Journalism History Index and Abstracts
(Abstracts available only since vol. 27:1 (Spring 2001)
Volume 1, No. 1, Spring 1974
Carey, James W. “The Problem of Journalism History.” 3-5, 27.
Covert, Cathy. “Some Thoughts on Research.” 32-33.
Dennis, Everette E. (with Melvin L. Dennis). “100 Years of Political Cartooning.” 6-10.
Walrath, Ronald. “The Media Collection of the Minnesota State Historical Society.” 26-27.
Whitaker, W. Richard. “The Night Harding Died.” 16-19.
Wilson, Herschel (Pete). “How Far West is West? The Gazettes and the Alleghanies.” 24-25.
Yodelis, Mary Ann. “Courts, Counting Houses and Streets: Attempts at Press Control, 17631775.” 11-15.
Volume 1, No. 2, Summer 1974
Anderson, Fenwick. “Hail to the Editor-in Chief: Harding vs. Cox, 1920.” 46-49.
Buchstein, Frederick D. “The Anarchist Press in American Journalism.” 43-45.
Jensen, Jay. “The New Journalism in Historical Perspective.” 37, 66.
King, C. Richard. “Carey Wentworth Styles: The Texas Years, 1881-1897.” 52-53, 55.
McClary, Maclyn H. “The Tribune and the California Gold.” 62.
Peterson, Gale E. “American Newspapers: Proposal for a National Project.” 56-60, 62.
Schwarzlose, Richard A. “A Plea from Amid the Letter Boxes.” 50-51.
Webb, Joseph M. “Historical Perspective on the New Journalism.” 38-42, 60.
Wright, Donald K. “Wyoming’s Archive of Contemporary History.” 61.
Volume 1, No. 3, Autumn 1974
Baldasty, Gerald J. “Flirting with Social Science: Methodology and Virginia Newspapers, 178586.” 86-88.
Crotts, Gail. “‘A Spectacular Coup’: Television and the 1948 Conventions.” 90-93.
Mather, Anne. “A History of Feminist Periodicals, Part I.” 82-85.
Murray, Michael D. “Television’s Desperate Moment: A Conversation with Fred W. Friendly.”
68-71.
Murray, Randall L. “Edwin Lawrence Godkin: Unbending Editor in Times of Change.” 68-71.
Pfaff, Daniel W. “The Press and Scottsboro Rape Cases, 1931-32.” 80-84.
Sullivan, Paul W. “G.D. Crain Jr. and the Founding of Advertising Age.” 94-95.
Volume 1, No. 4, Winter 1974
Beasley, Maurine. “Pens and Petticoats: Early Women Washington Correspondents.” 112-15.
Henry, Susan J. “Margaret Draper: Colonial Printer Who Challenged the Patriots.” 141-44.
Marzolf, Marion, Ramona Rush and Darlene Stern. “The Literature of Women in Journalism
History.” 117-28.
Mather, Anne. “A History of Feminist Periodicals, Part II.” 108-11.
Schneider, Norma. “Clementina Rind: ‘Editor, Daughter, Mother and Wife.’” 137-40.
Yodelis, Mary Ann. “An Editorial: On Ending the Footnote Syndrome.” 99.
Volume 2, No. 1, Spring 1975
Marzolf, Marion. “The Woman Journalist: Colonial Printer to City Desk, Part II.” 24-27, 32.
Mather, Anne. “A History of Feminist Periodicals, Part III.” 19-23, 31.
Smith, F. Leslie. “Selling of the Pentagon and the First Amendment.” 2-5, 14.
Steffens, Pete. “The Identity Struggle of Lincoln Steffens—Writer or Reporter?” 16-18, 32.
Wright, Donald K. “Hiram Brundage and Wyoming’s First Newspaper.” 15, 32.
Volume 2, No. 2, Summer 1975
Gilbert, David A. “Eric W. Allen: Journalism Educator and Historian.” 50-53.
Jowett, Garth S. “Toward a History of Communication.” 34-37.
Lent, John A. “English-Speaking Caribbean Media History: Bibliographic References and
Research Sources.” 58-60.
Marzolf, Marion. “Operationalizing Carey: An Approach to the Cultural History of Journalism.”
42-43.
Morris, Richard B. “Europe, the Press and the Declaration of Independence.” 48-49, 63.
Schwarzlose, Richard A. “First Things First: A Proposal.” 38-39, 63.
Stevens, John D. “Journalism Manuscripts in the Michigan Historical Collections.” 57.
Weaver, David H. “Frank Luther Mott and the Future of Journalism History.” 44-47.
Yodelis, Mary Ann. “Genteel Rooms, Umbrilloes, and Velvet Corks: Advertising in the Boston
Press, 1763-1775.” 40-47.
Volume 2, No. 3, Autumn 1975
Adamson, June. “Nellie Kenyon and the Scopes ‘Monkey Trial.’” 88-89, 97.
Covert, Cathy. “A View of the Press in the Twenties.” 66-67, 92-96.
Howard, Herbert H. “Broadcast Station Group Ownership: A 20th Century Phenomenon.” 68-71,
83.
Hudson, Robert V. “Will Irwin’s Crusade for the League of Nations.” 84-85, 97.
Jowett, Garth S. “Flappers, Fords and Films: The Movies in Twenties America.” 72-75, 87.
Stevens, George E. “Winning the Pulitzer Prize: The Indianapolis Times Battles Political
Corruption, 1926-27.” 80-83.
Wesolowski, James Walter. “Before Canon 35: WGN Broadcasts the Monkey Trial.” 76-79, 8687.
Whitaker, W. Richard. “The Working Press and the Harding Myth.” 90-91.
Volume 2, No. 4, Winter 1975
Belman, Larry S. “Robert Ezra Park: An Intellectual Portrait of a Journalist and Communication
Scholar.” 122-24.
Bridges, Lamar W. “Eliza Jane Nicholson of the Picayune.” 110-15.
Giffard, C.A. “Ancient Rome’s Daily Gazette.” 106-109.
McKerns, Joseph P. “Ben Perley Poore’s Reminiscences: A Reliable Source for Research?” 12527.
Volume 3, No. 1, Spring 1976
Baldasty, Gerald J. “Toward an Understanding of the First Amendment: Boston Newspapers,
1782-1791.” 25-30, 32.
Henry, Susan. “Colonial Woman Printer as Prototype Toward a Model for the Study of
Minorities.” 20-24.
Steirer, William F., Jr. “A Study in Prudence: Philadelphia’s ‘Revolutionary’ Journalists.” 2-6,
10.
Yodelis, Mary Ann. “The Press in Wartime: Portable and Penurious.” 2-6, 10.
Volume 3, No. 2, Summer 1976
Brodie, Fawn. “Professor Brodie Replies.” 59-60.
Knudson, Jerry. “Jefferson the Father of Slave Children? One View of the Book Reviewers.” 5658.
Lorenz, A.L. “‘Out of Sorts and Out of Cash’: Problems of Publishing in Wisconsin Territory,
1833-1848.”
McIntyre, Jerilyn. “Communication on a Western Frontier – Some Questions About Context.”
53-55, 63.
Volume 3, No. 3, Autumn 1976
Garrison, Bruce M. “William Hodding Carter Jr.: A Different Perspective of the Crusading
Editor.” 90-93, 96.
Garvey, Daniel E. “Secretary Hoover and the Quest for Broadcast Regulation.” 66-70, 85.
Hixson, Richard F. “Literature for Trying Times: Some Pamphlet Writers and the Revolution.”
76-79.
Hudson, Robert V. “The English Roots of Benjamin Franklin’s Journalism.” 76-79.
Pfaff, Daniel W. “The Letters of H. L. Mencken and Fred Lew Patee, 1922-1948.” 80-84.
Smith, Robert W. “What Came After?: News Diffusion and Significance of the Boston
Massacre, 1770-1775.” 71-75, 85.
Stevens, John D. “Museum of Cartoon Art Offers Possibilities for Research.” 89.
Whitfield, Stephen J. “Dwight Macdonald’s Politics Magazine.” 86-88, 96.
Volume 3, No. 4, Winter 1976
Beasley, Maurine. “The Curious Career of Anne Royall.” 98-102.
Bennion, Sherilyn C. “Fremont Older: Advocate for Women.” 124-127.
Elwood, Virgina, compiler. “A Preliminary Bibliography: Images of Women in the Media, 197176.” 121-23.
Marzolf, Marion, compiler. “The Literature of Women in Journalism History: A Supplement.”
116-120
Masel-Walters, Lynne. “A Burning Cloud by Day: The History and Content of the Woman’s
Journal.” 103-10.
McKerns, Joseph P. “Industry Skeptics and Radio Regulation in the 1920s.” 128-31.
Williamson, Mary E. “Judith Cary Waller: Chicago Broadcasting Pioneer.” 111-15.
Volume 4, No. 1, Spring 1977
Nischan, Bodo. “Propaganda in An Age of Ideological Division: The Case of Saxony in the
Thirty Years War.” 23-29.
Nord, David Paul. “First Steps Toward A Theory of Press Control.” 23-29.
Ohrn, Karin Becker. “What You See Is What You Get: Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams in
Manzanar.” 14-22.
Volume 4, No. 2, Summer 1977
Chacon, Ramon D. “The Chicano Immigrant Press in Los Angeles: The Case of ‘El Heraldo de
Mexico’ 1916-1920.” 48-50, 62-64.
Chavira, Ricardo. “A Case Study: Reporting of Mexican Emigration and Deportation.” 48-50,
62-64.
Flores, Ricardo (with Jorge Reina Schement). “The Origins of Spanish-Language Radio: The
Case of San Antonio, Texas.” 56-58.
Gonzales, Juan. “Forgotten Pages: Spanish-Language Newspapers in the Southwest.” 50-51.
Griswold-Del Castillo, Richard. “The Mexican Revolution and the Spanish-Language Press in
the Borderlands.” 42-47.
Gutierrez, Felix (with Jorge Reina Schement), compiler. “Chicanos and the Media: A
Bibliography of Selected Materials.” 52-55.
Gutierrez, Felix. “Spanish-Language Media in American: Background, Resources, History.” 3441.
Schement, Jorge Reina (with Felix Gutierrez), compiler. “Chicanos and the Media: A
Bibliography of Selected Materials.” 52-55.
Schement, Jorge Reina (with Ricardo Flores). “The Origins of Spanish Language Radio: The
Case of San Antonio, Texas.” 56-58.
Volume 4, No. 3, Autumn 1977
Godfrey, Donald G. “The 1927 Radio Act: People and Politics.” 74-78.
Hynes, Terry. “Media Manipulation and Political Campaigns: Bruce Barton and the Presidential
Elections of the Jazz Age.” 93-98.
Kaminski, Thomas H. “Congress, Correspondents and Confidentiality in the 19th Century: A
Preliminary Study.” 70-72.
McKerns, Joseph P. “The Limits of Progressive Journalism History.” 88-92.
Murphy, Sharon. “Neglected Pioneers: 19th Century Native American Newspapers.” 68-71.
Volume 4, No. 4, Winter 1977
Barrow, Lionel C., Jr. “‘Our Own Cause’: Freedom’s Journal and the Beginnings of the Black
Press.” 118-22.
Krieling, Albert. “The Rise of the Black Press in Chicago.” 132-36.
LaBrie, Henry G. “Black Newspapers: The Roots Are 150 Years Deep.” 132-36.
Nordin, Kenneth D. “In Search of Black Unity: An Interpretation of the Content and Function of
Freedom’s Journal.” 123-28.
O’Kelly, Charlotte G. “The Black Press: Conservative or Radical Reformist or Revolutionary?”
114-17.
Perry, Clay. “John P. Mitchell, Virginia’s Journalist of Reform.” 142-47.
Pride, Armistead S. “The Black Press to 1968: A Bibliography.” 148-153.
Strother, T. Ella. “The Black Image in the Chicago Defender, 1905-1975.” 137-41.
Volume 5, No. 1, Spring 1978
Bradshaw, James Stanford. “The Detroit Free Press in England.” 4-7.
Endres, Fred. F. “Philosophies, Practices and Problems in Teaching Journalism History.” 1-3.
Marzolf, Marion. “American Studies—Ideas for Media Historians?” 13-16.
Phillips, Gordon. “The Archives of the Times of London.” 26.
Steffens, Pete. “Franklin’s Early Attack on Racism” An Essay Against a Massacre of Indians.”
8-12, 31.
Ward, Jean. “Interdisciplinary Research and Journalism Historians.” 17-19.
Volume 5, No. 2, Summer 1978
Blanchard, Margaret A. “Press Criticism and National Reform Movements: The Progressive Era
and the New Deal.” 33-37, 54-55.
Christians, Clifford G. (with Quentin J. Schultze and Norman H. Sims). “Community,
Epistemology and Mass Media Ethics.” 38-41, 65-67.
Fortner, Robert S. “The Self-Conscious Image and the Myth of an Ethical Press.” 46-49.
McKerns, Joseph P. “Media Ethics: A Bibliographical Essay.” 50-53, 68.
Schultze, Quentin J. (with Clifford G. Christians and Norman H. Sims). “Community,
Epistemology and Mass Media Ethics.” 38-41, 65-67.
Sims, Norman H. (With Clifford G. Christians and Quentin J. Schultze). “Community,
Epistemology and Mass Media Ethics.” 38-41, 65-67.
Volume 5, No. 3, Autumn 1978
Bytwerk, Randall L. “Julius Streicher and the Early History of Der Sturmer, 1923-1933.” 74-79.
Francke, Warren. “An Argument in Defense of Sensationalism: Probing the Popular and
Historiographical Concept.” 70-73.
List, Karen. “William Cobbett in Philadelphia, 1794-1799.” 80-83, 104.
Smith, Donald L. “Zecharia Chafee Jr. and the Positive View of Press Freedom.” 86-92.
Stevens, John D. ed. “‘Schools Need to Keep Balance’: Excerpts from Bush, Nafziger Tapes.”
84-85.
Volume 5, No. 4, Winter 1978
Britton, John A. “In Defense of Revolution: American Journalists in Mexico, 1920-1929.” 12430.
Casey Jr., William E. “The Press and the 1952 New Hampshire Primary: A Perception of
Significance.” 114-19.
Schwarzlose, Richard A. “A Conversation with Frederick S. Siebert.” 106-109, 123.
Winfield, Betty Houchin. “F.D.R.’s Pictorial Image, Rules and Boundaries.” 110-13.
Volume 6, No. 1, Spring 1979
Allen, Christopher (with Everette E. Dennis). “Puck, the Comic Weekly.” 2-7, 13.
Brunn, Stanley D. (with Karl B. Raitz). “Geographic Patterns in the Historical Development of
Farm Publications.” 14-15, 32.
O’Rourke, James. S. “The San Francisco Chronicle and the Air Mail Emergency of 1934.” 8-13.
Raitz, Karl B. (with Stanley D. Brunn). “Geographic Patterns in the Historical Development of
Farm Publications.” 14-15, 32.
Zynda, Thomas H. “The Hollywood Version: Movie Portrayals of the Press.” 16-25, 32.
Volume 6, No. 2, Summer 1979
Lacourse, Richard. “An Indian Perspective—Native American Journalism: An Overview.” 3438.
Luebke, Barbara P. “Elias Boudinot, Indian Editor: Editorial Columns from the Cherokee
Phoenix.” 48-51.
McIntyre, Jerilyn S. “The Hutchins Commission’s Search for a Moral Framework.” 54-57, 63.
Murphy, Sharon. “American Indians and the Media: Neglect and Stereotype.” 39-43.
Riley, Sam G. “A Note of Caution—The Indian’s Own Prejudice, as Mirrored in the First Native
American Newspaper.” 44-47.
Volume 6, No. 3, Autumn 1979
Ballesteros, Ernesto (with Felix Gutierrez). “The 1541 Earthquake: Dawn of Latin American
Journalism.” 78-83.
Gutierrez, Felix (with Ernesto Ballesteros). “The 1541 Earthquake: Dawn of Latin American
Journalism.” 78-83.
Hester, Al. “Newspapers and Newspaper Prototypes in Spanish America, 1541-1750.” 73-77, 88.
Kahan, Robert S. “Historians: Our Critics, Craft and Mental Health.” 70-72.
Vivian, John H. “Through with Thru at the Chicago Tribune: The McCormick Spelling
Experiment.” 84-87, 96.
Volume 6, No. 4, Winter 1979
Bradshaw, James Stanford. “George W. Wisner and the New York Sun.” 112, 117-20.
Henry, Susan. “Private Lives: An Added Dimension for Understanding Journalism History.” 90102.
McGlashan, Zena Beth. “The Professor and the Prophet: John Dewey and Franklin Ford.” 107111, 123.
Sloan, Wm. David. “George Wisner: Michigan Editor and Politician.” 113-16.
Taylor, Sally. “Marx and Greeley on Slavery and Labor.” 103-106, 122.
Volume 7, No. 1, Spring 1980
Beasley, Maurine (with Richard R. Harlow). “Oral History: Additional Tool for Journalism
Historians.” 38-39.
Harlow, Richard R. (with Maurine Beasley). “Oral History: Additional Tool for Journalism
Historians.” 38-39.
Tenney, Craig D. “The1943 Debate on Opinionated Broadcast News.” 11-15.
Wilson, C. Edward. “The Boston Inoculation Controversy: A Revolutionist Interpretation.” 1619, 40.
Volume 7, No. 2, Summer 1980
Bennion, Sherilyn Cox. “A Working List of Women Editors of the 19th-Century West.” 60-65.
Cloud, Barbara L. “A Party Press? Not Just Yet! Political Publishing on the Frontier.” 54-55, 7273.
Dicken Garcia, Hazel. “Letters Tell the News (Not ‘Fit to Print’?) About The Kentucky
Frontier.” 49-53.
Dyer, Carolyn Stewart. “Economic Dependence and Concentration of Ownership Among
Antebellum Wisconsin Newspapers.” 42-46.
McKerns, Joseph P. “Television Docudramas: The Image as History.” 24-25, 40.
Volume 7, Nos. 3 & 4, Autumn-Winter 1980
Baldasty, Gerald J. “The Boston Press and Politics in Jacksonian America.” 104-108.
Beasley, Maurine. Lorena A. Hickok: Woman Journalist.” 92-95, 113.
Bertrand, Claude-Jean (with Everette E. Dennis). “Seldes at 90: They Don’t Give Pulitzers for
that Kind of Criticism.” 81-86, 119.
Bethune, Beverly M. “A Case of Overkill: The FBI and the New York City Photo League.” 87
91, 108.
Dennis, Everette E. (with Claude-Jean Bertrand). “Seldes at 90: They Don’t Give Pulitzers for
that Kind of Criticism.” 81-86, 119.
Hynes, Terry. “A Conversation with Leonard Levy.” 96-103.
Stevens, John D. “The Black Press looks at 1920’s Journalism.” 109-113.
Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 1981
Beasley, Maurine. “A Conversation with Sidney Kobre.” 18-24.
Covert, Catherine L. “Journalism History and Women’s Experience: A Problem in Conceptual
Change.” 2-6.
Garrison, Bruce L. “Robert Walsh’s American Review: America’s First Quarterly.” 14-17.
McGlashan, Zena Beth. “Club Ladies’ and Working ‘Girls’: Rita Childe Dorr and the New York
Evening Post.” 7-13.
Volume 8, No. 2, Summer 1981
Farrar, Ronald. “Harry Truman and the Press: A View from Inside.” 56-62, 70.
Farrar, Ronald. “Planted Questions and the President.” 60.
Shaw, Donald Lewis. “At The Crossroads: Change and Continuity in American Press News
1820-1860.” 38-50.
Shaw, Donald Lewis. “Some Notes on Methodology: Change and Continuity in American Press
News 1820-1860.” 51-53, 76.
Winfield, Betty H. “Mrs. Roosevelt’s Press Conference Association: The First Lady Shines a
Light.” 63-70.
Volume 8, Nos. 3 & 4, Autumn-Winter 1981
Burd, Gene. “The Ghost Town Newspaper: An ‘Autopsy’ Approach to the Frontier Press.” 99101.
Dicken Garcia, Hazel. “Drawing on Other Disciplines: Form versus Substance.” 96-98.
Gray, Richard. “The Uses of Journalism History.” 84-85.
Halverson, Roy. “Journalism History: The Heart of the Curriculum.” 86-87.
Javusch, David (with Jerilyn S. McIntyre). “Teaching Communication History in a Combined
Speech/Journalism Curriculum.” 88-90.
La Brie, Henry G. “History in the Journalism Curriculum.” 78-79, 111.
McIntyre, Jerilyn (with David Javusch). “Teaching Communication History in a Combined
Speech/Journalism Curriculum.” 88-90.
Scwarzlose, Richard. “The Grand Tour: On the Road to Passable Pedagogy.” 82-83.
Smith, Jeffrey A. “Further Steps Toward a Theory of Press Control.” 93-95.
Taft, William H. “The Summing Up… After 35 Years.” 91-92.
Volume 9, No. 1, Spring 1982
Carpenter, Reed L. “John L. Morrison and the Origins of the Minnesota Gag Law.” 16-17, 2528.
Mander, Mary S. “Pen and Sword: Problems of Reporting the Spanish-American War.” 2-9, 28.
Sloan, Wm. David. “The Early Party Press: The Newspaper Role in American Politics, 17881812.” 18-24.
Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1982
Kessler, Lauren. “Against the American Grain: The Lonely Voice of Politics Magazine, 19441949.” 49-52, 60.
Kielbowicz, Richard B. “Newsgathering by Printers’ Exchanges Before the Telegraph.” 42-48.
Kocher, Douglas J. “Temporary Vilification: The Chicago Press and Chester Arthur, 1881.” 5355, 60.
Volume 9, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1982
Beasley, Maurine. “The Muckrakers and Lynching: A Case Study in Racism.” 86-91.
O’Rourke, James Schofield IV. “The Development of Color Television: A Study in the
Freemarket Process.” 106-107.
Roff, Sandra Shoiock. “A Feminine Expression: Ladies’ Periodicals in the New York Historical
Society Collection.” 92-99.
Volume 10, Nos. 1&2, Spring-Summer 1983
Atwood, Roy Alden. “Handwritten Newspapers on the Iowa Frontier, 1844-1917.” 18-23.
Atwood, Roy Alden. “The Rural Press and the Electronic Mythos: Images and Interlocking
Interests in Southeastern Iowa: 1900-1907.” 18-24.
Bradshaw, James Stanford. “The Journalist as Pariah: Three Muckraking Newspaper Novels by
Samuel Hopkins Adams.” 10-13.
Roberts, Nancy L. “Journalism for Justice: Dorothy Da and the Catholic Worker.” 2-9.
Parmenter, William. “The Jungle and its Effects.” 14-17, 33-34.
Volume 10, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1983
Baldasty, Gerald J. “The Washington, D.C., Political Press in the Age of Jackson.” 68-71.
Emery, Michael. “The Writing of American Journalism History.” 38-43.
Volume 11, Nos. 1&2, Spring-Summer 1984
Coll, Gary. “Noah Webster, Magazine Editor and Publisher.” 26-31.
Emery, Michael. “A Conversation with Robert W. Desmond.” 11-17.
Henry, Susan. “Reporting ‘Deeply and at First Hand’: Helen Campbell in the 19th-Century
Slums.” 18-25.
Masel-Walters, Lynne. “For the ‘Poor Mute Mothers’? Margaret Sanger and The Woman Rebel.”
10, 37.
Volume 11, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1984
Beasley, Maurine (with Paul Belgrade). “Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady as Radio Pioneer.” 4245.
Belgrade, Paul (with Maurine Beasley). “Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady as Radio Pioneer.” 4245.
Endres, Fredric F. “Frontier Obituaries as Cultural Reflectors: Toward ‘Operationalizing’ Cary’s
Thesis.” 54-60.
Stock, Raymond. “The Works of Vincent Sheean: The Dust of an Honest Man.” 46-50.
Weisenborn, Ray E. “Chet Huntley Revisited: A ‘Lost’ Candid Interview.” 51-53.
Volume 12, No. 1, Spring 1985
Bradley, Patricia. “Slavery in Colonial Newspapers: The Somerset Case.” 2-7.
Gray, Susanne (with Linda Steiner). “Genevieve Forbes Herrick: A Front Page Reporter ‘Pleased
to Write Women.’” 8-16.
Steiner, Linda (with Susanne Gray). “Genevieve Forbes Herrick: A Front Page Reporter ‘Pleased
to Write Women.’” 8-16.
Olasky, Marvin. “‘Bringing order out of Chaos’: Edward Bernays and the Salvation of Society
Through Public Relations.’” 17-21.
Volume 12, No. 2, Summer 1985
Carey, James W. “Excerpts from ‘The Problem of Journalism History.’” 51-53.
Cottrell, Robert. “I.F. Stone: A Maverick Journalist’s Battle with the Superpowers.” 62-67.
McGlashan, Zena Beth. “Women Witness the Russian Revolution: Analyzing Ways of Seeing.”
54-61.
Reilly, Tom. “‘Putting the World at Peril’: A Coversation with James W. Carey.” 38-50.
Volume 12, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1985
Francke, Warren T. “Sensationalism and the Development of 19th Century Reporting: The
Broom Sweeps Sensory Details.” 80-85.
Olasky, Marvin. “Late 19th Century Texas Sensationalism: Hypocrisy of Biblical Morality?” 96100.
Shaw, Donald Lewis (with John W. Slater). “In the Eye of the Beholder? Sensationalism in
American Press News, 1820-1860.”
Stephens, Mitchell. “Sensationalism and Moralizing in the 16th- and 17th-Century Newsbooks
and News Ballads.” 92-95.
Stevens, John D. “Sensationalism in Perspective.” 78-79.
Volume 13, No. 1, Spring 1986
Beasley, Maurine. “Women in Journalism Education: The Formative Period, 1908-1930.” 10-18.
Connery, Thomas B. “Hutchins Hapgood and the Search for a New Form of Literature.” 2-9.
Smith, C. Zoe. “Black Star Picture Agency: Life’s European Connection.” 19-25.
Washburn, Patrick S. “J. Edgar Hoover and the Black Press in World War II.” 26-33.
Volume 13, No. 2, Spring 1986
List, Karen K. “Magazine Portrayals of Women’s Role in the New Republic.” 64-70.
Nord, David Paul. “Tocqueville, Garrison an the Perfection of Journalism.” 56-63.
Olasky, Marvin. “Advertising Abortion During the 1830s and 1840s: Madame Restell Builds
Business.” 49-56.
Ponder, Stephen. “Federal News Management in the Progressive Era: Gifford Pinchot and the
Coservation Crusade.” 42-48.
Volume 13, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1986
Fleener, Nickieann. “‘Breaking Down Buyer Resistance’: Marketing the 2935 Pittsburgh
Courier to Mississippi Blacks.” 78-85.
Johnson, Owen V. “Unbridled Freedom: The Czech Press and Politics, 1918-1938.” 96-103.
Wyatt, Clarence R. “‘At the Cannon’s Mouth’: The American Press and the Vietnam War.” 10413.
Volume 14, No.1, Spring 1987
Blanchard, Margaret A. “Beyond Original Intent: Exploring a Broader Meaning of Freedom of
Expression.” 2-7.
Gleason, Timothy W. “19th-Century Legal Practice and Freedom of the Press: An Introduction to
Unfamiliar Terrain.” 26-33.
Humphrey, Carol Sue. “‘That Bulwark of Our Liberties’: Massachusetts Printers and the Issue of
a Free Press, 1783-1788.” 34-38.
Pilgrim, Tim A. “Privacy and American Journalism: An Economic Connection.” 18-27.
Smith, Jeffrey A. “Public Opinion and the Press Clause.” 8-17.
Volume 14, Nos. 2&3, Spring-Summer 1987
Buddenbaum, Judith M. “‘Judge… What Their Acts Will Justify’: The Religion Journalism of
James Gordon Bennett.” 54-67.
Hamilton, James F. “Newspapers, Migration and Small Town Culture.” 78-85.
Liebovich, Louis. “H.V. Kaltenborn and the Origins of the Cold War: A Study of Personal
Expression in Radio.” 46-53.
McIntyre, Jerilyn. “The Avisi of Venice: Toward an Archeology of Media Forms.” 68-77.
Volume 14, No. 4, Fall 1987
Heuterman, Thomas H. “We Have the Same Rights As Other Citizens: Coverage of Yakima
Valley Japanese Americans In the ‘Missing Decades’ of the 1920s and 1930s.” 94-103.
McChesney, Robert W. “Crusade Against Mammon: Father Harney, WLWL and the Debate
Over Radio in the 1930s.” 118-30.
McReynolds, Louise. “Female Journalists in Prerevolutionary Russia.” 104-10.
Shaw, Donald Lewis. “Rethinking Journalism History: How Some Recent Studies Support One
Approach.” 111-17.
Volume 15, No. 1, Spring 1988
Caswell, Lucy Shelton. “Edwina Dumm: Pioneer Woman Editorial Cartoonist, 1915-1917.” 2-7.
Caudill, Edward (with Susan Caudill). “Nation and Section: An Analysis of Key Symbols in the
Antebellum Press.” 16-25.
Caudill, Susan (with Edward Caudill). “Nation and Section: An Analysis of Key Symbols in the
Antebellum Press.” 16-25.
Karnick, Kristine Brunovska. “NBC and the Innovation of Television News, 1945-1953.” 26-34.
Nord, David Paul. “A Plea for Journalism History.” 8-15.
Volume 15, Nos. 2&3, Summer-Autumn 1988
Baldasty, Gerald (with Jeffrey Rutenbeck). “Money, Politics, and Newspapers: The Business
Environment of Press Partisanship in the Late 19th Century.” 60-69.
Cobb-Reilly, Linda. “Aliens and Alien Ideas: The Suppression of Anarchists and the Anarchist
Press in America, 1901-1914.” 50-59.
Kessler, Lauren. “Fettered Freedoms: The Journalism of World War II Japanese Internment
Camps.” 70-79.
Rutenbeck, Jeffrey (with Gerald Baldasty). Money, Politics, and Newspapers: The Business
Environment of Press Partisanship in the Late 19th Century.” 60-69.
Waller-Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. “Vera Connolly: Progressive Journalist.” 80-88.
Volume 15, No. 4, Winter 1988
Beasley, Maurine. “The Women’s National Press Club: Case Study in Professional Aspirations.”
112-21.
Freeman, Barbara M. “‘An Impertinent Fly’: Canadian Journalist Blake Watkins Covers the
Spanish-American War.” 132-40.
Knudson, Jerry W. “The Ultimate Weapon: Propaganda and the Spanish Civil War.” 102-11.
Scharlott, Bradford W. “The Hoosier Journalist and the Hooded Order: Indiana Press Reaction to
the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s.” 122-31.
Volume 16, Nos. 1&2, Spring-Summer 1989
Baughman, James L. “‘The World is Ruled by Those Who Holler the Loudest’: The Third
Person Effect in American Journalism History.” 12-19.
Kessler, Lauren. “Sixties Survivors: The Persistence of Countercultural Values in the Lives of
Underground Journalists.” 2-11.
Loupe, Diane E. “Storming and Defending the Color Barrier at the University of Missouri
School of Journalism: The Lucile Bluford Case.” 20-31.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “William W. Price: First White House Correspondent and Emblem of an
Era.” 32-41.
Volume 16, Nos. 3&4, Summer-Autumn 1989
Evensen, Bruce J. “Journalism’s Struggle over Ethics and Professionalism During America’s
Jazz Age.” 54-63.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “Alice Allison Dunnigan: An African-American Woman Journalist Who
Broke the Double Barrier.” 87-97.
Weston, Mary Ann. “The Daily Illustrated Times: Chicago’s Tabloid Newspaper.” 76-86.
Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. “Pathway to Success: Gertrude Battles Lane and the Woman’s Home
Companion.” 66-75.
Volume 17, Nos. 1&2, Spring-Summer 1989
Daniel, Walter C. and Patrick J. Huber. “The Voice of the Negro and the Atlanta Riot of 1906: A
Problem in the Freedom of the Press.” 23-28.
Ponder, Stephen. “Partisan Reporting and Presidential Campaigning: Gilson Gardner and E.W.
Scripps in the Election of 1912.” 3-12.
Rutenbeck, Jeffrey B. “Editorial Perception of Newspaper Independence and the Presidential
Campaign of 1872.” 13-22.
Volume 17, Nos. 3&4, Summer-Autumn 1989
Bindas, Kenneth J. “The Strains of Commitment: American Periodical Press and South Vietnam,
1955-1960.” 63-70.
McDaniel, Toni. “A ‘Hitler Myth’? American Perception of Adolf Hitler, 1933-1938.” 46-53.
Reed, Barbara Strauss. “Rosa Sonneschein and The American Jewess.” 54-62.
Volume 18 (single issue volume), 1992
Bekken, Jon. “‘The Most Vindictive and Most Vengeful Power’: Labor Confronts the Chicago
Newspaper Trust.” 11-17.
Liebovich, Louis. “Economics and United States Newspapers: Suggestions for Research.” 41-44.
Pilgrim, Tim A. “Newspapers as Natural Monopolies: Some Historical Considerations.” 3-10.
Simpson, Roger. “Seattle Newsboys: How Hustler Democracy Lost to the Power of Property.”
18-25.
Sotiron, Minko. “Concentration and Collusion in the Canadian Newspaper Industry, 1895-1920.”
26-32.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “Economic Conditions Surrounding Nineteenth-Century African-American
Women Journalists: Two Case Studies.” 33-40.
Volume 19, No. 1, Spring 1993
Harrison, Stanley L. “Bibliography of Press Criticism by Robert Benchley (Guy Fawkes) for the
New Yorker.” 26-27.
Stavitsky, Alan G. “Listening for Listeners: Educational Radio and Audience Research.” 11-18.
Theoharis, Athan. “The FBI, the Roosevelt Administration, and the ‘Subversive’ Press.” 3-10.
Volume 19, No. 2, Summer 1993
Dicken-Garcia, Hazel. “Reflections (on) Edwin Emery 1914-1993.” 42.
Haller, Beth. “The Little Papers: Newspapers at 19th-Century Schools for Deaf Persons.” 43-50.
Mitchell, Catherine. “Historiography: A New Direction for Research on the Woman’s Rights
Press.” 59-63.
Olmstead, Kathryn. “‘An American Conspiracy’: The Post-Watergate Press and the CIA.” 51-58.
Volume 19, No. 3, Autumn 1993
Collins, Ross F. “Positioning the War: The Evolution of Civilian War-Related Advertising in
France.” 79-86.
Ross, Felecia Jones. “The Cleveland Call and Post and the New Deal: A Change in African
American Thought.” 87-92.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “The Advocate: Setting the Standard for the Gay Liberation Press.” 93-102.
Volume 19, No. 4, Winter 1993
Ponder, Stephen. “‘Nonpublicity’ and the Unmaking of a President: William Howard Taft and
the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1909-1910.” 111-20.
Schaefer, Richard J. “Reconstructing Harvest of Shame: The Limitations of a Broadcast
Journalism Landmark.” 121-32.
Volume 20, No. 1, Spring 1994
Beasley, Maurine. “Mary Marvin Breckenridge Patterson: Case Study of One of ‘Murrow’s
Boys.’” 25-33.
Mulcrone, Mick. “‘Those Miserable Little Hounds’: World War I Censorship of the Irish
World.” 15-24.
Rivera-Sanchez, Milagros. “Developing an Indecency Standard: The Federal Communications
Commission and the Regulation of Offensive Speech, 1927-1964.” 3-14.
Volume 20, No. 2, Summer 1994
Egan, Kathryn S. “A Constructivist’s View of an Earthquake: Edith Irvine Photographs San
Francisco 1906.” 67-73.
Godfrey, Donald (with Alf Pratte). “Elma ‘Pem’ Farnsworth: The Pioneering of Television.” 7479.
Pratte, Alf (with Donald Godfrey). “Elma ‘Pem’ Farnsworth: The Pioneering of Television.” 7479.
Waters, Ken. “Christian Journalism’s Finest Hour? An Analysis of the Failure of the National
Courier and Inspiration.” 55-56.
Volume 20, Nos. 3&4, Autumn-Winter 1994
Caudill, Edward. “The Press and Tails of Darwin.” 107-115.
Dicken-Garcia, Hazel. “Mary Ann Yodelis Smith remembered.” 94-95.
Domke, David. “The Black Press in the ‘Nadir’ of African-Americans.” 131-38.
Moses, James L. “Journalistic Impartiality on the Eve of Revolution: the Boston Evening Press,
1770-1775.” 125-30.
Rhodes, Jane. “”Race, Money, Politics and the Antebellum Black Press.” 95-106.
Touba, Mariam. “Tom Paine’s Plan for Revolutionizing America: Diplomacy, Politics, and the
Evolution of a Newspaper Rumor.” 116-24.
Volume 21, No. 1, Spring 1995
Aucoin, James L. “The Re-emergence of American Investigative Journalism, 1960-1975.” 3-15.
Roberts, Nancy. “‘Ten Thousand Tongues’ Speaking for Peace: Purposes and Strategies of the
Nineteenth-Century Peace Advocacy Press.” 16-28.
Thornton, Brian. “Muckraking Journalists and Their Readers: Perceptions of Professionalism.”
29-41.
Volume 21, No. 2, Summer 1995
Bradley, Patricia. “Media Leaders and Personal Ideology: Margaret Cousins and the Women’s
Service Magazines.” 79-87.
Foust, James C. “E.W. Scripps and the Science News Service.” 58-64.
Kaplan, Richard. “The Economics of Popular Journalism in the Gilded Age: The Detroit Evening
News in 1873 and 1888.” 65-78.
Volume 21, No. 3, Autumn 1995
Brislin, Tom. “Extra! The Comic Book Journalist Survives the Censors of 1955.” 123-30.
Coward, John M. “Creating the Ideal Indian: The Case of the Poncas.” 112-21.
Rankin, Charles E. “Savage Journalists and Civilized Indians: A Different View.” 102-111.
Volume 21, No. 4, Winter 1995
Goldstein, Robert Justin. “Andre Gill and the Struggle Against Censorship of Caricature in
France, 1867-1879.” 146-54.
Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper. “Networking in the Nineteenth Century: The Founding of the Woman’s
Press Club of New York City.” 155-62.
Murray, Michael D. “Creating a Tradition in Broadcast News: A Conversation with David
Brinkley. 164-69.
Volume 22, No. 1, Spring 1996
Cronin, Mary M. “Brother’s Keeper: The Reform Journalism of The New England Magazine.”
15-23.
Nord, David Paul. “Harold (Bud) Nelson.” 37.
Zboray, Ronald J. (with Mary Saracino Zboray). “Political News and Female Readership in
Antebellum Boston and its Region.” 2-14.
Zboray, Mary Saracino (with Ronald J. Zboray). “Political News and Female Readership in
Antebellum Boston and its Region.” 2-14.
Volume 22, No. 2, Summer 1996
Bjork, Ulf Jonas. “The First International Journalism Organization Debates News Copyright,
1894-1898.” 56-63.
Fowler, Giles M. “Unsung Jazz: How Kansas City Papers Missed the Story.” 64-72.
Wars, Douglas B. “The Reader as Consumer: Curtis Publishing Company and its Audience,
1910-1930.” 46-55.
Volume 22, No. 3, Autumn 1996
Colbert, Ann. “Philanthropy in the Newsroom: Women’s Editions of Newspapers, 1894-1896.”
90-99.
Greenwald, Marilyn S. “‘All Brides Are Not Beautiful’: The Rise of Charlotte Curtis at the New
York Times.” 100-109.
Merrick, Beverly. “Mary Margaret McBride: At Home in the Hudson Valley.” 110-18.
Volume 22, No. 4, Winter 1996
Bengoa, Zalbidea Bengonia. “The Phasing Out of the Franco and State Press in Spain.” 156-63.
Goldman, Aaron L. “Press Freedom in Britain During World War II.” 146-55.
Smith, Phyllis L. “Contentious Voices Amid the Order: The Opposition Press in Mexico City.”
138-45.
Volume 23, No. 1, Spring 1997
Bekken, Jon. “A Paper for Those Who Toil: The Chicago Labor Press in Transition.” 24-33.
Steiner, Linda. “Autobiographies by Women Journalists: An Annotated Bibliography.” 13-15.
Steiner, Linda. “Gender at Work: Early Accounts by Women Journalists.” 2-12.
Sullivan, Christopher. “John Steinbeck, War Reporter: Fiction, Journalism, and Types of Truth.”
16-23.
Volume 23, No. 2, Spring 1997
Burt, Elizabeth V. “A Bid for Legitimacy: The Women’s Press Club Movement, 1881-1900.”
72-84.
DeSantis, Alan D. “A Forgotten Leader: Robert S. Abbott and the Chicago Defender from 1910
1920.” 63-71.
Henry, Susan. “Anonymous in Her Own Name: Public Relations Pioneer Doris Fleischman.” 5062.
Volume 23, No. 3, Summer 1997
Blissert, Julie Harrison. “Guerilla Journalist: I.F. Stone and Tonkin.” 102-113.
Cronin-Lamonica, Mary. “Fighting for the Farmers: The Pacific Northwest’s Nonpartisan
League Newspapers.” 126-36.
Sweeney, Michael S. “The Desire for the Sensational: Coxey’s Army and the Argus-eyed
Demons of Hell.” 114-25.
Volume 23, No. 4, Winter 1997-98
Adams, Edward A. “Scripps Howard’s Implementation of Joint Agreements for Newspaper
Preservation, 1933-1939.” 159-65.
Loew, Patty. “Natives, Newspapers and ‘Fighting Bob’: Wisconsin Chippewa in the
‘Unprogressive’ Era.” 149-58.
Volume 24, No. 1, Spring 1998
Cookman, Claude. “Compelled to Witness: The Social Realism of Henri Cartier-Bresson.” 2-15.
Evensen, Bruce J. “‘Expecting a Blessing of Unusual Magnitude’: Moody, Mass Media, and
Gilded Age Revival.” 26-36.
Tankard, James W., Jr. “Samuel L. Morison and the Government Crackdown on the Leaking og
Classified Information.” 17-25.
Volume 24, No. 2, Summer 1998
Bleske, Glen (with Chris Lamb). “Democracy on the Field: The Black Press Takes on White
Baseball.” 51-59.
Lamb, Chris (with Glen Bleske). “Democracy on the Field: The Black Press Takes on White
Baseball.” 51-59.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “Transforming the Women’s Pages: Strategies that Worked.” 72-81.
Volume 24, No. 3, Autumn 1998
Brown, Michael. “The Popular Art of American Magazine Illustration, 1885-1917.” 94-103.
Copeland, David. “‘Join or Die’: America’s Newspapers in the French and Indian War.” 112-21.
Risley, Ford T. “Bombastic Yet Insightful: Georgia’s Civil War Soldier Correspondents.” 104111.
Volume 24, No. 4, Winter 1998-99
Banning, Stephen A. “The Professionalization of Journalism: A Ninteteenth-Century
Beginning.” 157-63.
Cone, Stacey. “Presuming a Right to Deceive: Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, the CIA, and
the News Media.” 148-56.
Jolliffe, Lee (with J. Steven Smethers). “Homemaking Programs: The Recipe for Reaching
Women Listeners on the Midwest’s Local Radio.” 138-47.
Smethers, J. Steven (with Lee Jolliffe). “Homemaking Programs: The Recipe for Reaching
Women Listeners on the Midwest’s Local Radio.” 138-47.
Volume 25, No.1, Spring 1999
Baldasty, Gerald. “The Economics of Working-Class Journalism: The E.W. Scripps Newspaper
Chain, 1878-1908.” 3-12.
Cronin, Mary M. “Redefining Woman’s Sphere: New England’s Antebellum Female Textile
Operatives’ Magazines the Response to the ‘Cult True Womanhood.” 13-25.
Shulman, Stuart W. “The Progressive Era Farm Press: A Primer on a Neglected Source of
Journalism History.” 26-35.
Volume 25, No. 3, Summer 1999
Edwardson, Mickie. “James Lawrence Fly v. David Sarnoff: Blitzkrieg over Television.” 42-52.
Flamiano, Dolores. “‘The Sex Side of Life’ in the News: Mary Ware Dennett’s Obscenity Case,
1929-1930.” 64-74.
Lumsden, Linda. “‘Excellent Ammunition’: Suffrage Newspaper Strategies During World War\
I.” 53-63.
Volume 25, No. 3, Autumn 1999
Blanchard, Margaret A. “The Ossification of Journalism History: A Challenge for the Twenty
First Century.” 107-112.
Spencer, David R. “Divine Intervention: God, Working People, Labour Journalism.” 90-98.
Streitmatter, Rodger. “Origins of the American Labor Press.” 99-106.
Volume 25, No. 4, Winter 1999-2000
Hoffman, Joyce. “The Journalist’s Archive: Megalomania or a Gift to the Ages?” 149-56.
Kaplan, John. “The Life Magazine Civil Rights Photography of Charles Moore.” 126-39.
Murray, Michael D. “Interpreting Heroes, Villains, and Victims: Alistair Cooke.” 140-48.
Volume 26, No. 1, Spring 2000
Mindich, David T.Z. “Understanding Frederick Douglass: Toward a New Synthesis Approach to
the Birth of Modern American Journalism.” 15-22.
Sowell, Michael. “The Myth Becomes the Mythmaker: Bat Masterson as New York Sports
Writer.” 2-15.
Watts, Liz. “Bess Furman: Front Page Girl of the 1920s.” 23-33.
Volume 26, No. 2, Summer 2000
Roka, Les. “More than a Modest Subculture: Virgil Thomson’s ‘Nearly Perfect’ Music
Criticism.” 50-60.
Jolliffe, Lee (with J. Steven Smethers). “Singing and Selling Seeds: The Live Music Era on
Rural Midwestern Radio Stations.” 61-70.
Smethers, J. Steven (with Lee Jolliffe). “Singing and Selling Seeds: The Live Music Era on
Rural Midwestern Radio Stations.” 61-70.
Volume 26, No. 3, Autumn 2000
Burt, Elizabeth. “Conflicts of Interests”: Covering Reform in the Wisconsin Press, 1910-1920.”
94-107.
Goodman, Mark (with Mark Gring) “The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio
Commission in 1927.” 117-124.
Gring, Mark (with Mark Goodman). “The Ideological Fight over Creation of the Federal Radio
Commission in 1927.” 117-124.
Thornton, Brian. “When a Newspaper was Accused of Killing a President: How Five New York
City Newspapers Reacted.” 108-116.
Volume 26, No. 4, Winter 2000-2001
Cloud, Barbara, “26 Years of Journalism History.” 141-64.
Volume 27, No. 1, Spring 2001


