpŠkpŠppŠ pkŠkŠkppŠpŠpkŠkkkŠkpŠkkŠŠŠpŠŠŠpkpkŠppŠ ••kHeHkkkkkkHkkkeHkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkŠkkpkkkkpkkpkkkpkkkpkkkpkpkkpkpkkkkkkkpŠkŠpkkŠkŠkkpkkkŠkkŠkkkpkŠpŠpp kkŠpkŠpkŠkkpkkppŠkŠpŠkpŠpkkpŠpŠpkpppŠkppŠkkŠq‹ kkkkkekkkkekkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkŠkkŠpkŠkkkkkŠkŠkkkpkŠkkkkŠkk•kpŠpŠk•kp ŠkpŠpkkpŠpŠkŠkpkpkkpkkŠkŠpŠkkpŠpkŠkpŠŠpŠpkŠkŠŠŠŠpkkŠpqŠq ppk kekkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkpŠkkkpkkkkkkpŠkkpkpkpkkkŠkpŠkp pkpkkkkkpŠkŠkpkŠpkkkkkkkkkpkŠŠkpŠkkpŠppŠkkpŠkŠpkŠpŠpkŠppŠpŠpŠppkpk qq‹kkpŠkŠkkHkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkŠkkkpkkkŠkŠ kkkŠkŠkkkkkŠkŠkkkŠkpŠkkkpŠkpŠkŠpŠkŠppŠpkkŠkkppŠŠkpŠkkŠpŠpŠppŠpkkkŠ kŠkpŠŠkŠ‹qŠpkŠkŠkŠppHkkkkHkkkekkHekkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkŠkkkkkkpk kŠkkkpŠkkŠkkpkpŠkpkpkkkkkpkkkkpkkkkŠkkkŠpkpkppkkŠkŠpŠpkpŠkkppŠpkpkŠpŠ pŠkŠkkŠpŠkkŠpppkkŠqŠkŠŠpp ŠppŠpŠkpekkekkekkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkŠkpkkkkpk kpkkkkkkkpkŠkkkkpkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkŠkŠpŠkkŠkkpkpŠkkpkpkkkppŠkŠkŠkŠpkkkŠ kkkŠkŠŠkkkŠkpŠpŠpkŠpŠpŠŠpp‹q‹ŠpkkŠp ŠŠpŠŠppkpkkpkkkkkkkkkpkkpkk ekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkpŠkkkkkkkkpkkpkkpŠkŠkŠkkkŠŠkŠpkŠkk pkpkkkkkkkŠkpkkpkkŠpŠkppkppŠpkkkpkkkppk‹pq‹pŠppŠ kpŠpkkpkkkkŠkkkk HekkekkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkk k kk kk kkkk k pk k kkpk kp pkpkŠk pŠŠ pŠpp Š•k• p Š k kpŠkk‹ŠŠq‹p‹kpkŠpŠ pkŠkkkk ••kŠkp ŠpekHkkkkHkkkekkHkkkHkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿ Šÿÿÿÿkpÿ kpkÿ ÿÿ ÿk ÿÿÿÿkÿ ŠkkŠkÿÿÿp kkkkÿÿÿÿkŠpÿÿÿk •kÿÿÿp kpÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ kkp‹pppqpŠpŠpp ŠpŠ kpŠkpŠpŠpŠkpkpŠ ŠŠp kkekHekkkkkkkkkekkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿ kÿ ÿ kÿ kkŠÿÿkk ÿ ÿ kkkÿ kkŠpkÿ Šÿ k•pÿ ÿk kÿ•k ÿ kÿ pkÿpŠŠÿÿ ÿŠ ÿ ÿ ÿ pŠ •pŠpŠ‹Š‹kŠŠŠ kpkkkkŠkkpŠpkk kk ŠkHkkkkkekHkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkekkkkkkk kkkkpkkÿ ÿÿ kÿÿÿÿ kÿ kkkÿ ÿÿÿŠÿ ÿ kkkÿ pÿ Škkÿÿÿ ÿ•kp ÿÿÿk•ÿ kpkŠpp ÿÿ kÿÿÿ ÿ ÿ •‹k‹qpkpŠpppkkkkkkŠpkkkkkp pk kŠkkkekkHkHkekHekHkkkkkk kkkkkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿÿkkÿÿ ÿkŠÿ kkkÿÿÿkkk ÿÿÿÿkÿÿÿkk•kÿ kÿ kpk•kÿp kŠÿ ÿkpk kÿ kŠk kkÿÿpk ÿ ÿ ÿ pkpŠŠkpŠkŠkŠpkkkpŠŠkkkpŠkŠ kppkHkkkek kkkkkkkkekkHkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿkkÿÿÿÿpkkÿ Škkÿÿk ÿkÿ ÿ kkkÿ ÿkkŠkkÿ ÿ pkÿŠ ÿkŠÿk ÿkŠŠÿ •ÿÿÿÿlÿ ÿÿŠpŠkkppŠkkkpkkkpŠkkŠppkpkŠpppk pkpŠŠŠekkHkHkkHkkeHkkkkkkkkkkekHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkÿkkkŠkÿkkkkkÿkkpŠÿkÿÿÿkk ÿÿÿÿpÿÿÿkpŠkÿÿÿkkkkpkÿÿÿkkkÿÿÿkppkÿÿÿ pÿŠpŠkŠÿppŠkkpŠkpkpkkŠkpkp pkkkkŠkŠpŠkŠŠpkŠpkpkekekekekeHkkkkkkkekkkHkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkkkŠkkkkpkkkŠkkkkpŠkkkŠkpŠk ŠpŠpplppŠkŠkpkpŠk