Quiz Answer Key
sco.quiz.questions[1] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[1].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[1].correct = "1,2,4";
sco.quiz.questions[1].question = "Select the statements below that
correctly describe frontal fog and stratus events.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[1].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[1] = "Fog and/or stratus often form in
the shallow cold air north of a warm front boundary.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[2] = "Low stratus and fog can often form
within the cold air behind a cold front when a shallow dome of cold air
advects into a region where moist, warm air is present aloft.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[3] = "North-south oriented stationary
frontal boundaries can provide a focus for fog and stratus development,
especially north of the boundary.";
sco.quiz.questions[1].answers[4] = "With warm fronts, fog/stratus can
occur when the underlying cold air becomes saturated by evaporational
cooling and moisture advection into the layers.";
sco.quiz.questions[2] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[2].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[2].correct = "1,2,3,4,5,6";
sco.quiz.questions[2].question = "In fog and low stratus forecasting,
which of the following factors should be considered?";
sco.quiz.questions[2].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[2].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[1] = "Stability";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[2] = "Temperature";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[3] = "Moisture";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[4] = "Frontal position and movement";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[5] = "Terrain";
sco.quiz.questions[2].answers[6] = "Precipitation";
sco.quiz.questions[3] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[3].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[3].correct = "1,2";
sco.quiz.questions[3].question = "What are the primary characteristics
of water bodies that enhance the occurrence of fog events?";
sco.quiz.questions[3].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[3].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[1] = "Water surface temperatures contrast
significantly with adjacent land areas due to the large heat capacity
of water.";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[2] = "Water bodies provide a large
reservoir for moisture.";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[3] = "Winds are typically stronger near
and over water surfaces, allowing more mixing and advection within the
surface layer.";
sco.quiz.questions[3].answers[4] = "Differences in surface roughness
between water and land areas cause convergence and condensation.";
sco.quiz.questions[4] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[4].points_possible = 5;
sco.quiz.questions[4].correct = "3,4,5";
sco.quiz.questions[4].question = "What are key ingredients for fog or
stratus formation over the marine environment? ";
sco.quiz.questions[4].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[4].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[1] = "Moderate winds and turbulent mixing
over the water surface";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[2] = "Advection of warm air mass over a
warm water surface";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[3] = "Advection of the warm air mass over
a cold water surface";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[4] = "Presence of cold ocean currents,
cold lake surfaces, and/or upwelling";
sco.quiz.questions[4].answers[5] = "Presence of strong SST gradients
with wind trajectories toward colder water";
sco.quiz.questions[5] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[5].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[5].correct = "1,3";
sco.quiz.questions[5].question = "Which of the following statements
describe what can happen when warm, moist air is advected over colder
waters?";
sco.quiz.questions[5].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[5].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[1] = "The surface layer is cooled and
moistened from below. This causes a low-level inversion to develop,
allowing the lower boundary layer to saturate.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[2] = "Onshore warm advection causes
upwelling of coastal waters, which cools the ocean surface. The cooler
ocean surface then enhances condensation over the cooler SST region.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[3] = "Fog will not form if the air\'s
dewpoint is lower than the coldest SST the air mass will pass over.";
sco.quiz.questions[5].answers[4] = "If the trajectories are not too
long in time and space, the dewpoint and temperature of the air mass
will approach the SST.";
sco.quiz.questions[6] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[6].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[6].correct = "2,3,4,6";
sco.quiz.questions[6].question = "Which of the following statements
correctly describe characteristics of arctic sea smoke (steam fog)? ";
sco.quiz.questions[6].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[6].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[1] = "Occurs when warm air moves over
much colder water";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[2] = "Occurs when cold air moves over
much warmer water";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[3] = "Mostly occurs during Arctic
outbreaks";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[4] = "Occurs often over the Great Lakes";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[5] = "Mostly occurs during warm advection
events";
sco.quiz.questions[6].answers[6] = "Typically occurs behind a cold
front";
sco.quiz.questions[7] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[7].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[7].correct = "1,2,3,5";
sco.quiz.questions[7].question = "Marine fog or stratus interacting