Baldasty, Gerald J. “A Conversation with Barbara Cloud.” 2-4.
Gower, Karla K. “Rediscovering Women in Public Relations: Women in the Public
Relations Journal, 1945-72.” 14-21.
Historical studies of women in public relations and their contributions to the field have been
rare. Yet, an understanding of women’s contributions is important, especially in light of their
growing dominance in the profession. This article begins the process of rediscovering women in
public relations by examining the Public Relations Journal for the presence of women from
1945, when the journal began, through 1972, when the Public Relations Society of America
elected its first female chair. The author argues that women were initially accepted into the
profession because public relations was a new field with few barriers to entry. As the profession
matured, it became more male dominated despite a growing number of women.
 Kennedy, Thomas C. “Hereditary Enemies: Home, Rule, Unionism, and the Times,
1910-1914.” 34-42.
This article considers the nature of The Times’ Irish policy during the bitter pre-war controversy
over home rule, a struggle that by 1914 produced, as the newspaper noted, “one of the greatest
crises in the history of the British race.” Because of The Times’ reputation for both creating and
disseminating opinion among Britain’s informed, patriotic, and conservative middle classes, the
paper’s role in this political and constitutional crisis was crucial. What was the basis of The
Times’ anti-nationalist and apparently anti-Catholic editorial stance on Ireland? What role did
it play in helping the tiny and essentially separatist Ulster Unionist Party, representing less than
5 percent of the British electorate, to become a roaring mouse that twisted the tail of the English
Conservative Party and bought the United Kingdom to the brink of civil war while larger
national and international issues were left unresolved?
 Stoker, Kevin. “Liberal Journalism in the Deep South: Harry M. Ayers and the
‘Bothersome’ Race Question.” 22-33.
This article examines Anniston (Alabama) Star publisher Harry Ayers and his arguments about
racial issues during four eras of racial unrest in the South: the post-World War I progress era
from 1917-1932, the New Deal and World War II era from 1933-45, the Brown v. Board of
Education era from 1953-56, and the beginning of the Freedom Riders/Civil Rights era in the
early 1960s. As publisher of the Star from 1912-63, Ayers was considered a liberal by most
southerners for advocating educational, economic, legal, and electoral equality for blacks.
However, his loyalty to the southern social order ultimately undermined his liberalism and led to
his retrenchment on social equality and school integration. He was representative of community
or “country” editors who wanted a New South that did not threaten the white hierarchy of the
old South.
 Sweeney, Michael S. “Censorship Missionaries of World War II.” 4-13.
To promote compliance with its voluntary guidelines for domestic self-censorship during World
War II, the Office of Censorship recruited editors and publishers from around the U.S. to act as
informal liaisons between censorship headquarters and the nation’s press, particularly the
thousands of weekly newspapers. The liaisons, known as “missionaries,” were highly respected
and well known in their home states. This article draws on the personal archive of Madison,
Wisconsin, publisher Don Anderson in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin as well as the
Office of Censorship records in the National Archives to examine the reasons for the creation of
the missionary group, their wartime work, and their methods of persuading editors to refrain
from publishing sensitive information. It concludes that the missionaries’ calm voice of reason,
coupled with appeals to patriotism and egalitarianism, strongly influenced compliance.
Volume 27, No. 2, Summer 2001
 Adams, Ed. “How Corporate Ownership Facilitated a Split in the Scripps
Newspaper Empire.” 56-63.
E.W. Scripps was among the early adopters of corporate ownership for newspapers. It helped
him to develop a chain and provide incentives to editors and business managers at the individual
newspapers by distributing stock shares among close associates and those who were involved in
the start-up of papers. In most cases, Scripps held a majority of the stock, but at some papers the
majority of stock was split between Scripps and close family members. This financial structure
helped to create the first corporate split in a U.S. newspaper company. James Scripps, the eldest
son of E.W. Scripps, took his minority shares in several west coast newspapers and joined with
other minority shareholders to create a majority of stock, forming their own newspaper
company. This article examines the corporate structure created by E.W. Scripps, the events that
led to the split, and the subsequent consolidation of the remaining Scripps papers.
 Reel, Guy. “Richard Fox, John L. Sullivan, and the Rise of Modern American Prize
Fighting.” 73-85.
During the 1880s, National Police Gazette publisher Richard Kyle Fox helped create modern
boxing by conducting promotions, offering prize belts, and publicizing the exploits of boxing
great John L. Sullivan. Fox used the Gazette not just to chronicle the adventures of buxom
showgirls or to sensationalize the latest heinous crime; it also was a pulpit to denounce
hypocrites who opposed the modern sport of boxing. Through his tenacity, and good fortune in
having the deeps of a legend such as Sullivan to play up, Fox became one of the most influential
sports figures of the nineteenth century; and it made him a millionaire. Sullivan was just as
fortunate, becoming world famous. This article tells the story of Fox, Sullivan, and the National
Police Gazette during part of Fox’s lengthy tenure as editor and publisher. The Gazette, while it
is perhaps best known for its emphasis on sex and crime as a precursor to today’s tabloid
journalism, also should be remembered for its unrelenting, early support of professional prize
fighting.
 Sumpter, Randall S. “News About News: John G. Speed and the First Newspaper
Content Analysis.” 64-72.
This article examines the history of the first quantitative analysis of a newspaper. John Gilmer
Speed, a former New York World editor, used this research method to compare the content of
four New York dailies published in 1881 and in 1893. He concluded that “new journalism” had
injected high levels of gossip and scandal into newspapers during the twelve-year interval. The
new material adversely affected readers into two ways, he believed: It displaced useful news that
readers needed to function in a democratic society, and it provided examples of poor behavior
that readers might imitate. His study served as a foundation for later academic “muckrakers,”
who used content analyses to critique newspapers’ interactions with other social institutions.
 Tucher, Andie. “In Search of Jenkins: Taste, Style, and Credibility in Gilded-Age
Journalism.” 50-55.
In the 1860s to the 1880s, the term “Jenkins,” borrowed from a British expression for a windy
and obsequious society reporter, was widely used in the U.S. as a derisive term for journalists
whose prose was over-rich and whose prying was viewed as excessive. Critics of the Jenkins
tribe ran the gamut from Mark Twain to the august George William Curtis, editor of Harper’s
New Monthly Magazine. A study of the use of the “Jenkins” label offers firm clues for
evaluating how readers and reporters engaged with their newspapers. It reveals specific points
of rivalry between reporters; it reflects a general public anxiety that was sometimes misplaced or
even deliberately exaggerated over the evolving conventions of reportorial work; and it suggests
that readers had a clear understanding about relationships between style and topic in
journalistic prose, violations of which opened the offender to criticism.
Volume 27, No. 3, Fall 2001