kkpkkkkkpkŠŠkŠŠkkkpppkŠpkkpŠŠpŠŠHkHkHkkkHkkkkekHkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkpkkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkpkk ŠpŠp kŠkŠkkpkŠŠpkkpkkkŠpkŠpŠppkpkkp•kŠkŠkŠpkpkpkŠ kekekkHkkkkkkHkkkekkkkke kkkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkpkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkŠpkpkŠpŠ kpŠpŠpkŠpkŠpkkŠkkkkkpkpŠkpkkkkkkppŠpkkkŠŠpŠp kkHkkkekHe HkekekkkkkkkkHkkkkkekkkekkkkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkŠkkkkkk kŠkkkpŠppk kkkŠkŠpkkkkkkkpkkkŠkkŠŠŠkkkkkkpŠŠpŠkŠpŠkppkp Š kkeHekHkkkkkkHkHkkHkHekkkekkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkHkkkHkkkkkkkkkk kkkkkkkkkkŠpkkkpŠkŠkpŠŠp ŠpŠppŠŠpkpŠkkkkkpkkkkppkpkŠpkkpkŠkkŠkpp kpkpkŠkpkpŠŠŠp eHkkHkkeHekekkkekkekkkkkkkkkkkHkkkkkkkHekHkkekHekHkkekk kkkkekkkk kk kp kk kpkŠk ppk p• ŠkkkkkkŠkkpŠpŠkkpkkŠkkkpkŠkŠk• pkkkkkkkŠpŠkŠŠŠkŠpŠkŠkpŠ keHkekkkkkHkHekkkHkkkHkHkkHekkekkHekkkkke kekHkkkkekHkkkHkkkkkkHÿÿÿ kÿÿk ÿÿ kÿÿ kŠk•ÿÿÿp Šÿÿ• ÿ ÿÿpŠpkppŠkpŠkkkkpk kkkkkpŠkkpkkkkkkkkŠppkkpppkkkpk Š kHkkekkHeHkekkkHkkekHkekkkkk kHkkHkkkkHekkkHkkkekkkHekkHekkkkHkkeÿkÿ ÿ pÿ ÿÿ Šÿÿ •k•ÿ pkÿŠÿ Šÿ ÿÿ kp ŠkkkkŠkkkkkkkkkŠpŠkpŠpkŠkpkkkkkkkŠŠkŠpŠkŠpkkk Š ŠkekHHkHkekHkk kekHkkekHHkekkHkekkeHkekkHekekkHkkHkkkkkkkkkkkkpkkkkÿ ÿ Šÿ ÿÿ •ÿÿ Špkÿ Š• Špÿ kÿ ÿÿÿÿ ŠkkpkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkpŠkkŠkkkkŠkpkkŠpŠppkpkppkkk Š ŠŠk kkkHekekkHkkeeHkHekHkekeHkHeekHkHekHkHkekHkeeHkkekkekkeHkkkkkkkkkkÿ ÿp ÿŠ ÿÿŠpÿÿppŠŠÿ kpk ÿk ÿŠÿÿkÿkpŠkkkkkkkkpkkkpŠpŠŠpkkkkkkkkkŠpŠkŠkŠŠŠkŠŠŠ pk p ŠppŠpHekkkHekeHHHkekHkeHHeHkekHkHkeekHkkHkekHekHkkeHkkHkkkkkkkk kkkkk•kÿ ŠÿÿŠpÿ pŠÿpŠŠppÿk ÿŠkÿÿkkÿ 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ISEF Abstract Rules Slide 4 Review of Abstract’s Purpose Steps in Developing Abstract Slide 7 Slide 8 Sample Abstract Template Explanation of Parts Slide 11 Sample Abstract Other Examples Writing and Revising Tips Revision Techniques Slide 16 Slide 17 ; Quiz: What techniques are used in revising this passage? Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Fonts Used Slide Titles ø Design Template 8 @ _PID_HLINKS ä A ° ; h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f - ö $ _À‘ãõj ô ¸ John O. Cole C o l e J o h n O . ! . @ R S e d w ‰ ˜ ª ¼ " / A # 0 B T f x Š ™ « $ 1 C U g y ‹ š ¬ % 2 D V h z Œ › - & 3 E W i { • œ ® ' 4 F X j | Ž G Y k } • • ¯ Á ( 5 H Z l ~ • ž °  ) 6 * 7 I [ m • ‘ ± à \ n € ’ Ÿ ¡ ² Ä ³ Å + 8 J , 9 K ] o • “ ¢ ´ : L ^ p ‚ ” £ µ ; M _ q ƒ • ¤ õ < N ` r „ – ¥ · = O a s … > P b t † ? Q c u ‡ v ˆ — ¦ ¸ § ¹ Ë ¨ º Ì © » Í ½ ¾ ¿ À Æ Ç È É Ê Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿýÿ ÿÿýÿÿÿô þÿÿÿö ÷ ø ù ú û ü þ ýÿÿÿÿ R o o t E n t r y ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ • •d›OÏ †ê ª ¹)è × <±È € C u r r e n t U s e r ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ D S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ¶ U P