with adjacent land areas can be affected by:";
sco.quiz.questions[7].instruction = " Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[7].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[1] = "Coastal convergence, which can
cause a sudden \"surge\" in the fog";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[2] = "Terrain or strong winds, which may
lift fog to a stratus layer";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[3] = "A warm/dry or unstable air mass
over land, which thins or dissipates the marine fog layer";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[4] = "Terrain features, which may cause
blocking and enhance fog on leeward slopes, but dissipate it on
windward slopes";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[5] = "Dry soil conditions, which tend to
decrease fog inland, while moist soils may help to maintain it";
sco.quiz.questions[7].answers[6] = "Marine fog\'s inability to
penetrate more than a couple miles inland";
sco.quiz.questions[8] = new SelectTable();
sco.quiz.questions[8].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[8].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[8].correct = "2,3,1,4";
sco.quiz.questions[8].question = "During a typical return flow event,
in what order do the following occur? ";
sco.quiz.questions[8].instruction = "Use the selection box to choose
the correct number.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[8].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1][0] = "Axis of high pressure system
moves east, low-level stability increases over the water and
strengthens the offshore marine layer, resulting in fog formation over
the Gulf.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[1][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2][0] = "Southerly flow increases warm
advection over the Gulf, and the offshore marine layer is advected
toward the coast.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[2][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3][0] = "Cold advection from the north
pushes the marine layer offshore, cooling the land, while the air over
the water is warmed and moistened.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[3][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4][0] = "Deceleration and convergence
along coast enhance fog development over coastal and adjacent inland
areas.";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4][1] = "1";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4][2] = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4][3] = "3";
sco.quiz.questions[8].answers[4][4] = "4";
sco.quiz.questions[9] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[9].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[9].correct = "2,3,4";
sco.quiz.questions[9].question = "Terrain impacts the occurrence of
continental fog and stratus in which of the following ways?";
sco.quiz.questions[9].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[9].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[1] =
moistening along windward slopes";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[2] =
valleys";
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[3] =
sco.quiz.questions[9].answers[4] =
fog along windward slopes";
"Can inhibit low-level cooling and
"Promotes pooling of cold air in
"Traps moisture in low-lying areas";
"Enhances condensation and promotes
sco.quiz.questions[10] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[10].points_possible = 7;
sco.quiz.questions[10].correct = "1,4,5,6,7";
sco.quiz.questions[10].question = "What factors may indicate
dissipation of a continental fog or stratus event?";
sco.quiz.questions[10].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[10].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[1] = "Decrease in moisture due to air
trajectory changes";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[2] = "Weak mechanical lifting and
blocking by local terrain features";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[3] = "Increase in subsidence";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[4] = "Increases in upward vertical
motions that may be associated with an approaching dynamic system";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[5] = "Inversion weakening through
daytime heating of the fog or cloud layer";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[6] = "Forecast soundings that indicate
the transfer of higher-level momentum into the lower boundary layer";
sco.quiz.questions[10].answers[7] = "Switching from warm advection to
dry, cold advection";
sco.quiz.questions[11] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[11].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[11].correct = "2,3,4";
sco.quiz.questions[11].question = "What factors may indicate
dissipation of a marine fog or stratus event?";
sco.quiz.questions[11].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[11].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[1] = "Increase in wind speed";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[2] = "Change in air trajectory to a more
continental source";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[3] = "Movement of cloud cover over the
fog layer";
sco.quiz.questions[11].answers[4] = "Advection of fog inland over a
drier and warmer underlying surface";
sco.quiz.questions[12] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[12].points_possible = 4;
sco.quiz.questions[12].correct = "1,3,4";
sco.quiz.questions[12].question = "What features of convective systems
can be associated with fog or low stratus events? ";
sco.quiz.questions[12].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[12].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[1] = "Thunderstorm outflow boundaries";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[2] = "Thunderstorm updraft regions";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[3] = "Cold pools";
sco.quiz.questions[12].answers[4] = "Stratiform rain regions";
sco.quiz.questions[13] = new Radio();
sco.quiz.questions[13].points_possible = 1;
