Chapter 2 Words and Their Parts: Lexicon and Morphology
Introduction: Words Are Tangible
What Does It Mean to Know a Word?
Lexical Categories (Parts of Speech)
How to Identify Lexical Categories
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Determiners
Prepositions and Postpositions
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Morphemes Are Word Parts That Carry Meaning
Morphemes Can Be Free or Bound
Morphemes That Derive Other Words
Inflectional Morphemes
How Are Morphemes Organized Within Words?
Morphemes Are Ordered in Sequence
Morphemes Can Be Discontinuous
Portmanteau Words Contain Merged Morphemes
Morphemes Are Layered Within Words
How Does a Language Increase Its Vocabulary?
Some Word Classes Are Open, Some Closed
How to Derive New Words
Compounds
Shortenings
Back Formation
Conversion or Functional Shift
Semantic Shift
Borrowed Words
Inventing Words
What Types of Morphological Systems Do Languages Have?
Isolating Morphology
Agglutinating Morphology
Inflectional Morphology
Variant Pronunciations of a Morpheme: Allomorphy