o w e r P o i n t D o c u m e n t ( ÿÿÿÿ …« D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ Ì ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f ò ¬ / È Î 0 Ò 0 ¸ z[ R o m a n ¸ · D W i n g d 0 ¸ Õ ä · D A r i a l n g s ˆ¹ 0 ¸ · D T i m e s N e w ð· ç 0 ¸ z[ 0 ¸ i n g s R o m a n ¸ ð· ç 0 ¤ € @ ÿÿ ¥ ˆ¹ „4¸ ¸ ¸ z[ ð· ç . d ÿ © @ £ n d @ @ ð ÿý? @ ` ` " ÿÿï ÿÿÿÿÿÿ € € ð• @ Q - * ! * * " + 6 7 2 2 1 # . > ð0 • ÿ3™ ÿfÌ ð 8 ƒ Ì ó ÿ™ †A @ -ñ 0 9 A G : B ÿ C ƒ H ¿ À ÅA ÷ € ”B@ Êš;­ ”Ç Êš; ú g þ z[ 0 |üÿÿ¬ÿÿÿ p û < ý 4 d d d d L¸ ¸ / & , 1 % / 8 @ ? / $ ÿ - = V ' 3 ; ( 4 ß = D p ñ âÙ( € ý 4 I p û 0ˆ¹ \4¸ 5 < ó p ) d I 3Ì Ð - d @ - < 0ˆ¹ ‹ ° Ö ˜ R o m a n 0œ· R o m a n 0œ· · D Œ· · D ¤· Œ· ¤· ý 4 B d B d ˆ Ð Š Ð T i m e s N e w ç 0 ¤· z[ A r i a l N e w ç 0 ¤· z[ À À Š ð º L¸ º ¾< _ _ _ P P T 1 0 _ _ _ P P T 9 IHDR ‹ Ò ø n ù 3 n-ð) /ypfßÌ}×ÑI[‡ ÀeÉÿ‰PNG a«¬Õ sRGB ®Î é `PLTEÀÀÀÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjjÿ UUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ??ÿ++ÿ+*ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ à#g¿ cmPPJCmp0712 8 I ± tRNS @æØf AIDAT Á•Ã0 ì~±ÿ¯œš¸ â·÷¿{î»[„8( [Pz-2S82(Š§¢ìÖ\”d² XÈP<ãÆ € - •z IEND®B`‚ IHDR ù 0 n-ð& WvlÂHM«ü U+vn¹çÿ‰PNG a«¬Õ sRGB ®Î é `PLTEÀÀÀÀ¿ÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿj kÿjjÿUUÿTUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ++ÿ*+ÿ**ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ M# A cmPPJCmp0712 8 I ± tRNS @æØf >IDAT Á 1 °€ŽùWùå– €ø}{ïí{÷J‚ % ”sî 4!uÊ61QJ uR W IHDR &› x› &vxÈ Éøˆy IEND®B`‚ ù ó sRGB ®Î é n-ðé Ñe!Âù(˜mPÇùɈËáöÿ‰PNG PLTE™f™fffÀÀÀ™™Ìf™™™™ff™f™Ì™Ì™™ËO)ã cmPPJCmp0712 jtRNSÿÿ ×Ê A DIDAT •cP‚ , SV‡ A ® T € ÿÿ ‚ %õà 6A CÃÂ! ÄP.iu ƒ‰ ÂD !".l`) S ˆbõàP„bLí@ ¯ ¬ € ÿÿ ¯ ? Ù Õ] çK‹· IEND®B` ¬ Ú % ð µó Abstract Writing Process Ÿ Intel ISEF D & S Chair ó Ÿ ¨ Abstract? ¡ A b r i e f , w r i t t r e s e a r c h p r o j e s u c c i n c t d e s c r s p u r p o s e , t h e t h e d a t a c o l l e c o n c l u s i o n s r e A c l e a r a n d s i o f t h e m a i n p o A s e l f - c o n t a i n m a k e s e n s e a l l ¡ Ÿ ¨ ! ¨ & John Cole What Is an Ÿ e n e x p l a n a t c t , c o n s i s t i p t i o n o f t p r o c e d u r e s c t e d , a n d t a c h e d . m p l e s u m m a r i n t s o f t h e e d s t a t e m e n b y i t s e l f . Mastering the ” i o n o f t h e i n g o f a h e p r o j e c t f o l l o w e d , h e y s t a t e m e n t e x p e r i m e n t t t h a t m u s t J K ó Ÿ Rules ¡ ó ¨ ISEF Abstract ( Ÿ ª þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ó Ÿ 8 R e v i e w o f A b s t r a c t s P u r p o s e ¡ Ÿ ¨ • Provides SRC a quick study of your project as it is an overview of the purpose, means, and result of research. Helps judges (both special and category) discern quickly whether the project qualifies for specific awards and whether the