sco.quiz.questions[13].correct = "2";
sco.quiz.questions[13].question = "Upwelling can enhance fog or stratus
development. Which of the following best describes the process and
where it can occur?";
sco.quiz.questions[13].instruction = "Choose the <b>best</b> answer.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[13].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[1] = "A process that causes cold,
subsurface waters to rise to the surface, thereby mixing warmer surface
waters through the Ekman transport process and causing an average ocean
temperature increase. Occurs along the west coast of North America.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[2] = "A process that occurs in oceans
when alongshore flow forces Ekman transport of surface waters away from
the coast, allowing cold subsurface waters to rise to the surface. The
process is most common along the west coast of continents, but can
occur almost anywhere along-shore flow transports water away from the
coast for a significant period of time.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[3] = "A process that causes surface
waters to sink and colder water to rise. It is most common along the
east coasts of continents, but can occur almost anywhere alongshore
flow (also called Ekman transport) transports water away from the
coast.";
sco.quiz.questions[13].answers[4] = "A process that occurs when
prevailing alongshore flow forces Ekman transport of colder subsurface
waters away from coast, allowing warmer surface waters to well up to
the surface. Occurs along the west coast of North America.";
sco.quiz.questions[14] = new Checkbox();
sco.quiz.questions[14].points_possible = 6;
sco.quiz.questions[14].correct = "1,2,3,5";
sco.quiz.questions[14].question = "Occluded or dissipating lows provide
an environment favorable for fog and stratus formation. Which of the
following conditions, often associated with these systems, are
conducive to fog and/or stratus formation?";
sco.quiz.questions[14].instruction = "Choose <b>all</b> that apply.";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[14].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[1] = "Very moist low levels";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[2] = "Some light precipitation";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[3] = "Low-level convergence";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[4] = "Moderate wind speeds near the low
center";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[5] = "Few mid- and upper-level clouds";
sco.quiz.questions[14].answers[6] = "Deep cloud layers near the low
center";
sco.quiz.questions[15] = new SelectTable();
sco.quiz.questions[15].points_possible = 8;
sco.quiz.questions[15].points_distribution = "1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[15].correct = "2,1,1,2,1,2,1,1";
sco.quiz.questions[15].question = "Select the statements that are true
about fog and stratus events.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].instruction = "Use the selection boxes to choose
True or False.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic = "";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic_width = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[15].graphic_height = "0";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[1] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[1][0] = "Most return-flow low stratus
and fog events occur during the warmer months.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[1][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[1][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[2] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[2][0] = "Gulf return-flow patterns in
the warm season occasionally cause extended periods of low ceilings
when overrunning develops north of a stalled frontal system. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[2][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[2][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[3] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[3][0] = "Cold season return-flow events
occur when low-level moisture is transported north on the backside of
retreating surface anticyclones. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[3][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[3][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[4] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[4][0] = "Gulf return flow does not
penetrate more than 25-50 miles inland. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[4][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[4][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[5] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[5][0] = "Convective systems can
precondition the atmosphere for fog development, especially if the
convection occurs in the evening hours and is followed by clearing. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[5][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[5][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[6] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[6][0] = "Large-scale subsidence will
help weaken the low-level inversion and the fog or stratus layer.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[6][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[6][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[7] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[7][0] = "Increased turbulence above the
inversion level can mix in dry air, break up the inversion, and
eventually dissipate the fog layer. ";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[7][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[7][2] = "False";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[8] = new Array();
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[8][0] = "Warm SSTs often inhibit fog
formation and contribute to its dissipation when fog is advected over
warmer waters.";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[8][1] = "True";
sco.quiz.questions[15].answers[8][2] = "False";