Supporting Information Tables S1–S6, Figs S1–S3
Table S1 Background information on sample populations of Chromolaena odorata and native species from China and Mexico used in the two
competition experiments
Species
Introduced C. odorata
Native C. odorata
Eupatorium ligustrinum
E. stoechadosmum
E. japonicum
E. heterophyllum
Site
Used in China and / or Mexico
Latitude
Longitude
Ho Chi Mins, DongNai,Vietnan
Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
Dodangolla, Kandy district, Sri Lanka
Sanya, Hainan, China
Ha Tay, Vietnan
Vientiane, Laos
Simao,Yunnan, China
Coahuayana, Michoacan, Mexico
Sur de Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Felicity, Trinidad
Coyote, Chiapas, Mexico
China
China and Mexico
11º22' N
21º56' N
17º11' N
18º19' N
20º54' N
17º01' N
22º46' N
18º51' N
23º40' N
10º31' N
16º44' N
107º24' E
101º15' E
80º25' E
109º12' E
105º34' E
100º46' E
100º56' E
103º37' W
99º11' W
61º25' W
93º09' W
125
544
450.8
23
66
60
1380
950
600
1-5
640
Teocelo, Veracruz, Mexico
Las Pitahayas, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Teocelo, Veracruz, Mexico
Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
Kunming, Yunnan, Chian
Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
Mexico
Mexico
19º23' N
18º38' N
19º23' N
21º56' N
25º05' N
21º56' N
96º58'W
88º47' W
96º58'W
101º15' E
102º49' E
101º15' E
1160
70
1160
544
2200
544
China
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
China and Mexico
China and Mexico
China
China and Mexico
China and Mexico
China and Mexico
China
Mexico
Elevation (m)
Populations of C. odorata and the native species from China and Mexico are listed in the order as in figures from left to right.
1
Table S2 Results from three-way nested ANOVAs presenting the effect of each factor on
variables of Chromolaena odorata plants from invasive and native populations measured in
the common garden in China
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square F-value
P-value
Range
1514.088
1
1514.088
3.271
0.076
Population (Range)
2026.383
5
405.277
0.875
0.504
Nutrient
126715.155
1
126715.155
273.720
<0.000
Range × Nutrient
2903.431
1
2903.431
6.272
0.015
Population × Nutrient (Range)
2765.357
5
553.071
1.195
0.324
Error
25924.525
56
462.938
Total biomass
Competitive response (percent change in total biomass)
Range
3822.233
1
3822.233
4.451
0.036
Population (Range)
18041.301
5
3608.260
4.202
0.001
Nutrient
16235.511
1
16235.511
18.905
<0.000
Range × Nutrient
6967.094
1
6967.094
8.113
0.005
Population × Nutrient (Range)
9467.192
5
1893.438
2.205
0.055
Error
168319.771
196
858.774
2
Table S3 Results from two-way nested ANOVAs presenting the differences between
Chromolaena odorata plants from invasive and native populations grown at each nutrient
level in the common garden in China
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
Total biomass in high nutrient treatment
Range
4305.435
1
4305.435
5.794
0.023
Population (Range) 4266.348
5
853.270
1.148
0.359
Error: MS (Error)
28
743.092
20806.574
Competitive response (percent change in total biomass) in high nutrient treatment
Range
10555.076
1
10555.076
13.976
<0.000
Population (Range) 21514.445
5
4302.889
5.698
<0.000
Error: MS (Error)
98
755.213
74010.904
Total biomass in low nutrient treatment
Range
112.084
1
112.084
0.613
0.440
Population (Range) 525.393
5
105.079
0.575
0.719
Error: MS (Error)
28
182.784
5117.951
Competitive response (percent change in total biomass) in low nutrient treatment
Range
234.251
1
234.251
0.243
0.623
Population (Range) 5994.048
5
1198.810
1.246
0.294
Error: MS (Error)
98
962.335
94308.866
3
Table S4 Results from one-way ANOVAs presenting the differences among invasive and
native populations of Chromolaena odorata, Eupatorium stoechadosmum (native to China), E.
japonicum (native to China), and E. ligustrinum (native to Mexico) grown at each nutrient
level in the common garden in China.
For C. odorata, change in total biomass was caused
only by natives to China
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
3.613
0.012
Total biomass in high nutrient treatment
Species
11685.492
4
2921.373
Error: MS (Error)
36380.961
45
808.466
Change in total biomass (competitive response or effect) in high nutrient treatment
Species
52959.224
4
13239.806
Error: MS (Error)
79742.997
170
469.076
28.225
<0.000
1.076
0.380
Total biomass in low nutrient treatment
Species
601.206
4
150.301
Error: MS (Error)
6288.043
45
139.734
Change in total biomass (competitive response or effect) in high nutrient treatment
Species
5915.997
4
1478.999
Error: MS (Error)
141541.584
170
832.598
1.776
0.136
4
Table S5 Results from two-way nested ANOVAs presenting the differences between
Chromolaena odorata plants from invasive and native populations grown in the common
garden in Mexico
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
4114.786
1
4114.786
0.782
0.379
Population (Range) 63068.409
8
7883.551
1.498
0.169
Error: MS (Error)
90
5263.371
Aboveground mass
Range
473703.386
Competitive response (percent change in abvoeground biomass)
Range
787.375
1
787.375
0.369
0.544
Population (Range) 82743.04
8
10342.88
4.847
<0.000
Error: MS (Error)
190
2133.707
405404.365
Damaged leaves per plant grown without competition (%)
Range
0.236
1
0.236
40.143
<0.000
Population (Range) 0.114
8
0.014
2.411
0.032
Error: MS (Error)
40
0.006
0.235
Damaged leaf area per plant grown without competition (%)
Range
0.014
1
0.014
53.881
<0.000
Population (Range) 0.002
8
0.000
1.028
0.432
Error: MS (Error)
40
0.000
0.01
5
Table S6 Results from one-way ANOVAs presenting the differences among invasive and
native populations of Chromolaena odorata, Eupatorium stoechadosmum (native to China), E.
japonicum (native to China), and E. ligustrinum (native to Mexico) grown in the common
garden in Mexico.