research is significant in its specific area. Informs visitors to ISEF (students, teachers, and the public at large) of the nature of the research. ¡ € € ó Ÿ ¨ Steps in Developing Abstract ¡ Ÿ ¨ Begin with a Research Project Prospectus to outline the research project. A prospectus helps the researcher identify the nature and scope of the investigation, research methods, and anticipated conclusions and/or applications. An example of such a prospectus follows: ¡ * ’ l æ ó ó Ÿ ª Ÿ ¨ Î Once the research is completed and you are ready to show your project, use an Abstract Template to write a draft of the abstract. The following example was created using a table format in a Word document. ¡ Ï ’ l Ï ó Ÿ ¨ Sample Abstract Template ¡ ó Ÿ ¨ Explanation of Parts Ÿ ¨ ¸ Purpose of the Experiment An introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project. A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied. Procedures Used A summarization of the key points and an overview of how the investigation was conducted. An abstract does not give details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation. An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included. Observation/Data/Results This section should provide key results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn. It should not give too many details about the results nor include tables or graphs. Conclusions Conclusions from the investigation should be described briefly. The summary paragraph should reflect on the process and possibly state some applications and extensions of the investigation. An abstract does not include a bibliography unless specifically required by your local fair. The Intel ISEF requires the bibliography as part of the research plan to be provided on Form 1A. ¡ À P Ž P P § P P ´ P P ~ P • ¨ µ • § : ó Ÿ ª Ÿ ó Abstract ¡ ª Ÿ ó ¨ Sample Ÿ ¨ Other Examples ó Ÿ Tips ¡ & p h a s i z e t ( h y p o t h e s r e s u l t s , r e c o m m e n d F o c u s o n l r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t . E x c l u d e a s u p e r v i s o O m i t d e t a U s e t h e p ( H o w e v e r , a c t i v e v e v e r b s . ) U s e s h o r t s e n t e n c e U s e c o m p l a b b r e v i a t o t h e r s m a s p a c e . ) A v o i d j a r U s e a p p r o U s e c o n c i U s e c o r r e p u n c t u a t i ¡ P € ¡ ( ¨ h i c a y w e s o t s ) n i o h e ª Writing and Revising e a s , m e c l u s o n s n t h n i t Ÿ p e c t s : p u r p o s e t h o d s , s c o p e , i o n s , a n d e s e n t s t r u c e t e s e b y l l w o e t e o r n u n m d c r t i s E m c u r r e n t y e a r ' s i s a c o n t i n u a t i o n n y o f t h e m e n r s w o r k i l s a n d d i s c u a s t t e n s e t o w h e r e a p p r o p r b s r a t h e r t h g p s c o P Ÿ e e e t s . n t i , t o r s d r a o r s i o n s