Anderson, William B. “Saving the National Pastime’s Image: Crisis Management
During the 1919 Black Sox Scandal.” 105-111.
This article examines a previously unstudied aspect of the 1919 Black Sox scandal: how Major
League Baseball executives’ desire to present the game as the national pastime, and the impact
of the sporting press in helping to shape this image, influenced their crisis communications
strategy, including appointing a commissioner and developing a press office. This study suggests
the scandal’s impact on baseball’s image had more to do with the development of the baseball
industry’s first press office than did economical factors; that is, baseball officials implemented a
press office for ideological rather than functional reasons. Although organizations often suggest
they institute public relations to present the industry’s voice in the marketplace of ideas, baseball
industry leaders wanted to regain sportswriter approval and acquiescence in order to maintain
the game’s status as the national pastime.
 Collins, Ross F. “The Business of Journalism in Provincial France During World
War I.” 112-121.
This article examines the difficulties of managing large newspapers as commercial enterprises
during a world war by looking at two large French dailies in the south of that country during
World War I as well as archival materials in Paris. The author describes staffing, paper supply,
government control, and advertising revenues throughout this period. The conclusion is that war
demands required French newspaper publishers and editors to make difficult choices, ultimately
affecting the size and the cost of their publications. By 1918, the final year of the war, a powerful
government-sponsored consortium was dictating most of the business decisions to the country’s
publishers. Wartime difficulties eventually drove many French newspapers out of business, but
the large dailies examined in this article survived.
 Fosdick, Scott. “Chicago Newspaper Theater Critics of the Early Twentieth
Century.” 122-128.
In the early years of the twentieth century, when live theater dominated the entertainment world
and print media led public discourse, each without competition from electronic forms, the daily
newspaper theater critic mediated ideas and values quite differently than today’s critics, whose
main function has been reduced to that of a consumer guide. This article examines the corps of
theater critics who served ten Chicago newspapers about 100 years ago. At a time when news
editors were reluctant to cover new ideas and social movements, such as the push for women’s
suffrage, theater critics were encountering radical new social ideas from European playwrights.
Whether they approved or disapproved—and they did both, vehemently—their open debate with
each other provided a level of public conversation of incalculable value in their own time, and
largely missing today.

Johansen, Peter. “‘For Better Higher and Nobler Things’: Massey’s Pioneering
Employee Publication.” 94-104.
In 1885, a Toronto-based agricultural implements maker, the Massey Manufacturing Co.,
inaugurated the Trip Hammer, which is widely believed to be the first true employee publication
in North America. The magazine lasted one year and then the company’s management and the
publication’s editors jointly agreed to end it because they felt there was an “absence of
evidence” that it was meeting its goals and a lack of “outward marks of appreciation” for the
“considerable labour expended.” Thus, it was viewed as a failure. This article sketches the
company and its founding family, and describes the publication’s contents. It argues the
monthly’s birth can be linked to personal and societal factors, but its content starkly reflected the
employer’s moral and social values. Finally, the article examines why the company felt the
publication was a failure despite substantial evidence that it was beneficial for the workers.
 Twomey, Jane L. “May Craig: Journalist and Liberal Feminist.” 129-138.
Washington political columnist May Craig was hardly known to readers outside of Maine, where
her daily column was published for more than thirty years in a variety of state papers, including
the Portland Press Herald. Yet this tiny woman, who titillated audiences and terrified guests on
“Meet the Press,” was an ardent feminist who accomplished many “firsts” for female reporters
at a time when the women’s rights movement was all but dead. Her most important
accomplishment for women came when the “May Craig Amendment,” prohibiting employment
discrimination on the basis of sex, became federal law as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Volume 27, No. 4, Winter 2001-2002
 Block, Sharon. “Rape and Race in Colonial Newspapers, 1728-1776.” 146-155.
This article uses scores of colonial newspaper reports of rape to examine the creation and
perpetuation of racial ideologies in the early American press. Contrary to the historiographic
emphasis on the nineteenth-century “myth of the black rapist,” this research shows that colonial
newspapers reflected racial differences in the ways that they reported rapes. Reports of blackon-white rapes presented the attack as a racial crime, while white-on-white rapes emphasized
the class, ethnic, or community identity of the individual attacker. Further, reports might identify
victims of black rapists simply as white women or girls, while reports identified victims of white
rapists as young and vulnerable or as the victims of particularly heinous attacks. Together, these
patterns of reporting reified the connections between race and rape.
 Daniel, Douglas K. “Ohio Newspapers and the ‘Whispering Campaign’ of the 1920
Presidential Election.” 156-164.
The 1920 campaign for president was a relatively quiet affair until a rumor about one of the
candidates began to appear in print. Circulars produced by a college professor claimed that Sen.
Warren G. Harding, the Republican nominee, had black ancestors, a scandalous charge in the
early twentieth century. Only days before the election, the allegation began appearing in
newspapers—but not all newspapers and not always in detail. This study examines how
newspaper in Ohio, the home state of Harding and Democratic nominee James M. Cox (each of
them newspaper publishers), responded to this major event late in the campaign. Press coverage
reflected common attitudes about race and newspaper practices of the period.
 Evensen, Bruce J. “‘Saucepan Journalism’ in an Age of Indifference: Moody,
Beecher and Brooklyn’s Gilded Press.” 165-177.
This article analyses how the popular press in Gilded Age America helped to create a celebrity
culture in religious reporting designed to stimulate circulation at a time of economic panic.
Coverage of the era’s two leading evangelists, Henry Ward Beecher and D.L. Moody, by
Brooklyn’s “saucepan press” demonstrated the entertainment value of religious news in
modernizing America. Just as sauce contains many ingredients designed to tickle the palate, so,
too, did modern newspaper reporting. Reeling from the Panic of 1873, it needed to be part news
and part entertainment if it was to find and keep an audience. Beecher’s adultery trial and
Moody’s trans-Atlantic revival success had made each a star by the fall of 1875, when they filled
the pages of Brooklyn’s press with tall tales designed to titillate and excite readers, who had
wearied of traditional religious reporting. If Moody’s mass meetings showed that religion as a
civic spectacle worked well, the Beecher story showed that religion as a civic scandal worked
equally well.
 Warner, Jessica, and Frank Ivis. “On the Vanguard of the First Drug Scare:
Newspapers and Gin in London, 1736-1751.” 178-187.
This article examines how newspapers portrayed cheap distilled spirits, known as gin, and the
people who drank it in eighteenth-century London. It shows that coverage did not coincide with
movements in consumption; rather, coverage peeked with the passage of the Gin Act of 1736 and
then declined and disappeared altogether just as consumption reached new heights in the early
1740s. Coverage then resumed in January 1751, by which time consumption was already in
decline. Despite the fact that coverage and consumption did not move in tandem, there is little
evidence to suggest that newspapers contributed to the making of a moral panic over gin and its
supposed effects on the health, morals, and productivity of the working poor. In the 1730s, at
least, newspapers were divided on the subject of gin; in the early 1750s, by contrast, the press
was unanimous in its condemnation of gin, but, as in the 1730s, it generally avoided running
sensational stories.
Volume 28, No. 1, Spring 2002

Bradshaw, Katherine A. “The Misunderstood Public Opinion of James Bryce.” 1625.
Public opinion polls have appeared in newspapers since the 1930s, and George Gallup relied on
the thinking of James Bryce to link such polling to democracy. However, using Bryce’s work to
make this link demonstrates a misunderstanding of it. While Gallup argued that common men
were wise, Bryce argued that men were stratified by race and ordered by rank in their ability to
reason and govern. Thus, he advocated extending the influence of an elite few to the masses in
order to moderate the dangers of voting. He thought it a pity that so many of what he called the
irrational, unreasoning “residuum” could vote. However, this may have been ignored by
pollsters and social scientists because they were unaware of the historical arguments or may not
have understood the subtlety of historical theory due to their foundational quantitative
assumptions.
 Griffin-Foley, Bridget. “‘The Crumbs are Better than a Feast Elsewhere’:
Australian Journalists on Fleet Street.” 26-37.
This article explores the experiences of Australian journalists who worked on Fleet Street in
London between 1900 and the outbreak of World War II. Concentrating on a number of
individual journalists, it considers the powerful lure of Fleet Street, the reasons for departure
from Australia, first impressions of London, the opportunities provided by being abroad,
experiences of success and failure on Fleet Street, working and social life, and the particular
challenges and opportunities facing women journalists. It examines the theme of education in the
public writings and private reflections of Australian journalists who worked on Fleet Street and
reflects on the circularity and complexity of the imperial journalistic experience. While each
journalist or editor would recount his or her one great exclusive, many would look back to the
“golden age” of journalism before the crassness of Lord Northcliffe.
 Henry, Susan. “Ruth Hale: ‘A Passionate Contender’ Caught in a ‘Curious
Collaboration.’” 2-15.
Ruth Hale was a journalist, feminist, activist, and unacknowledged collaborator with her
husband, Heywood Brown, a prolific writer and extraordinarily popular newspaper columnist in
the 1920s and 1930s. This article examines Hale’s successful journalism career before her
marriage and its sharp decline afterwards, her essential role in the work for which Brown
received sole credit and much acclaim, and the problematic marriage in which the couple’s
journalistic partnership was imbedded. Also described is Hale’s social activism, including her
fight for the right of women to keep their birth names after they married as a symbol of their
equality with their husbands. It was a cause to which she was fiercely committed even as her
crucial contribution to Brown’s work was obscured by his byline.
 Hume, Janice. “Saloon-Smashing Fanatic, Corn-Fed Joan of Arc: The Changing
Memory of Carry Nation in Twentieth-Century American Magazines.” 38-47.
Early in the twentieth century, Carry Nation achieved celebrity status by smashing Kansas
saloons with a hatchet. This made her something of an icon in American lore, remembered as a
fierce crusader for temperance and women’s rights, yet almost as a cartoon caricature. Scholars
have written about her crusades using press coverage as a primary source, but no one has
examined, over time, public memory of this fascinating woman. This article traces magazine
coverage of Nation throughout the twentieth century, showing how portrayals of “the bar room
smasher” changed and what those changes revel about American culture and the American
press. The purpose is to argue that these stories can be an important tool for studying cultural
history.
Volume 28, No. 2, Summer 2002
 Henry, Susan. “Tom Reilly (1935-2002).” 55.
Tom Reilly, the founder of Journalism History, died on May 7 following a lengthy battle with
prostate cancer. Susan Henry, who became a colleague of his at California State UniversityNorthridge in 1976 and gradually worked more and more with the journal before becoming its
next editor from 1985-91, was asked to write about his editorship and what it meant to historians
in the journalism field. Her thoughts follow.
 Perry Jr., Earnest L. “It’s Time to Force a Change: The African-American Press’
Campaign for True Democracy during World War II.” 85-95.
For the African-American press, proclaiming that there would be no “Close Ranks” during
World War II was not enough. This article looks at how the African-American press, in
conjunction with other civil rights organizations, used the dual victory campaign to bridge the
gap between the African-American consciousness that wanted to continue the fight for equality
during the war and the patriotic American consciousness that wished to wholeheartedly support
the war effort. It explores how the African-American press responded to specific acts of
discrimination and segregation that led to violence and apathy among African Americans. The
discriminatory policies of the dominant culture heightened double-consciousness as espoused by
W.E.B Du Bois and led the African-American press to adopt the principles of the Double V
campaign as a way of helping African Americans cope with the duality of American democracy.
 Smythe, Ted Curtis. “The Diffusion of the Urban Daily, 1850-1900.” 73-84.
The daily newspaper penetrated American urban society in the last half of the nineteenth century
to a much greater extent than historians have shown. They have misread that daily’s diffusion
because they have used a circulation per capita calculation rather than a more realistic and
appropriate circulation per urban household. This article provides a rationale for the new index
and explains the changes in society, technology, and newspaper practices that made it possible
for the industry to sell 2.61 copies per urban dwelling in 1900, the highest diffusion ever attained
in either the nineteenth or twentieth centuries. Even in the antebellum period there was a far
greater diffusion than was thought, with 1.5 copies per urban dwelling in 1850. The study also
suggests the significance of this hidden diffusion to society and to the newspaper industry.
 Streitmatter, Rodger, and John C. Watson. “Herman Lynn Womack: Pornographer
as First Amendment Pioneer.” 56-65.
Although media historians have broadly chronicled the struggle for press freedom in the United
States, they have done little to document the lives and contributions of pornographers. This
article seeks to begin filling that void by illuminating the life, work, and First Amendment
struggles of Herman Lynn Womack, a publisher who specialized in materials designed to titillate
and appeal to gay men. His battles against the efforts of the U.S. Post Office to halt the
circulation of his publications are chronicled, and the social and legal ramifications of his
ultimate victory in a landmark 1962 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court are examined. The ruling
in Manual Enterprises Inc. v. J Edward Day expanded the limits of First Amendment protection
and began erasing the social stigma imposed on homosexuality.
 Williams, Julian. “Percy Greene and the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission.” 6672.
This article focuses on the relationship between Percy Green, the black editor of the Jackson
Advocate, and the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission from 1956 to 1965. He was a paid
informant of the commission, which was a state-funded segregationist organization that secretly
gathered information on individuals who supported the civil rights movement. An examination of
commission files reveals that it considered Green, a conservative, to be an important contact
person, and he was relied upon heavily to help the agency carry out its mission. This study
provides insight into what motivated him to work for the commission and what activities he was
involved in as an agent. It concludes that the relationship between Greene and the commission
grew more complex as the civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1960s.
Volume 28, No. 3, Fall 2002
 Farnsworth, Stephen J. “Seeing Red: The FBI and Edgar Snow.” 137-145.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s study of the politics of Edgar Snow, author of Red Star
Over China, was marked by inaccuracies and by incomplete analysis. The bureau’s reports on
him, when compared to his writings, demonstrate that the government created a misleading
portrait of the prominent journalist. The bureau’s use of his alleged memberships in liberal
groups to claim guilt by association likewise showed an FBI pattern of errors and incomplete
evidence. Even some of the basic biographical information that the bureau collected on him was
incorrect. The irresponsible research on Snow was used to discredit the journalist in the New
York Times and resulted in the U.S. government banning his work from government-sponsored
libraries abroad and in congressional loyalty hearings during the 1950s. The resulting scandals
effectively ended his journalistic career in the U.S., even though he was never found to be
disloyal to his native country.
 Flamiano, Dolores. “The (Nearly) Naked Truth: Gender, Race, and Nudity in Life,
1937.” 121-136.
Henry Luce’s Life magazine had an early brush with controversy in 1937 with the publication of
a voyeuristic feature titled, “How to Undress.” This paper undertakes a qualitative analysis of
this and other instances of nudity in the first year of Life to understand the institutional and
cultural context in which “How to Undress” emerged. It also addresses the questions of how this
feature (and nudity more broadly) fit into photojournalism and what these images and responses
to them suggest about ideologies of gender, race, and sexuality. Life’s nudity was not merely a
frivolous distraction from the serious news of the day, as some commentators have suggested.
Instead, it often communicated serious messages about women’s proper role in society and about
distinctions between Americans and people from other cultures.
 Lomicky, Carol S. “Frontier Feminism and the Woman’s Tribune: The Journalism
of Clara Bewick Colby.” 102-111.
Clara Bewick Colby established the Woman’s Tribune in Beatrice, Nebraska, in 1883. The
suffragist newspaper survived twenty-six years and would later include Washington, D.C., and
Portland, Oregon, as places of publication. This study is an analysis of the content of the
newspaper in the years when it was published in Nebraska (1883-89), during which time the
paper provided rural, isolated women with information that transcended the right to vote. The
study concludes that the Women’s Tribune consistently was framed within an identifiable
feminist ideology, in which Colby held to the notion that suffrage and equality for women were
moral rights in a democratic society.
 Pinzon, Charles. “The Kid in Upper 4: How Nelson Metcalf, Jr., Sold Support of the
Soldier Next Door to a Disgruntled Public during World War II.” 112-120.
“The Kid in Upper 4,” an advertisement created for the New Haven Railroad during the early
part of World War II by copywriter Nelson C. Metcalf, Jr., has been called “the most famous
advertisement of the war and one of the most effective of all time” by historian Frank W. Fox.
James Twitchell labeled it as the beginning of advocacy advertising and as one of the twenty
advertisements that “shook the world.” Drawing on interviews with Metcalf and other sources,
the researchers detail the creation, context, and impact of a unique example of public affairs
advertising.
Volume 28, No. 4, Winter 2003

