Metaphors in the History of Psychology
About the Authors
Preface
Psyche’s Muse: The Role of Metaphor in the History of Psychology
Preliminary Distinctions and Discussions
My Own Thesis
The Definition of Metaphor and its Relation to Other Figures of Speech and Thought
Metaphorical versus Literal Language and Thought
A Selective and Illustrative Historical Survey: Metaphor in the History of Western Thought and Science
Thoughts about Metaphor in Early Greek Philosophy
Metaphor and the Rise of Modern Science
Metaphor in Biological Science
Metaphor in Social Science
Metaphor in the Origin of Psychological Concepts
Descartes and the Mechanistic Metaphor in Psychology
Freud and the Metaphors of Psychoanalysis
James and the Metaphorical Nature of Scientific Thought
Conclusion: Psyche’s Muse in the Twentieth Century and Beyond
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
From Metaphors to Models: The Use of Analogy in Neuropsychology
The Impact of Telecommunications
The Impact of Control Systems Engineering
The Impact of Computer Science
The Impact of Holography (Parallel Distributed Processing)
Summing Up: How Human Beings Go About Understanding Themselves
Acknowledgment
Note
References
Inner Feelings, Works of the Flesh, The Beast Within, Diseases of the Mind, Driving Force, and Putting On a
Show: Six Metaphors of Emotion and their Theoretical Extensions
Metaphors of Emotion in Historical Perspective
Metaphors of Emotion in Contemporary Psychological Theory
The Phenomenological Tradition
The Psychophysiological Tradition
The Ethological Tradition
The Psychodynamic Tradition
The Drive Tradition
Some Further Observations on the Relationship Between Theory and Metaphor
Another Metaphor: Emotions as Social Rules
Concluding Observations
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
Motives and Metaphors: A Study in Scientific Creativity
The Concept of Motive
The Concept of Metaphor
Metaphors in Motivational Psychology
Controlling Powers: Persons as Pawns
Personal Control: Persons as Agents
Inherent Tendencies: Persons as Natural Entities
Bodily Processes: Persons as Organisms
Inner Forces: Persons as Machines
Theoretical Implications
Final Comments
Notes
References
Cognitive Metaphors in Experimental Psychology
The Organization and Goals of this Chapter
What Is Metaphor? - Our Point of View
Cognitive Metaphor
Cognitive Metaphors in Natural Language
Cognitive Metaphors in the History of Psychology: An Overview of Our Western Heritage
Memory Metaphors
Case Study 1: Perception and Psychophysics
Threshold Metaphors
Backward Masking
Case Study 2: Pattern Recognition
Computer Metaphors
Case Study 3: Gibson’s Ecological Psychology of Perception
The Cartesian-Helmholtzian Tradition
Gibson’s Ecological Alternative
“Direct” versus “Indirect” Perception
Comparison of the Gibsonian and Information-Processing Views
Case Study 4: Motor Skills
Feedback
Loops
Adams’s Trace Theory
Schmidt’s Schema Theory
Mixed Metaphors
Case Study 5: Attention Research
Case Study 6: The Issue of Representation in Cognitive Science
What Is a Representation?
Representations as Essences
As Vision
As Theatrical Performances
As Mappings
As Language or Symbolic Forms
Metaphors for Mental Representation in Information-Processing Psychology
Time and Process
Image Representations
Metaphors for Representation in Artificial Intelligence
The Metaphorical Interface
On the “Misuse” of Metaphor
Representational Imperialism
Mixed Metaphors
Reification
The Myth of Literalness
Some Implications for the Philosophy of Science
Is Metaphor Necessary?
Metaphor as Process
Metaphor and Model
Metaphor and the Falsification of Theories
The Cognitive-Experimental Approach to the Philosophy of Science
Acknowledgments
Note
References
Metaphors of Consciousness and Cognition in the History of Psychology
Basic Metaphors of Consciousness
Basic Metaphors of Cognition
The Metaphors of Today and Tomorrow
References
Metaphors of Knowledge and Behavior in the Behaviorist Tradition
Metaphor in the Behaviorist Tradition
The Early Tradition
Tolman: Maps and Mazes
Hull: The Organism in the World Machine
Skinner: Selection by Consequences and the Concept of Biological Economy
The Place of Metaphor in Science: Growing Edges or Metaphysical Core?
Notes
References
Metaphor, Metatheory, and the Social World
The Metaphoric and the Literal in Social Theory
Metaphor in the Construction of Social Understanding
Metaphor and Conceptual Problem Solving
Metaphor as Agency of Social Change
Metaphor and Legitimation
Metaphor as Collective Expression
The Historical Legacy
The Group as Human Organism
The Human as Animal
Social Life as Physical Structure
Social Metaphors in the Scientific Era
Social Life as Animal Laboratory
Neobehaviorism: The Machina ex Deo
Symbolic Interaction: Society as Meaningful Relations
The Social World as Marketplace
The Social World as Stage
From the Individual to the Social Unit
Concluding Thoughts
References
Metaphors of Unwanted Conduct: A Historical Sketch
The Mental Illness Metaphor
Psychopathology
The Mechanization of Hysteria
Schizophrenia: An Exercise in Metaphor
Hallucination: The Psychology of Believed-in Imaginings
Metaphors of Intervention
Behaviorist Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
Existential Therapy
Social Systems Therapy
Coda
Notes
References
Generative Metaphor and the History of Psychological Discourse
Problems in the Historiography of Psychology
The History of Associationism and the Metaphor of Aggregation
The Multiple Reference of Extended Metaphors
The Cultural Embeddedness of Metaphors
Notes
References
Metaphor, Theory, and Practice in the History of Psychology
Notes
References
Name Index
Subject Index
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The Cybernetic Theory of Ego Transcendence