e s c r i b e i a t e u s e n p a s s i v e b u t v a r y c e s ( D o n o t i n g a r t i c l e s o r n o r d e r t o s a v e o n r i a t e s c i e n t i f i c l a n g u a g e e s y n t a x t s p e l l i n g , g r a m m a r , a n d n P ! I K V v ó - Ÿ Techniques ¡ a d d i n g s e n t e n c e O a n e x p e r i m t w o - c y c l e w a t e r o n c b e e a i f x l o f h g a e a a s c u e ¨ Revision a r e m e w o r d , i n a r g t r t i a i a n t n i Ÿ p h r a s e , a l : i o n o e e n g n a l g > o r T h i s p r o j e c t i s f t h e e f f e c t s o f i n e e x h a u s t a e . R e v i s e d : T h i s p r o j s a y e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n o f t s o f t w o - c y c l e m a r i n e s t w a t e r o n c e r t a i n g r e . D e l e t i o n d e l e t i n g o r s e n t e n c e h r i r a e m e s d e q u i r p l e m c o n s v e e t d f e a e o n p v e l o p r s u c v i r o n p l i c a O r i e l o p e d f o r n t a t i r u c t i e c m t a g i n d a s u o n o n a n c o a l : o c e f p p R e v i s e d a n o r e s s f u l e n t r e c i o n . ¡ ð d i i o : T g i n a m p l e n s t r / r s t l i s h i A d d i t i o n T g f e c w o r d , h e i n a u l e n a t i e t e e c t i s h e n g i n e n a p h r a s e , r e s e a r c h e r l c o d e v i r o n m e n t o n . h e r e l c o d m e n t a u c t i o P s e a r c h e r e r e q u i r e d t i o n o f t h e n P 1 P , P . o z 0 âÙ(þ — " âÙ(þf ó ª Ÿ s u b s t i t u t i n g s e n t e n c e f o r # Ÿ Ø S u b s t i t u t i o n o n e w o r d , p h r a s e , a n o t h e r o r O r i g i n a l : I n t h e b e g i n n i n g , t h e i d e a w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o x i c i t y o f o u t b o a r d e n g i n e l u b r i c a n t . R e v i s e d : T h e i n i t i a l i d e a w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o x i c i t y o f o u t b o a r d e n g i n e l u b r i c a n t . T r a n s p o s i t i o n m o v i n g w o r d s , p h r a s e s , o r s e n t e n c e s t o a n o t h e r p o s i t i o n f c l c t i r i h o b e g a e a h m a r s a t e d t s o b e r , d i g O r s l w i t u r c r e i t a i g i n a l i g h t g h l i g h e t o a f l e c t e l c a m e o c l c b c p r i h a a t e g a c m i a h m k e c a l t e d t s o b e r , t o r a . R e v f i b e w i t h u r c e r e f a d i ¡ œ F i s r s l t l e g i e d a i g o c t t a : s h a e l P : U s u i d e s t g u i n i n t d a n d r a . i n g , a d e d e g r a g u i A l i t g n i d , y s t e m t g u i d e d f e g r a t d t h e Î g u n a s h i t n o s f t d p y r i e t s o n d i c a l t e m w a s m a g b a c k u s i d e s r o m i n g n g u n g w a s a i d e d P I P • P F „ $ âÙ(þƒ âÙ(þB $ ó I ê Ÿ ª C a r r c p o n e e o a m d s v n s b / u i s s i o l s i a s m a m w k v w t e l e e i o i a t t t r l l t r h e h e l t h t o r o i i