Allen, Craig. “Gender Breakthrough Fit for a Focus Group: The First Women
Newscasters and Why They Arrived in Local TV News.” 154-162.
While considerable attention has been given to the emergence of women in television news,
explanations have rested on the careers of nationally known newswomen whose strides against
gender bias are said to have cleared a path for others. Yet, as this study shows, the first female
newscasters were little-known figures brought forward at local stations who arrived in force in
the early 1970s. New evidence reveals that change occurred because of the first widespread use
of focus groups and surveys by managers and consultants. Despite fears that the public would
not accept women, female anchors and reports proliferated when audience research convinced
broadcasters that viewers wanted women on the news. Ominous, though, was the further use of
these methods as more women entered the field and had to compete for frontline posts. Thus, this
study illustrates how the history of the news process can explain the origin and impact of events.
 Fuchs, Penny Bender. “Women in Journalism Oral History Collection of the
Washington Press Club Foundation.” 191-196.
This is the first in what will be a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that
they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to
write such articles.
 Hume, Janice. “Lincoln was a ‘Red’ and Washington a Bolshevik: Public Memory
as Persuader in the Appeal to Reason.” 172-181.
This study examines the uses of history and public memory in the Appeal to Reason, which was
the most successful and powerful of the socialist newspapers in early twentieth-century America.
The purpose is to explore how an alternative group made use of public memory, particularly in
its journalistic endeavors. That such a publication would co-opt dominant-culture memories
speaks to the complex relationship between sub-cultures and mainstream society. The Appeal
used American history and icons in a variety of ways as tools of persuasion. Articles pointed out
the misuse of history and memory, reconstructed history to promote the socialist cause, used
historic icons to teach lessons, and celebrated specific heroes.
 Mascaro, Thomas A. “The Peril of the Unheeded Warning: Robert F. Rogers’
‘Vietnam: It’s a Mad War.” 182-190.
The political management and prosecution of the Vietnam War are among the worst tragedies in
American history. Any of the relatives and friends of the 58,000 men and women whose names
are milled into the black granite of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington wishes the
country would have seen the perils and folly that lay ahead when the U.S. began escalating the
war in 1965. As the previous year had come to a close, however, NBC News had broadcast a
prescient, hour-long television documentary that in effect foretold what was coming. “Vietnam:
It’s a Mad War” was produced by Ted Yates, who was killed during the outbreak of the Six-Day
War in 1967. But archival records prove that “Vietnam: It’s a Mad War” was the vision of
associate producer and writer, Robert F. Rogers, and this article reveals the keenness of his
documentary vision and skill as a writer. This is also a cautionary tale about not only the
importance of documentary journalism but also the consequences of an uninformed, inactive
society.
 Watts, Liz. “The Flying Newsboy: A Small Daily Attempts Air Delivery.” 163-171.
This study describes the efforts of Harry D. Strunk, publisher of a small daily newspaper in
southwestern Nebraska, to use technology to make his paper a mass medium in 1929-30, which
was a time characterized by several innovations. Purchasing goods on installment payments had
become popular and boosted newspaper advertising, and various indicators showed that rural
newspaper readers wanted better goods and services and were willing to travel to get them. At
the same time, automobile and truck production sparked road building just as the commercial
airline industry began and the Post Office started air mail delivery. Strunk, always an innovator,
sized up the situation, utilized the fastest delivery method available, a Curtiss Robin airplane,
and delivered his newspaper to thirty-three smaller towns in ten counties, securing the loyalty of
readers.
Volume 29, No. 1, Spring 2003

Gower, Karla K. “Public Relations on Trial: ‘The Railroad-Truckers Brawl.’” 1220.
The period following World War II was one of significant growth in the consumer economy. As
the demand for consumer goods grew, so did the demand for freight transportation, leading to a
battle between the railroads and the trucking industry. To fight the competition, the railroads
lobbied government for trucking regulations. In Pennsylvania, the truckers answered the
railroads with an anti-trust lawsuit, which essentially put public relations tactics on trial. This
article examines the case, Noerr Motor Freight v. Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference, from
its 1956 trial through the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1961 decision. This provides an opportunity to
look at the ethical practice of public relations at a time when the industry was attempting to
define itself and set standards for its practitioners’ conduct and illustrates the level of
misunderstanding of the profession that existed on the part of at least a portion of society.
 Murphree, Vanessa D. “The Selling of Civil Rights: The Communication Section of
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.” 21-31.
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed in 1960 to encourage one of the most
important movements in American history—civil rights. With a tremendous human rights mission
facing them, the founding SNCC members included communication and publicity as part of their
initial purpose. These coordinating activities expanded into a revitalization of the student
movement while the initial communication efforts served as a foundational agent for propelling
civil rights. This article examines SNCC’s public relations activities throughout the
organization’s existence and how the organization combined community organizing with the use
of traditional communications and public relations tactics and strategies to change the racial
character for the country and to empower black Americans.
 Oblas, Peter B. “On Japan and the Sovereign Ghost-State: Hugh Byas, JournalistExpert, and the Manchurian Incident.” 32-42.
Hugh Byas, a historically overlooked but a leading and highly respected journalist in Japan at
the time of the Manchurian Incident in 1931, had a long career connected to Japan of more than
twenty years. Working for the Japan Advertiser and later the London Times and the New York
Times, he formulated a template on the Far East, portraying Japan as modernizing and China as
Asia’s “Sick Man.” He then shifted his cognitive script in the late 1920s, promoting Japan as an
established entity which was challenged as a respectable member of the international community
by China, a non-state. This impacted on Canadian and British official opinion, cementing a
favorable-to-Japan response by Britain after the Manchurian Incident.
 Smith, Michael M. “Gringo Propagandist: George F. Weeks and the Mexican
Revolution.” 2-11.
During the Mexican Revolution, no U.S. journalist maintained as close or as enduring relations
with revolutionary leaders as former California newspaperman, George F. Weeks. Between 1913
and 1920, he was the principle publicist for Venustiano Carranza’s Constitutionalist regime,
directing the Mexican Bureau of Information and founding and editing the Mexican
Review/Revista Mexicana, a bilingual magazine that promoted Mexican interests in the United
States. He employed techniques that conform to the public-information model of
communications, and his activities reflected the practice and increasing significance of public
relations and propaganda in an international context during a tumultuous decade of revolution
and world war.
Volume 29, No. 2, Summer 2003

Hardin, Robin. “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Golf Balls: Magazine Promotion of
Golf during the 1920s.” 82-90.
Golf became a part of the American landscape in the 1920s, both literally and figuratively. Many
factors contributed to the tremendous growth of the game, including urbanization and increased
leisure time. This article shows how national, mass-circulation magazines also contributed to
that growth. How media frame an issue influences how the public perceives it, and that
influences public opinion. A frame analysis of 250 magazines articles from thirty-five magazines
revealed four frames: game enhancement, benefits, mythical nature of golf, and Bobby Jones
adulation. These frames all helped promote the acceptance of golf and increased participation in
it. Thus, magazines, which were one of the true mass media of the decade, contributed to the
sport’s growth by the way they framed it.
 Knudson, Jerry W. “John Reed: A Reporter in Revolutionary Mexico.” 59-68.
Americans tend to not understand social revolutions because their experience after 1776 was
largely political. Thus, U.S. news accounts of the fighting which broke out in Mexico in 1910
considered the conflict as simply another exuberant Latin American coup d’etat, this time to end
the thirty-six-year dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz. But the military phase of the Mexican revolution
lasted almost a decade, claimed a million lives, and seasoned a young writer named John Reed.
His graphic dispatches to the New York World as well as radical publications drew praise from
some for his vivid writing—a forerunner of the New Journalism or Literary Journalism—and
scorn from others for his lack of “objectivity.” His later eye-witness account of the Russian
revolution of 1917 won him worldwide acclaim, but his Mexican reportage clearly established
him as the precursor of later journalists, such as Ernie Pyle and others, who sought to convey
reality in a meaningful way.
 Luther, Catherine A. “Reflections of Cultural Identities in Conflict: Japanese
American Internment Camp Newspapers During World War II.” 69-81.
On February 19, 1942, shortly after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D.
Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the removal of all Japanese Americans
living in the Pacific Coast region. As a result, about 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry were
forced to evacuate to hastily erected internment camps. Those who have discussed their
internment experiences often mention the struggle in cultural identity that they had felt. This
article explores how the newspapers that were established in each camp reflected this identity
struggle. Although the Japanese Americans initially suppressed their Japanese cultural identity
in favor of their American identity in the newspapers, their sense of identity evolved through the
course of internment to where both cultures were proudly affirmed.
 Socolow, Michael J. “Anchors Away: Huntley, Brinkley, and Cronkite and the 1967
AFTRA Strike.” 50-58.
In March 1967, the American Federation of Television and Radio Actors (AFTRA) called its first
nationwide strike. Although almost all programming on the national television networks ceased
production, the evening newscasts continued to be broadcast. NBC’s Chet Huntley crossed the
picket line, calling AFTRA a union “dominated by announcers, entertainers, and singers.” His
partner, David Brinkley, refused to work, and CBS’ Walter Cronkite also supported the union.
The strike represents a pivotal yet often overlooked moment in broadcast journalism history. It
created the perception of tension between Huntley and Brinkley that would play a role in the
“CBS Evening News” surpassing the “Huntley-Brinkley Report” as the nation’s most highlyrated evening news broadcast in 1967-68.
Volume 29, No. 3, Fall 2003

Lamme, Margaret Opdycke. “The ‘Public Sentiment Building Society’: The AntiSaloon League of America, 1895-1910.” 123-132.
The Anti-Saloon League of America was a Midwestern, church-based, social reform group
founded in 1895, whose drive for national prohibition played a major role in the ratification and
subsequent enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment. The purpose of this article is to expand the
current model of public relations history by examining the ideas and methods that the League
established in its first fifteen years to generate public sentiment for a dry, saloonless nation.
Many of these concepts not only echo what are considered today to be basic principles of public
relations, but they were conceived and implemented at the turn of the century by two Ohio men
who did not define themselves in terms of public relations and publicity practitioners but in their
roles as ministers in fulfilling what they considered to be their religious duty of eliminating
liquor in the U.S. The article concludes that while there is still much to learn about public
relations from those already labeled as “pioneers,” such as Edward Bernays or John Hill, there
is even more to mine from those people or organizations who sought to influence public opinion
and generate change in the pursuit of a cause or an idea.
 Mizuno, Takeya. “Journalism Under Military Guards and Searchlights: Newspaper
Censorship at Japanese American Assembly Camps during World War II.” 98-106.
A number of researchers have studied the newspapers published in Japanese American
internment camps in the United States in World War II. However, they have ignored their
predecessors, the mimeographed newspapers published in English by the Japanese evacuates in
the sixteen assembly camps in 1942. This article addresses that void by examining primarily two
California camp papers, the Tanforan Totalizer and the Santa Anita Pacemaker, as well as
diaries and notes of evacuees, their personal correspondence, memoirs, and internal government
reports. The author concludes that the government’s blatant censorship and control of the camp
newspapers was one of the most severe abridgements of First Amendment press rights in U.S.
history and is necessary in understanding the government’s mass incarceration policy during the
war and its impact on the civil liberties and rights of Japanese Americans.
 Thornton, Brian. “Published Reaction When Murrow Battled McCarthy.” 133-147.
This article seeks to answer questions about the permanent published record that TV viewers and
editorial writers left behind, in newspapers and magazines, reacting to CBS newsman Edward R.
Murrow’s televised attack on Sen. Joseph McCarthy on March 9, 1954. Did viewers, readers,
and editorial writers publicly commend Murrow for using this new national prime-time medium
of TV to explore an important political issue? Or were viewers offended at Murrow’s use of
selected film clips of McCarthy at his worst? Another related question is: How did published
reaction to Murrow in letters to the editor and editorials compare with reaction to McCarthy?
Any and all of this public reaction, to both Murrow and McCarthy, is explored in 2,343 letters to
the editors and 2,107 editorials published in fourteen daily newspapers from four areas of the
country and four national magazines during March 1954.
 Whitmore, Nancy J. “Nebraska Suppressed: How Gagging the News Media
Intensified Pretrial Press Coverage of the Simants’ Murder Case.” 107-122.
Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart began with the issuance of a court order that prohibited the
publication of testimony and evidence presented at a preliminary hearing of a suspected mass
murderer. With this judicial action, a press-bar contest ensued that hamstrung the media’s
reporting capabilities as it struggled for seventy-nine days under four gag orders to cover one of
the most brutal murders in Nebraska history. Throughout the controversy, the Nebraska press
chose to comply with the restrictive orders; and this article examines the effects of that choice.
Specifically, it explores how the Nebraska press functioned under the various restrictive orders,
how closely the print coverage adhered to the restrictive orders, and how effectively the orders
controlled the release of information deemed prejudicial by the judiciary.
Volume 29, No. 4, Winter 2004
 Campbell, W. Joseph. “1897: American Journalism’s Exceptional Year.” 190-200.
This article directs attention to the remarkable developments of 1897 and argues that year merits
recognition as pivotal moment in the trajectory of American journalism. In presenting that case,
the article pursues a methodological frame—a single-year study—that has been little tested in
journalism history, a field that leading scholars have criticized for resistance to fresh ways of
considering journalism’s part. The notable developments of 1897 included the publication of
perhaps the most famous editorial in American journalism, the diffusion of the enduring epithet
“yellow journalism,” and a breakthrough in applying half-tone technology in daily newspapers.
It also was the year when a choice between rival visions for the future of American journalism
crystallized between the activist ethos of the New York Journal and the detached, fact-based
antithesis of that genre, the New York Times.
 Knight, Jan. “The Environmentalism of Edward Bok: The Ladies’ Home Journal,
the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, and the Environment, 1901-09.” 154165.
From 1901 to 1909, Ladies’ Home Journal editor Edward Bok launched crusades to preserves
Niagara Falls, beautify cities, and eradicate billboards. Yet the magazine ignored environmental
concerns of the same group of women it targeted as readers—middle-class housewives—as
shown by a comparison to General Federation of Women’s Clubs publications. This article
concludes that the Journal’s environmental coverage was aesthetics in nature and served the
status quo, reflecting Victorian primness while acknowledge some of the less serious
environmental problems. The women’s clubs’ publications also focused on the aesthetic but went
further, supporting forest conservation and opposing health hazards that not only threatened
their lifestyles but those of the lower class. Nevertheless, it can be seen as largely elitist.
 Makemson, Harlen. “A ‘Dude and Pharisee’: Cartoon Attacks on Harper’s Weekly
Editor George William Curtis and the Mugwumps in the Presidential Campaign of
1884.” 179-189.
One of the most caricatured figures in the presidential election of 1884 ran for no political
office. By pulling support from the Republicans, Harper’s Weekly editor George William Curtis
became the target of visceral attacks from pro-GOP cartoonists. In addition to such timehonored methods as charging defectors with treason and hypocrisy, editors and cartoonists
viciously attacked the masculinity of Curtis and like-minded “Mugwumps,” playing upon
cultural uncertainty over the meaning of manhood during the Gilded Age and equating a lack of
political loyalty with a lack of male characteristics. Thus, the cartoons served as sites of
contention in broader cultural war that gave readers an opportunity to negotiate a moral code
as the battle of the Christian Gentleman versus the Masculine Achiever was coming to its climax.
 Mendelson, Andrew. “Slice-of-Life Moments as Visual ‘Truth’: Norman Rockwell,
Feature Photography, and American Values in Pictorial Journalism.” 166-178.
To photojournalists, the purpose of feature photographs is to reveal something enduring or
timeless in the human spirit, and such images require their creators to find deeper meaning in
the everyday. Before (and alongside) the emergence of feature photography, such work was also
the province of the artists whose illustrations, Norman Rockwell, who was particularly famous
for his Saturday Evening Post covers, with modern news feature photography and examines the
cultural themes underlying pictorial journalism for the past century. Through an analysis of
contemporary, award-winning feature photographs, it is evident that Rockwell’s aesthetic,
created more than eighty years ago, is continuously (re)created as photographers document the
“real-life” of their communities.
Volume 30, No. 1, Spring 2004

Lumsden, Linda J. “Journalism Collections at the University of Wyoming’s
American Heritage Center.” 40-46.
This is the second in what will be a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that
they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to
write such articles.
 Rodgers, Ron. “From a Boon to a Threat: Print Media Coverage of Project Chariot,
1958-62.” 11-19.
This article reviews the New York Times and magazine coverage from 1958 to 1962 of Project
Chariot, which was a plan by physicist Edward Teller and the Atomic Energy Commission to
blast out a harbor with four nuclear bombs near the villages of natives in northwest Alaska. In
the end, the plan was never carried to fruition. In reviewing the media coverage, this study
traces a grass-roots media effort begun in Alaska that surrounded the four-year debate among
scientists, government agencies, and environmental activists that was largely played out in the
media and ultimately led to the first stirrings of the modern environmental movement in the
United States. The coverage indicated the dangers that can occur when the media passively
cover an event rather than actively probing in stories for sources and questioning the
government line.
 Roka, Les. “A Day in the Life of American Music Criticism: The ‘Sgt. Pepper’
Debate of 1967-69.” 20-30.
The debate about the Beatles’ “Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club” album is a watershed in
the 1960s discussion about how press critics approached the transformation of American
musical culture. In part, the “Sgt. Pepper” debate gave some critics fresh material to challenge
highly intellectualized musical compositions of the avant garde who worked within the growing
network of college and university music departments. Pitted against the landscape of social
unrest, protest, and rebellion, a few critics used “Sgt. Pepper” to dispense with notions of a
dominant musical culture and talk about the proliferation of highly segmented musical genres
and influences and new crossover phenomena where different musical idioms influenced each.
Among the most outspoken critics championing the latter were Richard Goldstein of the Village
Voice, Joan Peyser of the New York Times, and Richard Meltzer of Crawdaddy!