For C. odorata, change in aboveground biomass was caused only by
natives to China
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
Species
427400.966
4
106850.241
22.346
<0.000
Error: MS (Error)
597698.202
125
4781.586
Aboveground mass
Percent change in abvoveground biomass (competitive response or effect)
Species
345697.834
4
86424.459
Error: MS (Error)
506408.909
295
1716.640
50.345
<0.000
6
Fig. S1 Percent change in biomass caused by competition (competitive response or effect) at
high (a) and low (b) nutrient levels in the common garden in China, and in the common
garden in Mexico (c) for native populations of C. odorata (black bars) and Eupatorium
species native to China (vertical strip bars, E. stoechadosmum; horizontal strip bars, E.
japonicum in panels a and b but E. heterophyllum in panel c). Different letters indicate
significant differences among species at P < 0.05 according to ANOVAs (LSD test).
0
-30
b
-60
a
a
-90
Species
(c)
0
-30
b
b
-60
a
-90
Species
Change in aboveground mass
in Mexico (%)
(b)
Change in total biomass
at low nutrient in China (%)
Change in total biomass
at high nutrient in China (%)
(a)
30
b
0
-30
-60
-90
a
a
Sepcies
The results from one-way ANOVAs
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
20.637
<0.000
7.108
0.001
47.023
<0.000
Percent change in total biomass at high nutrient in China
Species
19167.511
2
9583.756
Error: MS (Error)
35758.754
77
464.399
Percent change in total biomass at low nutrient in China
Species
8738.762
2
4369.381
Error: MS (Error)
47331.491
77
614.695
Percent change in aboveground mass in Mexico
Species
164056.305
2
82028.153
Error: MS (Error)
169209.365
97
1744.426
7
Fig. S2 Percent change in aboveground biomass (competitive response or effect) caused by
competition from species native to China (E. heterophyllum and E. stoechadosmum; a) or to
Mexico (E. ligustrinum; b) for Chromolaena odorata plants from invasive (white bars) and
native (black bars) populations grown in the common garden in Mexico.
Narrow bars
indicate means and SE for each population; two thicker bars in the center depict means and
SE for each range using mean of each population as replicates.
(b)
80
40
0
-40
-80
Invasive
Native
Chomolaena odorata
Change in aboveground mass
caused by species native to Mexico (%)
Change in aboveground mass
caused by species native to China (%)
(a)
30
0
-30
-60
-90
Invasive
Native
Chomolaena odorata
The results from two-way nested ANOVAs
Source
Type III SS
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
Percent change in aboveground mass caused by native species from China
Range
222.279
1
222.279
0.105
0.747
Population (Range) 82868.880
8
10358.610
4.875
<0.000
Error: MS (Error)
90
2124.953
191245.763
Percent change in aboveground mass caused by native species from Mexico
Range
613.756
1
613.756
0.368
0.545
Population (Range) 22667.044
8
2833.381
1.701
0.109
Error: MS (Error)
90
1665.654
149908.837
8
Relative radicle length (%) Relative germination rate (%)
Fig. S3 Relative germination rate (percent of control; a-c) and relative radicle length (d-f) in
native species from China (white bars) and Mexico (black bars). Narrow bars indicate
means and SE (n = 5) for each species; two thicker bars in the center depict means and SE for
each range using mean of each population as replicate. *** indicates significant differences
between species native to Mexico and China at P ≤ 0.001 according to ANOVAs (Table S7).
160
(a) 0.25%
160
***
120
(b) 1.25%
120
120
80
80
40
40
40
0
0
0
160
160
(d) 0.25%
120
80
***
40
***
(e) 1.25%
80
***
160
120
120
80
80
40
0
(c) 2.5%
160
***
0
Mexico
China
Native species
The results from one-way ANOVAs
Source
Type III SS
Relative germination rate (0.25%)
Range
17490.962
Error: MS (Error)
113210.318
Relative germination rate (1.25%)
Range
21528.829
Error: MS (Error)
76009.518
Relative germination rate (2.5%)
Range
17192.749
Error: MS (Error)
65372.842
Relative radicle length (0.25%)
Range
45651.185
Error: MS (Error)
88333.651
Relative radicle length (1.25%)
Range
10707.247
Error: MS (Error)
22960.700
Relative radicle length (2.5%)
Range
4116.420
Error: MS (Error)
25853.100
Mexico
China
Native species
(f) 2.5%
***
40
0
Mexico
China
Native species
df
Mean Square
F-value
P-value
1
73
17490.962
1550.826
11.278
0.001
1
73
21528.829
1041.226
20.676
<0.000
1
73
17192.749
895.518
19.199
<0.000
1
73
45651.185
1210.050
37.727
<0.000
1
73
10707.247
314.530
34.042
<0.000
1
73
4116.420
354.152
11.623
0.001
9