w b e n n i o f v e u t h i l f i n r t i d g Ÿ a t p s o n e r e . i o n c o a r a g r a p h i n t h e u t e c h n i q a b l e s h o m s s u r b i n i n g s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h u s u a l l y e o f m u l t i p l e e s a n d a t e n i n g o f t h e O e d n d c b a g h r d s a s h a e i i g w i t i t o s c t , g h i i n v h e e a n a t h u e s a t n r i n d e f l : T h a n i n s e t o d . T w o s e e m e t h e a w i t h t h e s f i c i e n R s t s e p i n c i e v i i g a t o u l s g b e n t s t d i a e e a n c h : d d y g t e T t w o : 1 h i g e r i a a t e h e a ) h w x c e v a a d f p r o e s t i y a n l t e r t o i r s t p u l s e c o n d t h e a l k v i h p t i o t a r e l l h n o r l t j n i a a g e j g d n b e c t a t i p o a t i e p m e t i n g i s t e x e a n g . c t g e h t i v b ; i g ¡ ô o s v r h h b c w n s e o o i o h a s o f i b l e m d g i a i s i h l i n g i n g s t o n g i n g . e m e t h o d s a c t e r i a 2 ) h P ¥ P ê P ¤ 5 âÙ(þ( âÙ(þ% âÙ(þ âÙ(þ âÙ(þ âÙ(þ ó % Ÿ ¨ : Quiz: What techniques are used in revising this passage? ¡ ; 9 ( ( Ÿ ¨ R Original: The purpose of my project is to find the connection between the ratio of radii of an ellipse and its mechanical advantage on specified angle of rotation intervals. Revision: This project examined the connection between the ratio of radii of an ellipse and the mechanical advantage of a specified angle of rotation intervals. ¡ ‚ P ¥ P P ˜ P ó âÙ(þH ó / / ð L ó ó & âÙ(þã ó ' ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ó ! " ó ( ó ó ó 0 ) ó + ó P , ÿÿÿ• ê î $ ï * € ” ð ð ðŸ ð ðŒ ð ì ì • p ð ðr S € DþŸ ¿ ì ÿ ð$ *l ð( ð ¯ ` • ð à ž ð ð- ðr ì • S € ÿŸ ¿ ÿ +l ð @ ` f ð à Ÿ ð ž ðø ¢ ð ì £ ð< € ìAô … ‡ ¿ • ƒ ¿ À ÿ ð ° Ç ðŒ Ÿ ¨ R Simply put, the style of an abstract should always be declarative not discursive. ¡ S Q ðH ð ì ƒ ð0 0 • ƒ “ ŽŸ‹ ” Þ½h ¿ ÿ €€ ÿÿÿ nk âïÍ 3ÌÌ cR¸ Ìÿÿ ™Ìÿ ˆ 8 ‹ ë. †¯È ཅ, r k ? Š 0 ¨ ð º õ _ _ _ P P T 1 ? õj I« 0 ® þÿÿÿ þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿ ÕÍÕœ. “— +,ù®D ÕÍÕœ. “— +,ù®Ô • ˆ • ¨ ¸ À È Ð Ø à è ð ø / Show A ä - On-screen Home ree …« ‘ Arial Times New Roman Wingdings Beam ' Mastering the Abstract Writing Process What Is an Abstract? ISEF Abstract Rules Slide 4 Review of Abstract’s Purpose Steps in Developing Abstract Slide 7 Slide 8 Sample Abstract Template Explanation of Parts Slide 11 Sample Abstract Other Examples Writing and Revising Tips Revision Techniques Slide 16 Slide 17 ; Quiz: What techniques are used in revising this passage? Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Fonts Used Slide Titles ø Design Template 8 @ _PID_HLINKS ä A ° ; h t t p : / / w w w . s o c i e t y f o r s c i e n c e . o r g / i s e f / d o c u m e n t / a b s t r c t . p d f ö $ _À‘ãa« ô ¸ John O. Cole C o l e J o h n O .