Scanlon, Jennifer. “Old Housekeeping, New Housekeeping, or No Housekeeping?:
The Kitchenless Home Movement and the Women’s Service Magzine.” 2-10.
In the middle-class world of the early twentieth century U.S., with its emphasis on business and
manufacturing, paid work, and skilled work, women who worked in the home received little
promise of social status. Despite attempts to professionalize housekeeping, it remained unskilled,
unpaid, and time-consuming. Women’s service magazines, dependent on definitions of women as
homemakers, nevertheless introduced new approaches to dealing with the onerous and stifling
nature of housekeeping. In a series in the Ladies’ Home Journal, the kitchenless home was
introduced as a possible alternative. Proponents of it argued that, like the spinning wheel, the
home kitchen had become hopelessly anachronistic. Instead, they argued, women could free
themselves for paid work and other non-domestic experiences by participating tin cooked food
delivery services, apartment hotels, and community kitchens.
 Soffer, Oren. “‘Paper Territory’: Early Hebrew Journalism and Its Political Roles.”
31-39.
This article explores the political functions of eastern European Hebrew journalism in Jewish
life in the second half of the nineteenth century. For the Jewish communities spread throughout
the world and lacking central political and economic leadership, the press functioned as a
virtual “town square,” facilitating the flow of information and the exchange of ideas. The
Hebrew press, which had the potential to bridge language barriers between distinct Jewish
communities, was characterized by its self-perception as a leader, a spokesman, and a public
institute as well as its reflection of the “general-Israeli” spirit. This self-perception, combined
with the characteristics of journalism as a mode of communication and the national legacy of the
Hebrew language, contributed to the re-imaging of the Jewish nation in a modern and secular
form.
Volume 30, No. 2, Summer 2004

Clark, Naeemah. “The Birth of an Advocacy Group: The First Six Years of Action
for Children’s Television.” 66-75.
This article uses oral history, archival research, and popular and trade publications mostly from
the 1960s and the 1970s to tell the story of Action for Children’s Television (ACT). An advocacy
group started by a group of mothers in Newton, Massachusetts, ACT changed the way that the
broadcasting industry and the Federal Communications Commission approached TV
programming for children. Policymakers credit the women of ACT with shaping current
children’s television programming and advertising regulations. Although the group’s leadership
changed over time, the organization always maintained the goals it set in the first few months of
its existence. With these goals, ACT exemplified the impact that a determined advocacy group
can have on government and the television industry.
 Cox, Patrick L. “Charles Lindbergh and Mobiloil: The New Model for Modern
Celebrity Endorsement.” 98-106.
This is the third in a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass communication
historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like
to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles.
 Feldstein, Mark. “Fighting Quakers: The 1950s Battle Between Richard Nixon and
Drew Pearson.” 76-90.
In the crucial formative years of Richard Nixon’s rise to power, syndicated columnist Drew
Pearson, a fellow Quaker, emerged as Nixon’s primary journalistic enemy. With an audience of
tens of millions, he denounced Nixon’s earliest Red-baiting campaigns, unearthed his links to
political extremists and organized crime figures, and helped uncover the secret personal slush
fund that led to the famous “Checker’s” speech, which nearly ended Nixon’s political career in
its infancy. Pearson worked hand-in-glove with the Republican politician’s most ardent
opponents, secretly writing memos and speeches for the Democrats and timing his journalistic
exposes for maximum election-eve impact. As the battle-scarred Nixon became convinced that
the news media were out to get him, Pearson confirmed his deepest fears. Using unexamined
archival documents and oral history interviews, this article examines an important but littlestudied relationship between two of the 1950s leading political and journalistic figures.
 Fosdick, Scott. “From Discussion Leader to Consumer Guide: A Century of Theater
Criticism in Chicago Newspapers.” 91-97.
This article completes a three-part examination of theater critics working for Chicago
newspapers during the twentieth century. The first article in the series covered the “boomtown”
period leading up to World War I, and the second article addressed Chicago’s rise after 1960 as
a regional center for theater covered by fewer newspapers and fewer critics. This article reviews
those periods but emphasizes the middle, “road town” period, which saw a gradually dwindling
band of critics functioning as quality control experts, passing judgment on New York road
shows. After examining that period, this article uses commodification to consider the changing
role of the critic over the entire century. It concludes that while commodification is a useful
concept to understand vast changes in the critical landscape, it is neither an irresistible nor an
inevitable force.
 Henry, Susan. “Gambling on a Magazine and a Marriage: Jane Grant, Harold Ross,
and The New Yorker.” 54-65.
Although Harold Ross is credited with founding The New Yorker, in reality it was co-founded in
1925 by Ross and his wife, Jane Grant. This article describes Grant’s crucial role in the
magazine’s conception, birth, postpartum struggles, and early success, showing how this
pioneering periodical’s beginnings were deep-rooted in the Grant-Ross relationship and in the
couple’s mutual enthusiasm for gambling. Also examined is Grant’s career at the New York
Times, where she began as a society department stenographer and about a decade later became
the newspaper’s first woman general-assignment reporter. It also looks at her work as a cofounder of the Lucy Stone League, which fought for women’s rights to keep their birth names
after they married as a sign of their equality with their husbands.
Volume 30, No. 3, Fall 2004

Beard, Fred K. “Hard-Sell ‘Killers’ and Soft-Sell ‘Poets’: Modern Advertising’s
Enduring Message Strategy Debate.” 141-149.
This historical study of the U.S. advertising trade literature represents the first attempt to
interpret the enduring debate between advocates of hard- and soft-sell advertising. Primary
sources consisted of works published mainly in the historically important trade journal Printers’
Ink, supplemented with contemporary professional thought identified in advertising and
marketing trade journals. The findings of the study are consistent with what many might
recognize as the “received view” of modern advertising. However, they also help establish how
and why the terms of this debate remained relatively stable over the course of the previous
century, despite the fact that definitions of advertising effectiveness and appropriate strategy
continually grew more complex and sophisticated.
 Cramer, Janet M. “Cross-Purposes: Publishing Practices and Social Priorities of
Nineteenth Century U.S. Missionary Women.” 123-130.
Focusing on the women’s foreign missionary movement, this article looks at the publication
practices of Protestant women to determine the ideas they cultivated about womanhood and
social involvement and how these ideas were linked to the Progressive political climate of the
time. The primary construction of womanhood coalesced around themes of piety, sacrifice,
education, motherhood, and service to others. Most significant, however, was the emphasis on
influencing others and the use of missionary publications to further this goal. Publications were
widely distributed in the United States as well as to women in other countries. Thus, through
content of the publications and distribution practices, missionary women supported an ideology
of intervention and service that formed the backbone of the social and political agenda of U.S.
political life during the emergence of the Progressive Era.
 Engelman, Ralph. “‘My Rhodes Scholarship’: Fred Friendly as an Information
Officer in World War II.” 114-122.
Fred Friendly’s experience as a master sergeant in the Information and Education Section of the
China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater during World War II served as a laboratory for his post-war
career in broadcast journalism at CBS, the Ford Foundation, and Columbia University. At CBI,
he engaged in troop education and made wire recordings of air and ground combat for the
Armed Forces Radio Network, and he also reported from the eastern and western fronts for the
army newspaper CBI Roundup. During this period, he developed skills and qualities that showed
up in his subsequent career as a pioneer of television journalism. This article draws upon the
author’s interviews with wartime associates as well as Friendly’s private papers, which were
recently transferred to the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University.
 Golden, Vincent. “North American Imprints before 1877 at the American
Antiquarian Society.” 150-157.
This is the fourth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass communication
historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like
to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles.
 Tolstikova, Natasha. “Rabotnitsa: The Paradoxical Success of a Soviet Women’s
Magazine.” 131-140.
Rabotnitsa, the oldest Russian magazine for women, has a long history. It started in 1914 before
the October Revolution and not only survived rigid Communist Party censorship but became the
most popular publication in the Soviet Union. This article looks at the strengths and the
strategies that made this long and successful history possible, paying attention to the various
topics that were written about in the magazine as well as the types of photographs that appeared
and the changes that occurred over time. It concludes that women readers not only wanted to
compare their lives with those of other women, but they sought standards and social ideas that
they could emulate while adhering to party requirements. In Rabotnitsa, Soviet women found a
friend, an advisor, a consultant, and an entertainer.
Volume 30, No. 4, Winter 2005

Burt, Elizabeth V. “Working Women and the Triangle Fire: Press Coverage of a
Tragedy.” 189-199.
This article examines newspaper coverage of the Triangle fire of 1911, focusing on the issue of
labor and women’s position in the workplace during the Progressive Era. The treatment of the
fire by the four newspapers studied was unique. It focused attention on the working conditions
faced by the workers rather than the violence that often resulted from their demands for better
conditions. This decried the popular image of women as the “angel of the hearth,” protected
andd cosseted by the men in their families, and instead showed them as exploited workers and
victims. Publicity about the fire and the ensuing investigations eventually led to the formation of
the New York Factory Investigation Commission and sweeping factory safety code regulations.
 Cone, Stacey. “Pulling the Plug on America’s Propaganda: Sen. J.W. Fulbright’s
Leadership of the Antipropaganda Movement, 1943-74.” 166-176.
Sen. J. William Fulbright is famous for his dissent against mainstream foreign policy, but he is
less well known for his antipropaganda activism. At a time when critical propaganda analysis
had become politically untenable in the United States, he used the power and influence of his
position to keep the remnants of the interwar era’s antipropaganda movement alive. As the
powerful chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he investigated and publicized
domestic propaganda activities organized by government, calling attention to their escalation
and warning Americans about the dangers to democratic institutions. This article traces and
analyzes his activism and argues that for much of the latter half of the twentieth century,
Fulbright was the unacknowledged leader of a dispersed and disorganized opposition to
propaganda.
 Hume, Janice. “Press, Published History, and Regional Lore: Shaping the Public
Memory of a Revolutionary War Heroine.” 200-209.
This article tells the story of Nancy Heart of Georgia, a colorful Revolutionary War heroine
whose feats have been recounted in newspapers, magazines, history books, and public speeches
for more than 175 years. It illustrates important symbiotic relationships between the nineteenthcentury press, published histories, and regional memory. The purpose is not to argue that either
journalists, historians, or word-of-mouth accounts contributed more to the legend of Hart, but to
draw attention to how the three interacted and informed each other. It argues regional memory
is an important part of American collective memory, and the press, through its unique form of
storytelling, contributes to regional and national mythology by amplifying and legitimizing it for
a larger audience.
 Stoker, Kevin, and Brad L. Rawlins. “The ‘Light’ of Publicity in the Progressive
Era: From Searchlight to Flashlight.” 177-188.
This article examines the connotative evolution of the term “publicity.” An historical analysis of
articles written in magazines, journals, and newspapers from 1890 to 1930 illustrates how
corporations and government co-opted ideas of the progressive movement into self-serving
practices. Progressives viewed publicity as a moral reform that would open politics and business
to public scrutiny and help prevent corruption. Over time, publicity evolved into a
communication strategy for corporations seeking public approval. This study found that the
change from a “broad searchlight” of publicity to a “narrow flashlight” of positive information
in the hands of public relations experts allowed business and government to shape public
opinion rather than be influenced by it.
 Voss, Kimberly Wilmot. “The National Women and Media Collection at the
University of Missouri.” 210-214.
This is the fifth in what is a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that
they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to
write such articles.
Volume 31, No. 1, Spring 2005

Fee, Jr., Frank E. “‘Intelligent Union of Black With White’: Frederick Douglass and
the Rochester Press, 1847-48.” 34-45.
On December 3, 1847, the black abolitionist Frederick Douglass published the first issue of the
North Star in Rochester, New York. This article examines his earliest moments as a journalist by
studying the responses of the city’s white dailies to his new career and his newspaper in late
1847 and early 1848. The comments of the city’s four dailies, along with accounts of a printers’
dinner in January 1848 celebrating Benjamin Franklin’s birthday, showed respect for Douglass’
talents as an editor but wariness over his Garrisonian abolitionism. The stories suggested that a
tension existed between the daily journalists’ politics and their nascent professionalism and
illuminated changes in the craft as it moved from political organs of the early century toward an
independent press.
 Kane, Daniel. “Each of Us in His Own Way: Factors Behind Conflicting Accounts of
the Massacre at Point Arthur.” 23-33.
The “Port Arthur Massacre” holds a prominent place in journalism history for the sensationalist
accounts by some western correspondents of the slaughter of the city’s Chinese inhabitants by
conquering Japanese troops in November 1894. Most representative of these accounts were
those of James Creelman of the New York World. Forgotten in the history of the wartime
reporting for Port Arthur, however, are the accounts of A.B. de Guerville, a special
correspondent for the New York Herald, who, as an eyewitness of the fall of the city, flatly
denied Creelman’s account of a massacre. This article seeks an explanation behind the widely
divergent accounts of these two American reporters, and in so doing details the complex
combination of factors—personal, professional, and political—that influenced the way the fall of
Port Arthur was reported.
 Landers, James. “The National Observer, 1962-77: Interpretive Journalism
Pioneer.” 13-22.
In an era when many newspapers resisted opening their news columns to interpretive articles
because editors held to the concept of objective journalism, the National Observer demonstrated
a commitment to news interpretation of cultural, political, and social events and issues. For
fifteen years it prominently displayed interpretive articles on its front page and often on its
special-focus back page without labeling them “news analysis,” which was the custom of the
time. The articles explored and explained the causes and effects of some of the major events and
issues of the era, emphasizing good writing and solid reporting. Although the weekly newspaper
failed to attract advertisers and eventually ceased publishing, it appealed to a sizable number of
subscribers throughout its lifetime and received recognition for its quality journalism.
 Lorenz, James Lawrence. “Ralph W. Tyler: The Unknown Correspondent of World
War I.” 2-12.
Ralph Waldo Tyler, an Ohio newspaper man and political operative, was the only AfricanAmerican accredited by the U.S. government as a war correspondent in World War I. As an
employee of the Committee on Public Information, he also served as an observer of prejudice in
the Allied Expeditionary Force for Emmett J. Scott, special assistant to the secretary of war for
race relations. This article examines the scope of Tyler’s war correspondence and the difficulties
he faced in carrying out his dual roles as a journalist and a government employee. It concludes
that he provided admirable service to the government, the soldiers he wrote about, the black
press, and his readers. This research is based primarily on dispatches that Tyler sent from the
front and materials in the National Archives and in the Scott papers at the Soper Library of
Morgan State University.
 Spencer, David R. “The Cartoon Research Library at Ohio State University.” 46-50.
This is the sixth in what is a series of articles on archival collections of interest in mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that
they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to
write such articles.
Volume 31, No. 2, Summer 2005

Mascaro, Thomas A. “Flaws in the Benjamin Report: The Internal Investigation
into CBS Reports’ Documentary ‘The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception.’”
58-74.
This article tests the credibility of the 1982 internal CBS News investigation known as the
Benjamin Report, which concluded that the CBS Reports documentary “The Uncounted Enemy:
A Vietnam Deception” violated networks standards. This report has yet to be critiqued as an
historical artifact or tested against primary documents. Historical analysis reveals the Benjamin
Report exhibited many of the deficiencies attributed to the documentary. This analysis begins
with the confluence of journalism and military intelligence leading up to the documentary, and
this is followed by interpretations of the importance of the documentary, the relationship
between journalism and American intelligence issues, and the association between the Benjamin
Report and the history of the New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.
 McPherson, James B. “The Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections at
Washington State University.” 106-112.
This is the seventh in a series of articles on archival collection of interest to mass communication
historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like
to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles.
 Meyers, Oren. “Israeli Journalism during the State’s Formative Era: Between
Ideological Affiliation and Professional Consciousness.” 88-97.
This article explores the process by which Israeli journalists in the 1950s and the 1960s forged a
communal identity by thinking and writing about issues such as the importance of the
journalistic profession, sources of their professional authority, reporting conventions, and their
assessments of good and bad journalism and the appropriate ways to distinguish between them.
It also explores how fundamental tensions between ideological and professional affiliations were
concretized via various journalistic “areas of contention.” Thus, it indicates how debates over
specific issues, such as preferred journalistic writing styles or the optimal relations between the
Israeli media and military censors, could be better understood within the larger context of this
process of journalistic self-definition.
 Tolbert, Jane K. “Censorship and Retraction: Theophraste Renaudot’s Gazette and
the Galileo Affair, 1631-33.” 98-105.
In seventeenth-century France, newspapers, which were subject to pre-publication censorship,
served as instruments of propaganda for the monarchy, and the Gazette of Theophraste
Renaudot was no exception. But in December 1633, he published a retraction for a public
conference he held on the heliocentric system and included the Inquistion’s sentence against
Galileo and condemnation of the Copernican system, which were unknown to most scholars.
This article takes the so-called retraction as a point of departure to examine his purpose in its
publication and the flow of information between public and private channels. Letters and
conference proceedings suggest he planned to call attention to the astronomical content of future
conferences. Furthermore, he placed “privileged information” in the public domain. The
possibility of censorship catalyzed French scholars to publish pro-Copernican texts abroad as
well as in France by using evasive strategies.
 Van Tuyll, Debra Reddin. “Essential Labor: Confederate Printers at Home and at
War.” 75-87.
Whether they stayed home to keep the newspaper presses running or tramped off to the front
lines, southern printers provided essential labor for the Confederate cause during the Civil War.
Around three-quarters of the South’s printers served in the Confederate army, leaving only a
handful of men at home to produce newspapers, which was the only medium where citizens could
learn about the progress of the war. Most printers of the Civil War period, though, due to the unpublic nature of their jobs, have remained largely invisible to history. This article presents a
demographic analysis of a handful of Confederate printers and examines the nature of their
work, both at home and in the military. The window into the backshop that this provides will give
readers a better understanding of the role, the function, and the experiences of southern
newspapers during the Civil War.
Volume 31, No. 3, Fall 2005

Huebner, Andrew J. “Rethinking American Press Coverage of the Vietnam War,
1965-68.” 150-161.
Many scholars and other observers of U.S. press coverage of the Vietnam War have criticized
the media for showing each too much or too little. Some have changed the press with
sensationalizing the war’s difficulties, while others have pointed out their reproduction of the
official, optimistic viewpoint, particularly before the Tet offensive of early 1968. This article
takes the middle ground, accepting and modifying elements of both positions in this highly
partisan debate. Using stories from both print and television, it argues that journalists presented
disturbing portraits of the American GI and the war before Tet, alongside more optimism
dispatches. Despite common assertions about the shattering effect of the Tet offensive, press
coverage of those attacks repeated, albeit in more dramatic and consistent fashion, earlier
gestures about the war’s dark sides.
 Kitch, Carolyn. “‘A Genuine, Vivid Personality’: Newspaper Coverage and
Construction of a ‘Real’ Advertising Celebrity in a Pioneering Publicity
Campaign.” 122-137.
From 1901 to 1917, the Lackawanna Railroad waged an advertising and publicity campaign
featuring an illustrated woman named Phoebe Snow, who rode the trains dressed in white and
never got dirty and whose serialized adventures unfolded in seventy advertisements. She may
have been the first advertising celebrity of the modern era, and fans imagined her as real, thanks
to newspaper reporters who rode the trains with and interviewed the model who posed as
“Phoebe.” This journalistic coverage appeared at a time when railroads needed to improve their
public image and promote passenger travel; newspapers were increasingly dependent on
advertising revenue; and the emerging profession of publicity blurred the definition of news.
Drawing on rhetorical and discourse theory, this article constructs a picture of this early media
celebrity and offers a case study in the emergence of publicity as the intersection of journalism
and advertising.
 Risley, Ford. “‘Dear Courier’: The Civil War Correspondence of Editor Melvin
Dwinell.” 162-170.
Melvin Dwindell, the editor of the Rome (Georgia) Courier, was on the most prolific and skilled
Confederate correspondents of the Civil War. For two-and-a-half years, the Confederate officer
gave readers of his newspaper information about the war from a hometown perspective. His
more than 200 letters to the Courier also provide valuable insight into the war experiences of a
small-town Civil War editor in the South and reveal how one enterprising editor managed to live
as a soldier and report on the war, all the while finding a way to keep his newspaper publishing
as long as possible. Moreover, his dedication to regularly sending letters back to the Courier
was a clear indication of the growing importance that news held for rural newspapers.
 Towne, Stephen E. “Works of Indiscretion: Violence Against the Democratic Press
in Indiana during the Civil War.” 138-149.
A systematic survey based on extensive research in Indiana newspapers and archival sources
reveal that violence against the newspaper press, both Democratic and Republican, was
widespread during the Civil War. Most violence was directed at Democratic newspapers and
editors with Union soldiers perpetrating the violence and threats of violence in the majority of
cases. Ideologically driven troops, disgusted by what they perceived to be “fire in the rear”
disloyalty by Democrats, took violent steps to punish “treasonable” speech; and civilian
authority was often powerless to stop soldiers, who were rarely called to account for their deeds.
This article finds far more instances of violence, coercion, threats, and arrest than previous
studies and points to the partisan nature of the press as a key factor in understanding why and
how violence occurred.
Volume 31, No. 4, Winter 2006

Allen, Gene. “News Across the Border: Associated Press in Canada, 1894-1917.”
206-217.
The connection between large international news agencies and their smaller national
counterparts was a key characteristic of the international news systems that emerged in the late
nineteenth century. This article examines the tensions between these unequal partners by
considering the early relationship between the Associated Press and the Canadian Press, which
was Canada’s domestic news agency. Canadian publishers were uneasy about their reliance on
AP, but they considered it indispensable and believed a direct relationship gave them more
influence over the news they received. AP believed its own interested were best served in the
Canadians overcame their differences and formed a functioning national news organization.
Paradoxically, the AP-CP relationship helped create an important institution of Canadian
nationality even while cementing its subordinate status.
 Bradshaw, Katherine A. “‘America Speaks’: George Gallup’s First Syndicated
Public Opinion Poll.” 198-205.
George Gallup said the creation of public opinion polling grew from his experience in
journalism, an encounter with electoral politics, and his training in applied psychology, and the
goals of polling were to make audible the voice of the common man and bring science to
democracy. This article, however, shows point-by-point connections between his reader-interest
research and his first syndicated poll results, which appears in “America Speaks” on October
20, 1935, in at least thirty newspapers across the country. It reveals the foundation of Gallup’s
public opinion polling in his market research and suggests that appealing to newspapers’
readers and promoting his market research were additional goals. It also establishes an earlier
date for the origin of the understanding of public opinion as poll results.
 Reincheld, Aaron. “‘Saturday Night Live’ and Weekend Update: The Formative
Years of Comedy News Dissemination.” 190-197.
“Saturday Night Live” is a television institution that has playing a pivotal role in cultivating
American television satire within its main target for the last thirty years being politics and
politicians, particularly on its Weekend Update segment. Using interviews with some of those
involved with “SNL” as well as other primary sources, this article examines how this
“newscast” was developed over its first five years, with attention paid to its role and purpose,
how its material was selected and written, and the limitations placed on it by censors and the
nature of the show. This shows how Weekend Update expanded the parameters of what is
allowable on network television as well as how those putting together this segment had to pay
close attention to the traditional news media, resulting in the “SNL” office in many ways
resembling a real media newsroom.
 Wallace, Aurora. “A Height Deemed Appalling: Nineteenth-Century New York
Newspaper Buildings.” 178-189.
In the last quarter of the nineteenth-century in New York, the largest newspapers were
concentrated along a short stretch of Park Row in lower Manhattan. In this high profile location,
the Tribune, the Times, and the World used architecture as a means to forge their corporate
identity in the minds of city dwellers. In their efforts to distinguish themselves from one another,
and as symbols of their own success, publishers commissioned the leading architects of the day
to build them increasingly taller structures for their papers. Using newspapers, personal letters,
and architectural plans as source materials, this article demonstrates that the new American
form of the skyscraper was at least in part attributable to the efforts of the newspaper industry to
convey the ascendancy of the mass media in modern society.
Volume 32, No. 1, Spring 2006

Borchard, Gregory. “From Pink Lemonade to Salt River: Horace Greeley’s Utopia
and the Death of the Whig Party.” 22-33.
Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, combined his beliefs in abolitionism, the freesoil movement, and a high protective tariff with Fourierism, a nineteenth-century utopian theory,
to create a destabilizing effect on the second-party system, contributing to the formation of the
Republican Party. This article illustrates Tribune partisanship in the 1840s and 1850s with
references to editorials, Whig campaign documents, the correspondence of Greeley and
associates William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed, and Association Discussed, a controversial
series of exchanges with New York Times founder Henry Raymond. It reinterprets Greeley’s
contributions to the third-party system by demonstrating a developmental relationship between
the penny press and antebellum party formation.
 Carroll, Brian. “Early Twentieth-Century Heroes: Coverage of Negro League
Baseball in the Pittsburgh Courier and the Chicago Defender.” 34-42.
This article explores the role of the black press in creating and portraying role models to the
largely urban black community of the 1920s, 1930s, and the first half of the 1940s, leading up to
Jackie Robinson being chosen to break major league baseball’s color barrier in 1947. It seeks a
better understanding of daily reality for this community by looking at black press sports
coverage of these exclusively male figures. By examining the values, goals, and actions held up
by the black press as those to model and mirror, it is perhaps possible to better understand what
the black community of the period sought in its hero figures and important people and, therefore,
how its members saw themselves and who they hoped to become. This study assumes a scope and
function of the hero in society as a phenomenon of mass media communication.
 Greenwald, Marilyn. “‘A Pen as Sharp as a Stiletto’: Cleveland Amory as Critic
and Activist.”13-21.
When Cleveland Amory wrote his best-selling book The Proper Bostonians in 1947 at age thirty,
he launched a career in broadcasting, television criticism, and magazine writing. In a career
spanning nearly fifty years, the versatile Amory was a regular commentator for eleven years
during the early years of the “Today” show, chief television critic for thirteen years for TV
Guide, and then a contributing editor of Parade magazine. Despite his status as an author, a
magazine writer, and a broadcaster, it was his participation in the growing animal-rights
movement of the 1960s and 1970s that may form his legacy, but his zeal for the movement nearly
sabotaged a successful writing career. This paper offers a sketch of the iconoclastic Amory’s
career and examines how he reinvented himself many times.
 Voss, Kimberly Wilmot. “The Penney-Missouri Awards: Honoring the Best in
Women’s News.” 43-50.
This article examines the Penney-Missouri Awards competition, which was meant to raise the
standards of women’s pages by recognizing the sections that went beyond traditional content.
Using interviews to look at the competition’s history as well as framing analysis to examine the
content of winning submissions, the study’s findings over the period from 1960 to 1971 support a
revision in the history of women’s pages. While traditional women’s pages filled with society,
home, and wedding news appeared in many newspapers, some sections were progressive in their
content and their writing style. Recognizing the differences among women’s page editors at
various newspapers helps to strip away the invisibility of women in journalism history and
stresses the important role played by them in pressing for change.
 Webb, Sheila. “The Tale of Advancement: Life Magazine’s Construction of the
Modern American Success Story.” 2-12.
In the 1930s and the 1940, Life’s visual narratives conveyed the norms and standards of the
new, modern culture and strove to create a community of citizens who, with the proper training
and knowledge, could thrive in this new society. The person best suited to lead the way in this
new culture was the self-made professional, who as the creator of the norms of modern society,
also became their embodiment. Biographical sketches of professionals appeared frequently in
Life as “Tales of Advancement,” which constructed the myth of American success. Unlike the
Horatio Alger stories, these tales told of men and women who succeeded through natural talent,
hard work, and application. This study analyzed these success narratives through archival
research, examination of primary texts, and content analysis, and places them within the culture
at large.
Volume 32, No. 2, Summer 2006

Broussard, Jinx Coleman. “Exhortation to Action: The Writings of Amy Jacques
Garvey, Journalist and Black Nationalist.” 87-95.
This article provides a perspective on the diverse nature of the black press by examining themes
in the writings of Amy Jacques Garvey, a largely unrecognized black woman journalist who was
an associate editor and editorial writer for the Negro World, the official organ a Marcus
Garvey’s Back-to-Africa Movement. Analysis of approximately thirty editorials that she wrote
between 1924 and 1927 found she sought to raise black consciousness by stressing the values of
productivity, self-reliance, thriftiness, and hard work as means of gaining economic
empowerment and independence. This offers insight into how Jacques Garvey, whose voice was
not in the mainstream of the African-American press, used one publication to advance the
agenda of a movement that had an impact on millions of black people.
 Kuhn, Martin. “Drawing Civil War Soldiers: Volunteers and the Draft in Harper’s
Weekly and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 1861-64.” 96-105.
News illustrations and editorial cartoons in Harper’s Weekly and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated
Newspaper, the two major illustrated news weeklies of the time, have been credited with directly
aiding Civil War enlistment efforts in the North. This article uses illustrations and editorial
cartoons published from 1861 to 1864 in both weeklies to demonstrate that while they supported
voluntary enlistments and bounties, Harper’s supported the Civil War draft while Leslie’s did
not. The difference in editorial positions regarding the draft was heightened by coverage of the
draft riots in 1863. Harper’s played down the riots and limited coverage primarily to a two-page
spread depicting ape-like, Irish rioters committing acts of violence. Leslie’s carried considerably
more coverage, depicting less chaotic “rioters” and used riot illustrations on its cover.
 Makemson, Harlen. “Beat the Press: How Leading Political Cartoonists Framed
Protests at the 1968 Democratic Party Convention.” 77-86.
Anti-war protestors at the 1968 Democratic convention chanted, “The whole world is
watching,” as Chicago police beat demonstrators. But it was not only television that depicted the
violence. In the aftermath, political cartoonists tried to make sense of the carnage, assign blame,
and express outrage. Seven of the nation’s leading cartoonists of the period told the story by
portraying the candidates, Mayor Richard J. Daley, the police, and even the barbed wire meant
to keep undesirables out of the proceedings. But strikingly absent, for the most part, form their
discourse were depictions of those who caused the security concerns in the first place—the
protestors. Instead, cartoonists, and the press at large, focused attention on violence that had
been directed toward their own journalistic colleagues.
 Williams, Julian. “The Truth Shall Make You Free: The Mississippi Free Press,
1961-63.” 106-113.
This article focuses on the first two years of the Mississippi Free Press, which was the brainchild
of slain civil rights leader Medgar Evers. That time period was critical for the newspaper
because that was when its editorial philosophy was developed and when it faced major
challenges as a result of the changing social environment. Although the conservative
establishment was bitterly opposed to the publication, it quickly became a force to be reckoned
with in the state as it confronted the repressive, virulent power structure and served as an
advocate for justice and equality. It only lasted twelve years because as perceptions about race
changed, contributions from labor and other key supporters dwindled. Nevertheless, during its
existence, it woke up the Jackson community to the disease of bigotry and served as a catalyst for
positive social change.
 Yarrow, Andrew L. “The Big Postwar Story: Abundance and the Rise of Economic
Journalism.” 58-76.
The post-World War II era saw a dramatic transformation of U.S. financial journalism.
Financial reporting changed from reciting stock quotations, company earnings, and puff pieces
on businessmen and individual companies to broader stories about the national economy and
what economic trends meant for average Americans. The readership of business publications
also expanded enormously during the twenty years after the war, and economic reporting gained
a more prominent place in major newspapers and general-interest magazines. What once was
intended for a small cognoscenti of businessmen was now geared to the burgeoning postwar
middle class. Most significantly, financial journalists recognized that the era’s big story was
America’s dramatic economic growth and mass prosperity along with the changes that these wre
bringing about in American society.
Volume 32, No. 3, Fall 2006

Conway, Mike. “The Birth of CBS-TV News: An Ambitious Experiment at the
Advent of U.S. Commercial Television.” 128-137.
Edward R. Murrow is often given credit for his groundbreaking television work on See It Now in
the mid-1950s, but the birth of CBS_TV news dates back more than a decade before he made the
jump from radio to television. At the start of commercial television in July 1941, CBS allowed a
small group at its New York City experimental station to develop a format for TV news with little
involvement from the exalted CBS Radio news department. The WCBW crew experimented with
visual techniques and developed a format for news in two fifteen-minute daily television
newscasts until wartime restrictions forced its cancellation. That experience became invaluable
when television news covered its first national crisis, the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl
Harbor, and the 1941-42 WCBW newscasts laid the foundation for newscasts aired even today.
 Gershenhorn, Jerry. “Double V in North Carolina: The Carolina Times and the
Struggle for Racial Equality during World War II.” 156-167.
Louis Austin, the editor of Durham’s Carolina Times and one of the most outspoken of the
southern black editors, was the leading proponent of the Double V strategy in North Carolina
during World War II. He joined other black activists and newspapers in articulating a dual
strategy in which blacks fought for victory abroad against the Axis powers while fighting for
victory at home against the forces of white supremacy and racial oppression. He further
stimulated the politics of the protest in the South by calling for an end to racial oppression in
education, politics, economics, and the armed forces; and his wartime use of the politics of
protest helped lay the groundwork.
 Mayer, Gordon. “Party Rags?: Politics and the News Business in Chicago’s Party
Press, 1831-71.” 138-146.
As the penny press was getting started in cities such as Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia,
a thousand miles to the west Chicago’s early newspapers followed a different path. The party
papers of Chicago in the years from the city’s founding in 1833 to the Great Fire in 1871 grew
to incorporate elements more typically associated with the penny press even as penny papers
that started there during the period failed. Chicago’s party press by the 1850s and 1860s had
begun to shed its formal ties to political patrons as journalists served larger and more diverse
audiences, both earlier than has been thought and in more sophisticated ways than has
previously been described. Also briefly examined in the article is the possible development in this
period of the “scoop” by Chicago’s post-Civil War journalists.

Nord, David Paul. “James Carey and Journalism History: A Remembrance.” 122127.
 Thornton, Brian. “Pleading Their Own Cause: Letters to the Editor and Editorials
in Ten African-American Newspapers, 1929-30.” 168-178.
This research explores more than 1,534 published letters to the editor and 2,197 editorials in ten
African-American newspapers from October 29, 1929, the day when the stock market crashed,
through October 29, 1930. During this one-year period, African-American readers and editorial
writers discussed and debated vital issues, attempted to make sense of the rapidly changing
world, and created a sense of community on the editorial pages of their newspapers. This study,
which examined papers from South, East, and West as well as the “Promised Land” of the
North, is important because the largely unfiltered voices of the black letter writers from 1929-30
are heard as they grappled in print with life and racism, pleaded their own causes, worked out
their identities, and expressed their worries about daily life.
 Weinstein, Elizabeth. “Married to Rock and Roll: Jane Scott, Grandmother of Rock
Journalism.” 147-155.
Jane Scott, a rock music critic for the Cleveland Plain Dealer from 1952 to 2002, was the first
rock journalist at a daily U.S. newspapers; eventually the oldest rock critic on a daily paper; and
finally, a woman in an area of journalism that was, and arguably still is, disproportionately
crowded with young male, reporters. Over the fifty years, she became beloved by the world’s
biggest rock stars, as well as her readers, as she used luck, pluck, and a strong determination to
succeed against the odds. Using interviews with Scott and those who knew and worked with her,
along with newspaper and magazine articles, this is the story of a female pioneer who carved out
a reportorial niche in something she came to love. “If you love what you are doing, you are
blessed,” she said. “I consider what I have is love, and I’m just grateful that I was able to get it.
I was just lucky.”
Volume 32, No. 4, Winter 2007

Cronin, Mary. “‘Dear Swinton’: New York Times Correspondents’ Confidential
Letters from the Front Lines, 1864-65.” 213-222.
This article examines thirty letters written from May 1864 to March 1865 by New York Times
correspondents John R. Hamilton and Henry Jacob Winser to their editor, John Swinton.
Accompanying their newspaper reporter and note meant for publication, they let Swinton know
what was transpiring in the Civil War and what military maneuvers might be occurring in the
upcoming days and weeks. They also afforded the reporters a chance to air concerns about pay,
supplies, overwork, and competition. Although the history of Civil War correspondents has been
well researched, these letters are significant because they reveal two reporters’ views of the war
and their concerns during the warfare. The personal nature of the correspondence offers a
chance to gain a greater understanding of the motives and actions of the reporters rather than
inferring them from their accounts.
 Darling, Juanita. “Re-Imagining the Nation: Revolutionary Media and
Historiography in Mesoamerica.” 231-239.
Three Mesoamerican revolutionary movements each chose an early twentieth-century hero as
their centerpiece for reinterpreting their national histories and constructing images of nations
betrayed. Thus, they constructed their fights as the most recent chapter in prolonged struggles
for control of their countries. This contrasted with detractors’ attempts to de-legitimize the
rebellions by portraying them as puppets of recent international movements. To make their
arguments, the rebels relied on a newspaper, Barricada, in Nicaragua; two radio stations, Radio
Venveremos and Radio Farabundo Marti, in El Salvador; and the internet in Chiapas, Mexico.
This article examines how the revolutionary groups used their media to reinterpret their
countries’ histories in a way that vindicated their struggles while casting doubt on the legitimacy
of their opponents.
 Hudson, Berkley. “‘The Mississippi Negro Farmer,’ His Mule, and President
Franklin D. Roosevelt: Racial Portrayals of Sylvester Harris in the Black and White
1930s.” 201-212.
In 1934, at the height of the Depression, Mississippi black farmer Sylvester Harris telephoned
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and told him that he could not make the mortgage payments on
his cotton farm. The president agreed to help stop the foreclosure on his farm, and the story
became national news, first appearing in Harris’ hometown newspaper and then being sent
throughout the country by Associated Press. This article traces how the media constructed
Harris as a spunky folk hero, and it analyzes written and visual news coverage, including a
photograph, two newsreels, and a cartoon about him. A key aspect of the research considers how
the mainstream press, including the New York Times, treated Harris differently from African
American newspapers, such as the Chicago Defender.
 Parkinson, Robert G. “‘An Astonishing Account of CIVIL WAR in North Carolina’:
Rethinking the Newspaper Response to the Battle of Alamance.” 223-230.
This article challenges the myth that the battle of Alamance, a bloody clash in May 1771
between rebellious North Carolina “Regulators” and the colonial administration, was what was
popularly believed at the time to be the “first battle of the American Revolution.” A thorough
examination of American newspapers does not support this legend. Even though they would be at
war with the British government in just four years, many American printers published a
multitude of reporters from North Carolina that supported the royal government and defended
Governor William Tryon. In fact, there was little consensus about the Regulators. During the
months that followed the battle, a vigorous debate raged in print throughout the colonies about
the legitimacy of the backcountry disturbance. It seems, even in the 1770s, not all rebels were
created equal.
 Underwood, Doug. “Depression, Drink, and Dissipation: The Troubled Inner World
of Famous Journalist-Literary Figures and Art as the Ultimate Stimulant.” 186-200.
An examination of the lives of 187 famous journalist-literary figures shows that a high
proportion of them battled substance abuse and emotional health problems. This pattern fits in
with research that shows a close relationship between artistic temperament and mental health
difficulties. This article discusses the connection between those behaviors and the choice of
journalism and writing as a career, and it examines whether journalism attracts personalities
who project unhealthy psychic tensions onto the world. The fact that so many of the journalistliterary figures found themselves imprisoned in compulsive behaviors leads one to ponder the
ironies of their lives that were lived for the sake of freedom and uninhibited artistic expression
but ended up miserable for themselves and those around them. And it makes one wonder whether
future journalist-literary figures will follow the same path.
 Voss, Kimberly Wilmot. “Resources for Telling the Stories of Contemporary
Women’s Page Editors: Archives and Oral Herstories.” 240-243.
This is the eighth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass communication
historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like
to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles.
Volume 33, No. 1, Spring 2007

Borchard, Gregory A. “The New York Tribune and the 1844 Election: Horace
Greeley, Gangs, and the Wise Men of Gotham.” 51-59.
This article analyzes the New York Tribune’s coverage of the 1844 elections, interpreting James
K. Polk’s narrow victory over Whig candidate Henry Clay from the perspective of the firm of
William H. Seward, Thurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley, an influential press and political
organization. It examines newspaper content that reflected voter response to salient issues,
profiling particularly the roles of Greeley, editor of the Tribune, who failed to anticipate the
effect of certain variables—including gang activities, a third-party movement, and press leaks—
on the election results. The study revisits events in Manhattan’s infamous Five Points area to
suggest that cultural issues beyond the scope of both editors and politicians contributed to the
outcome of the elections and to subsequent debates over westward expansion and the role of
slavery in newly acquired territories.
 Cone, Stacey. “The Pentagon’s Propaganda Mills: How ‘Arkansas’ Quijote’ Tilted
Against Militarism and Challenged the Marketplace of Ideas in America.” 24-41.
Senator J. William Fulbright remains best known for the international exchange program that he
started, but for thirteen years of his congressional career, he also was a crusader against the
Pentagon’s “propaganda machine.” This article documents and analyzes his challenge to the
Defense Department’s domestic use of “mental munitions” and “opinion ops” from 1961 to
1974, contextualizing events within a broader history of congressional opposition to executive
propaganda. It provides evidence that he lost his immediate political, intellectual, and his
philosophical battle against the Pentagon’s public relations apparatus. Nevertheless he may
have contributed to the rise of scholarly criticism of government’s coequal participation in the
marketplace of ideas as well as to criticism that assumptions associated with the marketplace of
ideas are faulty.
 Lumsden, Linda J. “The Essentialist Agenda of the ‘Woman’s Angle’ in Cold War
Washington: The Case of Associated Press Reporter Ruth Cowan.” 2-13.
This article explores the paradoxical nature of the woman’s angle in journalism in the midtwentieth century through the prism of Associated Press member Ruth Cowan’s career. Using
her private papers as well as her published work, it analyzes how her reporting in postwar
Washington, D.C., reinforced feminine stereotypes that limited women to home and family even
as she defied those stereotypes by personal example and by reporting on women’s activities in
politics and government. Secondary threads explore how she covered the woman’s angle as a
World War II correspondent and illuminate the empowering effect of female culture provided by
the National Women’s Press Club against the backdrop of the male-dominated profession’s
discriminatory practices and attitudes. The thesis is that the women’s angle was an essentialist,
male-constructed category intended to keep women journalists and their readers in their place.
 Mizuno, Takeya. “The Federal Government’s Decisions in Suppressing the
Japanese-Language Press, 1941-1942.” 14-23.
The study analyzed the federal government’s decisions regarding the suppression of the
Japanese “enemy language” press in the United States in the early months of World War II.
While military officials wanted total suppression, civilian officials insisted on preserving and
utilizing the Japanese press to support the nation’s war policies, and the inter-departmental
Committee on War Information (CWI) decided in favor of the civilian officials’ goals. These
officials then considered implementing a foreign-language press control law, but they eventually
withdrew the idea. Thus, the Japanese-language press was exempted from total suppression or
any other specially tailored legal regulations. However, it was still subject to a lesser degree of
control throughout the war by the Army, and the papers, except in Utah, Colorado, and the
internment camps, stopped publishing by mid-May 1942.
 Tolstikova, Natasha. “Early Soviet Advertising: ‘We Have to Extract All the
Stinking Bourgeois Elements.’” 42-50.
This article unveils the roots of Soviet advertising and the sources for its inspiration, some of
which resided in Russian revolutionary visual propaganda as well as in capitalist advertising. It
analyzes in the 1920s, which was when the idea of socialist advertising was seriously discussed
and utilized in the media. Zhurnalist, a trade publication for print workers, was closely
supervised by the Communist Party, which considered advertising a wasteful economic activity
peculiar to capitalism and incompatible with socialism. However, the magazine took a proadvertising position that probably resulted from the overall interest in advertising on the
ideological level. The article argues that the advertising in Zhurnalist reflected the authorities’
desire to utilize this traditionally capitalist tool for the benefit of the socialist economy.
Volume 33, No. 2, Summer 2007

Edwardson, Mickie. “Convergence, Issues, and Attitudes in the Fight over
Newspaper-Broadcast Cross-Ownership.” 79-92.
Since broadcasting began, conflict has existed about whether newspapers should own radio
stations. Some believed that cross-ownership would decrease the variety of issues available to
the public, and the conflict increased in 2003 when the Federal Communications Commission
proposed that more cross-ownership should be permitted. The fact that the new media
combinations would include newspapers, radio, television, cable, and the Internet inspired
controversy. Many noted that journalists working in multiple media would provide news of lower
quality. Others, however, expected convergence to promote efficiency. Research will determine
how journalism education should change to prepare for convergence.
 Foust, James C., and Katherine A. Bradshaw. “Something for the Boys: Framing
Images of Women in Broadcasting Magazine in the 1950s.” 93-100.
This article examines the portrayal of women in Broadcasting magazine, the premier trade
publication of the broadcasting industry, during the 1950s. Using a random sample of forty
issues that appeared during the decade, images of women were coded and then analyzed using
frames. Four dominant frames emerged: women as sex objects or decoration; women as
housewives; women displaying stereotypical behaviors; and women as professionals. The article
argues that positive portrayals of women as professionals were heavily outweighed in the
magazine by stereotypical portrayals with far more scantily clad models appearing than female
station managers. For example, the study found that 85 percent of the images showed women as
decoration or in stereotypical roles or behavior while only 12 percent of the images showed
women in roles as off-air broadcast professionals.
 Reimold, Daniel. “Sexual, Revolutionary: The First U.S. College Newspaper Sex
Column, 1996-97.” 101-110.
This article details the events, individuals, and issues connected with the start of “Sex on
Tuesday,” the first and longest-running college newspaper sex column nationwide, which was
(and continues to be) published in The Daily Californian, the independent student newspaper at
the University of California. Utilizing an examination of the first semester’s sixteen columns and
interviews with editors of the paper as well as the first columnist, the study shows that the staff’s
chief legacy was its recognition of, and courage to act upon, the students’ interest in sex even
though some readers were alienated. The column is significant for pioneering content that
continues to reverberate in academic, journalistic, and larger societal pools, existing over the
past decade as one of the most publicized, electrifying, and divisive phenomena in student
journalism at the higher education level.
 Tolbert, Jane T. “‘Plowing Gold from the Wasteland’: Media Portrayal of South
Florida’s Boom, 1920-25.” 111-120.
During the five years of the South Florida land boom, cities grew rapidly and the populations
skyrocketed. This article examines the three themes used in the northern mainstream press and
two Florida newspapers to portray the boom: a vision of paradise, the Everglades as a
cornucopia, and easy money on the last frontier. At the same time, naturalists decried the loss of
habitat and press organizations sought to establish a code of ethics to limit corporate influence
on news content. The results of this study suggest that the press contributed to the land-buying
frenzy with numerous promotional articles and avoided any mention of a negative impact on the
environment, although that information was available, while viewing the code of ethics as a
formality that had little impact on their portrayal of what was occurring in Florida.
 Willis, L. Anne. “Press Control During Auburn University’s Desegregation.” 70-78.
Desegregation at the universities of Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama in 1956 to 1963 was
marked by both violence and considerable press attention, not only locally and regionally but
nationally. Although forced to integrate in 1964, Auburn University’s experience is less well
known than that of its sister schools because press coverage of the event was controlled by
President Ralph B. Draughon. This article helps alleviate the scarcity of research on news
coverage of school desegregation by examining how the university effectively restricted the
media in their ability to collect news. If some of Auburn’s tactics were used today, they would be
considered unconstitutional because they would: undermine a free press, censor a student
newspaper, and restrict the media’s access to a university, which is public property.
Volume 33, No. 3, Fall 2007

Carroll, Brian. “North vs. South: Chicago Defender Coverage of the Integration of
Professional Baseball in the City.” 163-172.
This article examines the integration of the Chicago Cubs as it was anticipated, chronicled,
and contextualized by the Chicago Defender, the city’s largest black newspaper during the
1950s. The Cubs’ additions of Ernie Banks and Gene Baker late in the 1953 season are
placed into the black community’s social and cultural contexts of the time. Examined are the
loyalties and cleavages of the south side, loyalties that were already divided among the
White Sox, which had integrated several seasons earlier, and the Negro American League,
which was struggling to survive (and losing that struggle). Also studied is the reluctance with
which the Cubs finally integrated, a late-season decision made almost seven full seasons
after Jackie Robinson broke major league baseball’s color bar as a member of the 1947
Brooklyn Dodgers.

Copeland, David A. “A Series of Fortunate Events: Why People Believed Richard
Adams Locke’s ‘Moon Hoax.’” 140-150.
In August 1835, the New York Sun published a series that came to define for media
historians the sensational nature of penny-press news when Richard Adams Locke’s story of
the discovery of life on the moon captured national attention. What seems to contemporary
readers as an obvious fabrication was accepted at the time as factual because the Moon
Hoax was a series based in the contemporary wisdom of the age. Everyone believed
intelligent life existed on other planets, and Locke used this wisdom along with some
fortunate events—the return of Halley’s Comet, astronomist John Herschel’s trip to South
Africa, and the demise of the Edinburgh Journal of Science—to create a series that initially
fooled everyone. It built upon what had appeared in newspapers, almanacs, books, journals,
and religious commentary for centuries.
 Harrington-Lueker, Donna. “Finding a Market for Suffrage: Advertising and The
Revolution, 1868-70.” 130-139.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony’s The Revolution (1868-70) is a central text in
the history of the woman suffrage movement, but the contentious weekly also was part of a
highly competitive nineteenth-century publishing market. This article examines the
celebrated weekly’s advertising and circulation practices. Such a reading brings to the
surface not simply a woman suffrage newspaper but the threads of three different
publications at three points in the weekly’s short history: a national opinion weekly, a labor
reform publication, and a women’s literary or parlor magazine. Together the changes that
show up in content and positioning over this period attest to Stanton’s and Anthony’s active
efforts to reposition their weekly to gain both new audiences and new advertisers.
 Henry, Susan. “‘We Must Not Forget That We Are Dealing with a Woman’: Jane
Grant’s Return to a Magazine and a Cause.” 151-162.
When Jane Grant divorced Harold Ross in 1929, it appeared her involvement in The New
Yorker, which she had helped him found, would end. Yet her risk-taking nature, problemsolving skills, and financial stake in the magazine inspired her to lead a 1942 shareholders
revolt and then to spearhead the creation of a highly—and unexpectedly—successful edition
for soldiers overseas. This helped her negotiate a consulting position at the magazine. An
almost equally surprising feat was her revival of the Lucy Stone League in the anti-feminist
1950s. After broadening its purpose beyond helping married women keep their birth names,
she energetically led its fight for women’s rights. In both endeavors she had the unconditional
support of her second husband, William Harris, with whom she founded a pioneering retail
nursery, White Flower Farm.
 Watson, Roxanne. “Marcus Garvey’s Trial for Seditious Libel in Jamaica.” 173-184.
In the period after Marcus Garvey’s return to Jamaica from the United States, the civil rights
leader was welcomed as a hero by the poorer classes but was viewed with suspicion by the
authorities, who feared his popularity and his reputation. In 1930, he was charged,
prosecuted, and convicted of seditious libel. Although his conviction was ultimately
overturned in the Court of Appeal for procedural reasons, his trial and conviction for
sedition was one way in which the authorities tried to abort his controversial political
programs to uplift the black race. This article traces his trial as an example of how the legal
system in post-emancipation colonial Jamaica was used to abort Garvey’s fledgling political
movement.
Volume 33, No. 4, Winter 2008

Edmondson, Aimee and Earnest L. Perry, Jr. “Objectivity and ‘The Journalist’s
Creed’: Local Coverage of Lucile Bluford’s Fight to Enter the University of
Missouri School of Journalism.” 233-240.
This article examines how local newspapers covered the attempted enrollment and
subsequent legal fight that African American journalist Lucile Bluford waged against the
University of Missouri, the birthplace of journalism education, in 1939. The case rose in the
shadow of the U.S. Supreme Court’s better known Lloyd Gaines decision, which was the
NAACP’s most significant challenge of the separate but equal doctrine arising from Plessy v.
Ferguson in 1896. The school’s first dean and patriarch, Walter Williams, called for
reporters to battle injustice and to remain objective in “The Journalist’s Creed.” This
became a hallmark of the school and journalists worldwide, and reporters covering the
Bluford case learned the creed from Williams’ disciples. However, this study shows they
failed to follow it.
 Friedman, Barbara G. “‘A National Disgrace’: Newspaper Coverage of the 1963
Birmingham Campaign in the South and Beyond.” 224-232.
Because of a series of editorial apologies for neglecting coverage of the civil rights
movement, this article examines coverage of the 1963 Birmingham campaign in five prestige
dailies to explore the social construction of news and the relationship between news
organizations, their subjects, and their audiences. This study considers survey data that
indicated regional attitudes toward civil rights and found coverage did not always reflect the
views of a paper’s readers. Southern newspapers tended to discredit movement leaders and
their agenda, as well as to emphasize law enforcement’s preparedness, while northern and
western papers were sympathetic to the movement. The study specifically considers why a
midwest paper was hostile to the movement in contradiction to its readers’ pro-integration
attitude.
 Powers, Devon. “The ‘Folk Problem’: The Village Voice Takes on Folk Music, 195565.” 205-214.
This article examines the Village Voice’s coverage of Greenwich Village’s growing folk
music scene. The Village’s “folk problem” had three manifestations: the contentious role
that folk played in changing the community dynamics of the Village; the issues of taste raised
by folk as a new genre of music; and disputes within the folk community over
commercialization, popularization, and electrification. The study argues that the Voice’s
approaches to folk expanded readers’ notions of popular music journalism and criticism,
giving additional insight into the origins, purposes, and methods of critical consecration and
serious writing about music. It also contends that the paper’s popular music criticism
deserves a more prominent place in journalism history, popular music studies, and mass
communications.
 Ross, Felecia Jones. “The Cleveland Call and Post and the Election of Carl B.
Stokes.” 215-223.
When Carl B. Stokes was elected the first African-American mayor of a major U.S. city
(Cleveland) in 1967, it was considered a symbol of achievement for the nation’s ongoing
civil rights movement. Although national and local mainstream media paid considerable
attention to his successful campaign, little attention has been given to the role his city’s
African-American newspaper played. The Cleveland Call and Post did not merely chronicle
Stokes’ campaign; it actively mobilized the African-American community to realize its
political strength, and it challenged the white community to exercise racial tolerance to make
history. The paper’s crusade further exemplified the role and viability of the AfricanAmerican press during their struggle to find their place among daily media sources that also
covered the African-American community.
 Willey, Susan K. “Founding of the Dallas Morning News’ Religion Section.” 194204.
When the Dallas Morning News teamed up with Freedom Forum consultants to plan a new
religion section, the process involved leaders of all faith groups in the city. The six-page
section debuted in December 1994 and was an immediate success, winning numerous awards
and drawing accolades from journalism organizations because it was a commitment by a
major news organization to produce good religion coverage and help legitimize religion as
an important news beat. The section encouraged other newspapers to either begin or to
expand their religion sections. But in January 2007, the section was cut and allocated to
several pages in the metro section, a victim of financial pressures affecting newspapers. This
article tracks the planning and development of the section and how it fit the culture of the
times.
Volume 34, No. 1, Spring 2008

Carver, Mary M. “Everyday Women Find Their Voice in the Public Sphere:
Consciousness Raising in Letters to the Editor of the Woman’s Journal.” 15-22.
This article examines letters to the editor published in the Woman’s Journal, an eight-page
woman’s suffrage newspaper published weekly and distributed nationally, from 1870 to
1890. Letters to the editor provide insight into the workers of the movement, who may not
have been able to attend conventions or meet with like-minded women. Although much has
been written about the leaders of the American woman’s suffrage movement, little is known
about the average suffragist. This study shows that readers of the Journal used
consciousness-raising rhetoric similar to the genre of women’s liberation rhetoric of the
twentieth-century women’s rights movement. Thus, the press was an interactive
communication partner that enabled them to form a community of geographically separated
suffragists.
 Cole, Jaci and John Maxwell Hamilton. “Another Test of the News: American
Partisan Press Coverage of the French Revolution.” 34-41.
In a pioneering content analysis published in the New Republic in 1920, journalists Walter
Lippmann and Charles Merz assessed the New York Times coverage of the Russian
revolution. They concluded that the Times’ reporters and editors tended to report the news
as they wished it to be. “The news,” they wrote, “is dominated by the hopes of the men who
composed the news organization.” While scholars have used this concept to study the
coverage of subsequent revolutions, this is the first content analysis to look back at the
French Revolution in the late 1700s. It finds, as Lippmann and Merz did, that “hope and
fear” shaped coverage by the partisan press. That journalism in two very different periods
had similar tendencies suggests the inherent difficulty of covering a revolution in any time
period with a press of any type.
 Cronin, Mary M. “‘War Is Thundering at Our Very Gates’: Texas Newspapers
During the Civil War.” 23-33.
This article examines the economic and editorial concerns that Texas editors faced during
the Civil War from 1861 to 1865. It asks two questions: Did the state’s geographic distance
from most battles make its newspapers immune from the financial and editorial difficulties
that other southern editors faced, or did the largely frontier conditions make publishing a
more financially precarious occupation for its editors during the war years? The study
reveals that despite Texas’ geographic distance from most of the battles, its editors and
publishers endured the same economic and news gathering hardships as did their
counterparts in other Confederate states. Furthermore, the state’s thinly spread population
and its lack of a manufacturing base left its editors particularly unprepared for the financial
hardships and the shortage of raw materials that occurred during the war.
 Gustafson, Kristin L. “Constructions of Responsibility for Three 1920 Lynchings in
Minnesota Newspapers: Marginalization of People, Groups, and Ideas.” 42-53.
For decades, Minnesota history books omitted the 1920 lynchings of three black men by a
mob in one of the largest cities, and residents seemed to forget or “bury” it. This study
explored how initial coverage of the event in seventeen Minnesota newspapers constructed
responsibility for the lynchings and likely shaped perceptions that might explain their
seeming absence from collective memory. Coverage in the newspapers showed: several
constructions of responsibility for the lynchings; dominant voices that reinforced the
dominant constructions; reinforcement of a dominant white social structure and institutions,
such as the police and law enforcement mechanisms; and what was not reported or was
slighted, such as certain ideas and voices of black and white women and black men.
Ultimately, this showed that the coverage contributed to hegemony through marginalizing
some groups, individuals, and ideas related to it.
 Ward, Douglas B. “The Geography of the Ladies’ Home Journal: An Analysis of a
Magazine’s Audience, 1911-55.” 2-14.
This article argues that geography played an important role in shaping the readership of the
Ladies’ Home Journal in the early and mid-twentieth century. It draws upon circulation
records of Curtis Publishing Company and the Audit Bureau of Circulations, using them to
map state distribution of the Journal in six periods from 1911 to 1955. Although the
magazine’s geographic identity shifted somewhat during that period, it showed a clear split
between the South and the rest of the country. In exploring readership patterns, the article
argues that the Journal provided an important cultural tie between West and East while the
South, in large part, remained isolated. This suggests researchers must begin to see
magazine audiences in regional terms, just as they do forms of fiction writing, social
interaction, and ways of life.
Volume 34, No. 2, Summer 2008

Basconi, Mary Alice. “Summer in the City, 1968-74: Columbia University’s
Minority-Journalist Training Program.” 62-75.
America’s post-riot era was a time of unfulfilled expectations for those concerned with
newsroom staffing. The Kerner Commission said blacks should be trained, hired, and
promoted in mainstream media, yet few news managers moved beyond tokenism to diversify
what had been a white domain. In 1968, broadcaster Fred W. Friendly crafted a summer
program at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism that would graduate 223
minority trainees over seven years. Some became reporters, news anchors, media executives,
and producers, although many left journalism for other careers. In a study more than thirty
years after the project closed, participants discussed what they saw in newsrooms during this
era of social change, and their recollections reflect the idealism that fueled this early effort
in media hiring reform.
 Gabrial, Brian. “A Crisis of ‘Americanism’: Newspaper Coverage of John Brown’s
Raid at Harper’s Ferry and a Question of Loyalty.” 98-106.
John Brown’s October 16, 1859, raid at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, created a flashpoint in the
United States, sparking what can be called a “Crisis of Americanism.” As this article shows,
evidence of this discourse appeared frequently in extensive southern and northern newspaper
coverage of his raid, trial, and subsequent hanging on December 2 as editors on both sides
of the slavery issue accused one another as well as prominent Americans of disloyal,
treasonous behavior. This unhealthy, often shrill, debate, which helped lead to the Civil War
in 1861, hardly promoted democratic ideals or best served the nation’s values and founding
ideals. Instead, such incendiary rhetoric only added to the increasing division of two
Americas, both of which laid valid claims to being rightful heirs to the legacy of the United
States’ founding.
 Peeples, Matthew. “Creating Political Authority: The Role of the Antebellum Black
Press in the Political Mobilization and Empowerment of African Americans.” 76-86.
From its beginnings in the 1820s, African-American newspapers have always been a strong
and vocal ally for the rights of blacks throughout the United States. This article delineates how
and why these papers from the mid-1830s to the Civil War became important as platforms of
political agency for those who were denied conventional means of political participation in the
government. In particular, this study focuses on four avenues through which the newspapers
were utilized to afford political agency to Africans Americans: the material and rhetorical
support of black suffrage; the promotion and facilitation of public protest; the promotion of
material and moral elevation; and the creation and promotion of a black national and
historical identity. The success of the black press in these areas set a precedent for all
subsequent African-American political struggles.
 Smith, Reed. “How Two Veteran Journalists in Opposing Media Encouraged a
Sense of Community in a Georgia Town.” 107-116.
In the latter half of the twentieth century, a print and a broadcast journalist collectively
reported on the people and events in Savannah, Georgia, for more than 100 years. As
exceptional as their record of longevity, however, was the way in which they went about their
jobs. Newspaperman Tom Coffey and TV anchor Doug Weathers practiced “community
journalism,” not only reporting upon their audiences but forming a mutually beneficial
relationship with them. It is an approach whose beginnings date to the earliest days of
American journalism but whose practice is becoming increasingly rare today. This article
explores how these two men defined their daily work in a distinctive manner and the impact
their efforts had on the community as they worked with the people of Savannah rather than
trying significantly to alter things.
 Van Tuyll, Debra Reddin. “Necessity and the Invention of a Newspaper: Gov.
Zebulon B. Vance’s Conservative, 1864-65.” 87-97.
Starting a newspaper in the nineteenth century was a risky business, and this was especially
true in the Civil War South where invading armies, spiraling inflation, and conscription laws
were constant threats to physical facilities, financial success, and manpower. Despite this,
North Carolina Governor Zebulon B. Vance and the state’s Conservative political party
found the money and the will to establish a new daily to support the his re-election bid in
1864. Campaign papers were common in the 1800s, but while most shut down following an
election, the Conservative continued to publish after Vance won. Records and archives
document how it was financed, equipped, and staffed, providing an unprecedented glimpse
into what it took to start a newspaper not only in the nineteenth century but during America’s
bloodiest war.
Volume 34, No. 3, Fall 2008

Siff, Stephen. “Henry Luce’s Strange Trip: Coverage of LSD in Time and Life, 195468.” 126-134.
Before possession of hallucinogens was made a federal crime, LSD was the subject of
numerous stories in Time and Life magazines, many of which described the experience in
glowing terms. The drug was frequently discussed as a scientific marvel that had the
potential to enhance or induce religious experience, and this “instant mysticism” was often
described in Christian and biblical terms. Letters and acid-trip journals in the papers of
Clare Boothe Luce, the wife of Time and Life publisher Henry Luce, and other documentary
evidence show that the extensive and largely positive coverage of LSD in these magazines
was consistent with the beliefs of the Luces. The publisher remained enthusiastic about LSD
even as recreational use of the drug was growing, and he made his views on the drug known
to subordinates at the magazines.
 Mellinger, Gwyneth. “The ASNE and Desegregation: Maintaining the White
Prerogative in the Face of Change.” 135-144.
During the 1950s, the American Society of Newspaper Editors became the site of an
ideological struggle between the racial status quo and the new social order envisioned by the
Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. This article examines the all-white
ASNE in the years after Brown as the racial exclusivity of the organization and the
profession it represented were both questioned and reaffirmed. Using a variety of primary
source documents, including ASNE publications, convention transcripts, and members’
archival materials, this project isolates the ways in which the white prerogative reasserted
itself through the exclusivity of the ASNE membership structure, the usage of regional history
and identity by editors from the South, and the manipulation of the journalistic ideal of
objectivity and First Amendment values.
 Spaulding, Stacy. “Totalitarian Refugee or Fascist Mistress? Comparing Lisa
Sergio’s Autobiography to her FBI File.” 145-154.
Did Italian propaganda broadcaster Lisa Sergio, who claimed to have been Europe’s first
female radio announcer, flee Italy in 1937 because she became an anti-fascist (as she
claimed) or because she boasted too much about affairs with high fascist officials (as her
FBI file asserted)? This article examines Sergio’s writings and her 300-page FBI file to
attempt to determine which story was true. But troubling aspects of her autobiography
surfaced (such as dramatic narrative arcs and factual inconsistencies), suggesting that
factual analysis alone cannot fully explain the discrepancies. This study borrowed a
framework from autobiographical theorists and scholars to show that these writings were a
performance for the U.S. audience: an act of identity, gender, and culture, concealing a
hidden subtext of historical agency.

Hume, Janice. “Public Memory, Cultural Legacy, and Press Coverage of the
Juneteenth Revival.” 155-162.
Following the Civil War, African Americans in Texas celebrated their emancipation with an
annual holiday known as “Juneteenth.” The celebration migrated to other areas of the
country, and over the past several years there has been a concerted effort to establish it as a
national holiday. Using the recent revival and diffusion of Juneteenth as its focal point, this
article examines local press coverage of the celebration in four states. The coverage
illustrates how journalists invoke history to explain current events and also highlights the
changing, fluid nature of public memory. In contrast to the view of history as a fixed, stable
account of past events, the evidence reveals that the historical record is continually changing
based upon contemporary concerns, political motivations, and, in this particular case, the
ongoing integration of African Americans into American society.
 Abrahamson, David. “The Jungle at 100: A Century of Journalism Reform.” 163173.
It has been just over 100 years since the publication of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, which
certainly was a keystone in the arch of American’s literature of reform. By means of a
reconsideration at the work’s centennial, these four essays explore a variety of historical
issues: the origins and progress of the reformist impulse in U.S. journalism; the varied
literary roots of American journalistic practices; the unresolved tensions between fictive and
nonfictive writing; and the historiographic issues raised by the recent discovery of an
unpublished, significantly longer version of the work. As an inspiration to all muckraking
journalists over the years, the seminal position of The Jungle in American letters is matched
by few other works. It is hoped these essays will encourage a diverse conversation about the
book, its causes, and its effects.
Volume 34, No. 4, Winter 2009

Cressman, Dale. “From Newspaper Row to Times Square: The Dispersal and
Contested Identity of an Imagined Journalistic Community.” 182-193.
Until the early twentieth century, Park Row was synonymous with New York newspapers. Of
the newspapers that left Park Row, the New York Times was notable for having established
a geographic landmark that was identified with the newspaper. In fact, by 1906, Times
Square had replaced Park Row as a place for New Yorkers to get election night news or to
celebrate New Year’s Eve. Nevertheless, Times Square did not remain associated with its
newspaper namesake, and today a successor to the “zipper” is the last physical reminder of
the paper’s presence in this area of New York City. Drawing on the Archives of the New York
Times Company, this article traces the history of Times Square from the construction of
Times Tower through the twentieth century as the Times lost its identity as the
neighborhood’s namesake.
 Witwer, David. “Westbrook Pegler, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the FBI: A History of
Infamous Enmities and Unlikely Collaborations.” 194-203.
The conservative newspaper columnist Westbrook Pegler was notorious for his enmity
towards Eleanor Roosevelt, but according to previous scholarship she dismissed his criticism
as insignificant. Scholars have depicted Roosevelt as a staunch champion of free speech
rights and a strident critic of the FBI’s intrusion into domestic politics. In late 1942,
however, she asked the FBI to launch a wartime sedition investigation that aimed to link
Pegler to the fascist enemy. This was six months after she had contemplated proposing a
joint conference with him to consider the problem of union abuses. These overlooked
episodes contradict the standard depiction of Roosevelt’s response to Pegler and are a
reminder of the news media’s central role during World War II in efforts to support or attack
the growing power of organized labor.
 Rodgers, Ron. “‘Goodness Isn’t News’: The Sheldon Edition and the National
Conversation Defining Journalism’s Responsibility to Society.” 204-215.
This article explores the national discussion in 1900 about press responsibility, which was
sparked by the Rev. Charles Sheldon, a pastor of a Congregationalist church, serving a
week-long stint as editor of the Topeka (Kansas) Daily Capital. Afterward, the general
consensus of the reams of commentary, from both the press and the pastorate, was that
editing a daily paper from a “Christian point of view” was a failure. Nevertheless, the
debate revealed the pulpit’s acknowledgement of its conferral of the role of agent of
education and moral uplift upon the press, making it the new arbiter of public opinion.
However, it also showed the pulpit challenging the notion of journalistic objectivity as it
struggled to redefine news as interpretive and advocative in order to comport with a
journalistic ideal grounded in the gospel.
 Stoker, Kevin. “The Journalist and the Jurist: Political Adversaries Enlisted in ‘a
Long Campaign on Behalf of Civil Liberties.’” 216-229.
In the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, a progressive Harvard Law
professor and a conservative New York editorial page editor began a correspondence that
lasted twenty years. The Democratic jurist and future Supreme Court Justice, Felix
Frankfurter, had helped found the American Civil Liberties Union and the New Republic.
His Republican journalistic cohort, Geoffrey Parsons, wrote for the New Deal’s leading
opponent, the New York Herald Tribune. Their correspondence reveals the evolution of a
relationship between a journalist and a public figure and shows the mindset of the
anonymous editor and the effect his editorial page had on an observer “not of his party.” In
the correspondence, the law served as “the cohesive power of a free society” and a common
bond between political adversaries.
 Wilson, Keith. “‘The Beginning of the End:’ An Analysis of British Newspaper
Coverage of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.” 230-239.
Although negative perceptions of the character of African Americans were at the center of the
British press debate over the merits of Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, it was
the way that his character was portrayed that gave it potency and direction. Editors who
opposed the Proclamation besmirched him in a way that enabled them to argue that they were
not defending slavery but keeping their commentary within Britain’s popular anti-slavery
traditions. In contrast, those papers which supported the Proclamation believed he was a
liberal statesman who shared the core moral values of the British. Because the debate
occurred when newspapers were undergoing profound and innovative changes, this helped
shape the character of the debate, increased its intensity, and provided a commentary on the
evolving nature of British newspaper journalism.
Volume 35, No. 1, Spring 2009

Ehrlich, Matthew C. “Living with the Bomb: Fred Friendly’s ‘The Quick and the
Dead.’” 2-11.
Fred Friendly’s NBC radio series in 1950, “The Quick and the Dead,” represented a key
moment in the evolution of broadcast news documentaries as it examined the creation of the
atomic bomb, the looming prospect of the hydrogen bomb, and the potential benefits of
atomic energy. It aired at a charged historical moment just after the outbreak of the Korean
War and not long after the announcement that America would begin work on an H-bomb in
response to the Soviets’ acquisition of atomic weaponry. The program also bridged the news
and entertainment worlds by featuring Bob Hope and New York Times science reporter
William Laurence along with many key figures in the bomb’s development. It exemplified
journalism’s ambivalence toward the new atomic age while pointing the way toward
Friendly’s legendary work with Edward R. Murrow at CBS.
 Watts, Liz. “Lydia Maria Child: Editor of the National Anti-Slavery Standard, 184143.” 12-22.
This article examines Lydia Maria Child’s editorship of the National Anti-Slavery Standard,
the newspaper of the American Anti-Slavery Society, from 1841-43. Before becoming the
editor, she edited her own magazine for children, worked with her husband at their
newspaper, and wrote numerous fiction and nonfiction works for juveniles and adults. As an
editor, she espoused objectivity, derided sensationalism, and applied her own inclusive
formula for building circulation, emphasizing material with broad appeal to both men and
women while reducing the emphasis on politics. She succeeded in doubling the Standard’s
circulation but did not satisfy the more strident members of the AASS, who wanted more
militancy. She also introduced a popular personal column, “Letters to New-York,” which
attracted wide attention.
 Walton, Laura Richardson. “Organizing Resistance: The Use of Public Relations by
the Citizens’ Council in Mississippi, 1954-64. 23-33.
The Citizens’ Council of Mississippi emerged from the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta
to protest the Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. More than half
of white Mississippians were determined to protect the public schools’ segregated
classrooms and supported the organized resistance movement with enthusiasm and
determination. The Council relied heavily on a deliberate and strategic PR initiative to gain
support for its ideals and initiatives with leaders polishing the use of traditional public
relations tools and becoming savvy users of developing media technologies. This article
explores how the organization’s use of PR during the anti-civil rights movement relates to
James E. Grunig’s and Todd Hunt’s widely accepted historical model that represents the
development of the public relations profession.
 Cleary, Johanna. “‘Genet’ on the Air: Janet Flanner’s Wartime Broadcasts.” 34-41.
For fifty years, journalist Janet Flanner wrote a bi-weekly “Letter from Paris” column for
the New Yorker magazine. While her professional legacy included influencing American
literary journalism by developing the journalistic essay, she also recorded a little-known
series of radio commentaries in 1945-46 from the hotspots of Europe in the critical months
surrounding the end of World War II. This article offers a detailed examination of the content
and themes of those commentaries. It notes her focus on deprivations caused by the war and
its aftermath, the plight of women in the war-ravaged countries, the post-war political
landscape in France and Italy, and the obligation of the Allies to help rebuild France and
Italy. The study concludes that her foray into radio was an important indicator of the
growing significance of this medium.

Sumpter, Randall S. “Core Knowledge: Early Reporting Textbooks and the
Formation of Professional Identity.” 42-52.
This analysis of six influential reporting textbooks published during the first two decades of the
twentieth century found that they helped create journalism’s professional identity in two ways.
The books and their authors, who in most cases taught journalism on the university level,
identified the four basic problems of journalism for students: how to recognize news, how to
assign it a value, how to collect it, and how to write it. The books, along with a teaching strategy
that relied on practical exercises and examples drawn from diverse newspapers, taught students
how to solve those problems. The texts and teaching methods also taught journalism students
about their place in a distinct professional hierarchy where they exploited sources and readers
while obeying editors and publisher.
Volume 35, No. 2, Summer 2009

Bissonette, Devan L. “Between Silence and Self-Interest: Time, Life, and the
Unsilent Generation’s Coming-of-Age.” 62-71.
As the 1950’s drew to a close, Time Incorporated had become one of the most influential
publishers in America. Both Time and Life, looking to the future, began to examine youth
culture, providing ample space for the coming unsilent generation to address, and at times
contest, dominant cultural values. As this generation grew vocal, stories filled with
apprehension towards their ideals, but by the end of the 1960’s, Life came to appreciate the
hopes of this generation as America’s war in Vietnam faltered and the nation’s politics
polarized. Time took a different path, linking failure in Vietnam with youthful dissent and the
inability of the nation’s collective will to remedy national problems. This article reconstructs
Time’s and Life’s presentation of youth culture in the 1960’s, demonstrating how both
magazines sought to define the meaning of that generation’s dissent in the wake of a rapidly
changing social order.
 Gibbons, Michelle. “‘Voices from the People”: Letters to the American
Phrenological Journal, 1854-64.” 72-81.
This article examines letters sent to the editors of the American Phrenological Journal, a
monthly periodical dedicated to the pseudoscience of phrenology. This “rebel medical
journal,” which existed on the fringes of nineteenth-century American medical journalism,
demonstrated remarkable longevity, remaining in print for more than seventy years. While
phrenology is largely remembered because of its prominent practitioners and well-known
supporters, letters sent to the journal provide insight into how ordinary individuals engaged
with phrenological ideas. Three types of letters were common: those that sang the virtues of
phrenology and the APJ; those that contained questions; and those that pointed out problems
or concerns with phrenology. The letters showed that readers were drawn to phrenology as
an overarching system with far-reaching explanatory power but troubled by its
contradictions in detail.
 Wagner, Venise. “‘Activities Among Negroes”: Race Pride and a Call for Interracial
Dialogue in California’s East Bay Region, 1920-31.” 82-90.
After authoring a groundbreaking book in 1919 about African-American contributions to
California history, Delilah Beasley began in 1923 writing a column, “Activities Among
Negroes,” for the Oakland Tribune, detailing the lives of African Americans around the
country. This made her the first African-American woman to be a regular columnist for a
mainstream (predominately white) newspaper. Her columns chronicled a range of activities
among the black elite, from the quotidian to the exceptional, and provided white readers with
positive portrayals of African Americans that were not commonly available to white
audiences. What she wrote often drew the attention of prominent whites in the community,
particularly women involved in the progressive movement and women’s clubs, and promoted
interracial dialogue in California’s East Bay region.
 St. John III, Burton. “Journalism’s Counterinsurgency against ‘Free Space’: The
ANPA Anti-Publicity Bulletin, 1921-26.” 91-97.
Journalists, disheartened in the decade after World War I by their role in spreading domestic
wartime propaganda, attempted to restore press integrity through new, professional
principles and practices. These efforts to re-assert the press’ standing included an active
resistance to the contemporaneous rise of propaganda offered by the domestic public
relations industry. In particular, newspaper publishers and editors, through the American
Newspaper Publishers Association’s anti-publicity bulletin, aggressively called on news
workers to resist publicity seekers who undermined the advertising-based economic model of
the paper. This movement against space-seeking propagandists provided additional
momentum for the advent of a modern professional journalism that ironically finds itself
predisposed to use propaganda materials.
 Haygood, Daniel Marshall. “Henry Luce’s Anti-Communist Legacy: An Analysis of
U.S. News Magazines’ Coverage of China’s Cultural Revolution.” 98-105.
Critics have long accused Henry Luce, a fervent anti-Communist, of using his Time,
Incorporated media vehicles, particularly Time magazine, to promote causes and
governments which he supported, such as General Chiang Kai-shek’s Chinese Nationalist
government in the Chinese civil war and pro-American regimes in the Korean and Vietnam
wars. The theme throughout was always to fight Communist regimes, and he developed his
staff and reporters along this ideological line until he stepped away from his official duties at
Time, Inc. leaving the magazines in the hands of seasoned, professional journalists, such as
Hedley Donovan. This article analyzes coverage by the leading U.S. news magazines during
the early period of the Chinese “Cultural Revolution” to determine if Luce’s anti-Communist
legacy remained after he left the organization.
 Roessner, Amber. “Uncovering Sources Hidden Under your Nose: Manuscripts,
Archives, and Special Collections at the University of Georgia.” 106-109.
This is the ninth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections
that they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome
volunteers to write such articles.
Volume 35, No. 3, Fall 2009

Lumsden, Linda. “‘Women’s Lib Has No Soul’? Analysis of Women’s Movement
Coverage in Black Periodicals, 1968-73.” 118-130.
This analysis of twelve black magazines and journals and six black newspapers shows that
positive coverage of the women’s movement occurred across a wide spectrum of black
periodicals from 1968 through 1973. Although criticism and ridicule of feminism existed in
black print media, the periodicals in this study published dozens of editorials, essays, and
articles that supported feminist principles of political, economic, and social equality for
women. Black newspapers also published numerous notices of feminist meetings and events
followed by news accounts of them, which documented black women’s interest and
participation in the women’s movement. Eighty of the 216 articles contained positive
statements about the women’s movement, sixty articles publicized feminist events, and fiftysix articles had negative statements about the movement.
 Martinelli, Diana Knott. “The Public Relations Work of Journalism Trailblazer and
First Lady Confidante Lorena Hickok, 1937-45.” 131-140.
This article draws on both primary and secondary sources to help understand the evolution
of the public relations profession through a biographical analysis of Lorena Hickok, a
reporter who was the first woman to have a front-page byline in the New York Times and to
hold a PR position in the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. In examining her lesserknown public relations career at the World’s Fair from 1937 to 1940 and at the Democratic
National Committee from 1940 to 1945, the authors found that she implemented
asymmetrical public relations and relationship maintenance strategies, which were both
forms of a developing managerial function in the public relations field. Information about
this period of her work adds to the history of women in political public relations.
 Kaszuba, Dave. “Ringside, Hearthside: Sports Scribe Jane Dixon Embodies
Struggle of Jazz Age Women Caught Between Two Worlds.” 141-151.
This article examines the groundbreaking contributions of Jane Dixon as a New York City
sportswriter in the 1920s. She typified the way that most women entered the field: by writing
about male sports from a so-called “woman’s angle.” Her stories were especially
noteworthy for two reasons: she covered the bloody and unseemly world of boxing more
prolifically than perhaps any other woman of the time, thus standing out as a pioneer among
her gender; and, despite being assigned to write from a woman’s angle that inevitably
stressed stereotypically feminine interests, she also used her writing as a forum to support a
progressive feminist agenda. Thus, she reflected the wider, conflicted mood faced by women
of the era, who found themselves caught between progressive feminism and a cultural
backlash that sought to reprioritize marriage and domesticity.
 Mellen, Roger P. “Thomas Jefferson and the Origins of Newspaper Competition in
Pre-Revolutionary Virginia.” 151-161.
For 200 years, historians have written that Thomas Jefferson and his fellow patriots brought
a second printer into the colony of Virginia so that their radical messages could be heard. By
examining newspapers and other evidence from the critical period around the Stamp Act of
1765-66, this article uncovers flaws in that interpretation and attempts a better
understanding of what happened and how that influenced the development of a free press.
Jefferson was not directly involved in procuring a printer, but new print competition did
bring substantial changes to the relationship among the printer, the government, and
readers. Broader civic discourse spurred by commercial competition helped to develop new
revolutionary ideals, including the concept of a constitutional protection for a free press,
which ultimately was expressed in the First Amendment.
 Coyle, Erin. “The Moral Duty of Publicity: Louis Dembitz Brandeis’ Crusades for
Reform in the Press and Public Affairs.” 162-167.
Just over a decade after Louis Dembitz Brandeis co-wrote “The Right to Privacy,” which
criticized nineteenth-century newspaper journalists’ intrusive practices, the attorney sent
articles and research to numerous muckraking journalists. On one level, his involvement with
investigative journalists seemingly contradicts that article’s seminal call for judges to
sanction gossip-seeking journalists. His correspondence with friends and journalists,
however, suggests he was scolding the readers and publishers of keyhole journalists for
failing to comprehend the moral duty of publicity. Those letters also indicate he supported
muckraking journalism that exemplified his vision for the moral duty of the American press.
He recruited journalists to join his campaigns that used publicity to protect individuals
against exploitation by keyhole journalists, corporate monopolies, and governors.
 Butler, Betsy. “‘Improvement Must Shine in Every Line’: Literary Newspapers at
Miami University Suggest Journalistic Influences on a Homegrown Exercise in SelfImprovement.” 168-170.
This is the tenth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections
that they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome
volunteers to write such articles.
Volume 35, No. 4, Winter 2010


Baldasty, Gerald. “Remembering Dr. Barbara Cloud, 1938-2009.” 182-183.
Blake, Matthew. “Woody Guthrie: A Dust Bowl Representative in the Communist
Party Press.” 184-193.
Woody Guthrie is widely recognized as a folk singer and songwriter of “This Land Is Your
Land” as well as countless other songs, ranging from political material to labor anthems.
Less recognized are his contributions to the Communist press, especially his writings for the
San Francisco-based People’s World newspaper, for which he composed a regular column
and cartoons for eighteen months. This study examines the content of these writings mainly
during 1939, when his commentary focused on the conditions and experiences of California’s
Dust Bowl migrants. It discusses his role as an advocate for migrants, his unique methods of
spelling and composition, and feedback by People’s World readers to his writings, which
were composed during a period of tumult in the state.
 Webb, Sheila. “Prowess Unlimited: The Portrayal of Science and Technology in
Life, 1936-41. 1936-41.
The press is seminal to our knowledge and control of scientific and technological
developments. The photographic essays in the early years of Life afford an opportunity to
examine the role of a new medium in constructing narratives that visualized the hopes and
priorities of a period when the United States became an international power, which was
crucially enhanced by scientific and technological prowess. This study combined three
methodological approaches—archival research, textual and narrative analysis, and content
analysis—and found that compared to other magazines, Life’s coverage of science and
technology was extremely high. Its coverage actualized what James Carey called the “visual
society,” which is both created by and made necessary by increasing urbanization and the
growth of technologically mediated communication.
 Bates, Stephen. “Mixed Motives Behind a Pulitzer: The Pecos Independent and
Enterprise and Billie Sol Estes.” 205-215.
In 1962, the Pecos Independent and Enterprise in Texas published a series of articles
accusing an unnamed local man of using intermediaries to mortgage thousands of
nonexistent fertilizer tanks. The articles triggered the arrest of Billie Sol Estes, a Pecos
businessman with Washington connections, and a national scandal resulted: President John
F. Kennedy was asked about Estes at a news conference, and several administration officials
resigned or were fired for having accepted gifts from Estes. For uncovering the scandal,
Oscar Griffin, Jr., editor of the Independent, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1963. This Pulitzerwinning exposé fell outside the traditional template of investigative reporting. The
Independent published the stories less for public service than for self-preservation: the
newspaper was being bankrupted by Estes’ Pecos Daily News.
 Gillis, William. “Say No to Busing and the Liberal Media: Backlash against the
Louisville Courier-Journal and the Louisville Times, 1975-76.
In July 1975, a federal judge ordered the Jefferson County, Kentucky, school district to
desegregate its public schools by busing 11,000 white students from the county’s
predominantly white suburban schools to mostly black Louisville schools and vice-versa. The
order sparked a massive anti-busing campaign, including rallies and marches that attracted
as many as 12,000 protesters. Busing opponents, the vast majority of whom were white,
targeted Louisville’s two daily newspapers, the Courier-Journal and the Times, which backed
the busing plan. They boycotted the papers, demonstrated in front of their downtown offices,
and published their own newspapers. The Courier-Journal and the Times were indicted
because they represented powerful liberal elites whom anti-busers believed had stripped
ordinary Americans of their individual rights and freedoms.
 Kirk, Andrew Taylor. “Dens of Hell in the Cities of Zion: Newspaper Coverage of
Opium Abuse in Territorial Utah, 1869-96.” 229-237.
Life was hard for Chinese laborers in the American West, and many smoked opium to forget
their troubles. When this habit arrived in the Utah Territory in 1869, it alarmed and offended
Victorian values and religiously-based moral sensibilities, and even worse, non-Chinese
residents began adopting the habit. This article used traditional historical methods to
identify and interpret newspaper articles published in Salt Lake City and Ogden, Utah, about
people smoking opium. The purpose of the study was to understand how editors and writers
interpreted the growing habit and its affect on society, and hegemony theory, based on the
writings of Antonio Gramsci, was used to interpret the findings. The article argues that
newspapers discouraged opium use and pressured the government to suppress and control its
sale in support of community values.
Volume 36, No. 1, Spring 2010

Lane, Julie B. “From Cab Rides to the Cold War: Richard Rovere, the New Yorker,
and Postwar Washington.” 2-12.
This article explores how Richard H. Rovere’s “Letter from Washington” helped the New
Yorker become a prominent voice on U.S. politics in the years following World War II. He
combined the style of a literary critic with a detached approach to politics to create a style
that distinguished the New Yorker’s Washington reports from those of its competitors and
helped shape the magazine’s reputation as a powerful player in the postwar political culture.
His consistent support of the anti-Communist foreign policy that was pursued by the Harry
Truman and Dwight Eisenhower administrations reinforced the Cold War consensus in the
early 1950s. This article draws on archival materials, including the Rovere and the New
Yorker papers, as well as the political pieces that he contributed to the magazine between
1948 and 1954, when he established his reputation as a Washington correspondent.

Voss, Kimberly Wilmot. “Dorothy Jurney: A National Advocate for Women’s Pages
as They Evolved and Then Disappeared.” 13-22.
Dorothy Jurney was a groundbreaking women’s page editor at several newspapers and a
long-time advocate for women in journalism. She began her career during the depression
after graduating from Northwestern University, and after working on the news side of
newspapers during World War II, she moved back to the women’s section. She went on to
redefine the content of the sections at the Miami Herald and the Detroit News Press and was
called the “godmother of the transformation of the women’s page” by the Washington Press
Club Foundation. She retired as an assistant managing editor at the Philadelphia Inquirer in
1975 and then conducted several studies on the lack of women in positions of power at
newspapers. Thus, she was a “first” in a number of areas although she was denied numerous
opportunities because of her gender.
 Flamiano, Dolores. “Japanese American Internment in Popular Magazines: Race,
Citizenship, and Gender in World War II Photojournalism.” 23-35.
This article analyzes published photographs of Japanese Americans interned in World War II
by Dorothea Lange (1895-1965), Ansel Adams (1902-84), and Carl Mydans (1907-2004) in
Survey Graphic, U.S. Camera, and Life respectively. Although their work was constrained by
the economic and ideological realities of the war’s photojournalism, they transcended the
medium to provide historians with valuable insights into a controversial chapter in our
national history when the government felt it was necessary to curtail civil liberties. In
addition to reconsidering the existing scholarship on Lange and Adams, this article explores
new ground by analyzing the photojournalism of Mydans. This fresh perspective reveals how
photojournalism contributed to the visual construction of race, citizenship, and gender.
 Wood, Janice. “Physicians and Obscenity: A Struggle for Free Speech, 1872-1915.”
36-44.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, literature that reflected changing
attitudes toward sexuality, religion, marriage, and government fell victim to the Comstock
Act and related state laws on obscenity. Among the earliest individuals convicted was Dr.
Edward Bliss Foote for a brochure that promoted birth control, and, he and his son, Dr.
Edward Bond Foote, challenged obscenity legislation in Congress, state legislatures, and
courts and also offered personal assistance to defendants in free speech cases. From 1872 to
1915, they waged a campaign against obscenity prosecutions that they considered unfair and
advocated the right to freely discuss reform issues of the day, many of them sex-related. This
study documents the Footes’ free speech work, which brought them into contact with notable
personalities of the day.
 Watts, Liz. “Covering Eleanor Roosevelt: Associated Press Reporter Bess Furman
and Four Years with the First Lady.” 45-54.
Between 1933 and 1936, Eleanor Roosevelt changed Associated Press Washington Bureau
reporter Bess Furman’s reporting life. She joined the AP in 1929 and was assigned to cover
women, but Lou Hoover and other official wives were difficult to cover because of their rule
that they were never to be quoted. When Mrs. Roosevelt came to the White House, she
changed that by granting access through press conferences, travel, and friendship, and
Furman’s reporting changed because of Mrs. Roosevelt’s interest in social problems and her
desire to change the bad conditions in the country. Furman now wrote about her efforts as
well as those of other women who worked in the Roosevelt administration. She learned about
poverty, subsistence farms, and race relations among other social issues through her contact
with the first lady, and this eventually led her to a job at the New York Times.
Volume 36, No. 2, Summer 2010
 Gerl, Ellen. “Beverly Rae Kimes: Automotive Journalist Under the Hood.” 62-71.
In 1963, young journalist Beverly Rae Kimes, who had dreamed of a job writing about New
York City theater, settled for a pay-the-bills job at the fledging Automobile Quarterly
magazine, and by 1981, she had become the top editor of the elegant hardcover publication.
In a career spanning more than four decades, she wrote hundreds of magazine articles and
authored or edited twenty books on the automotive industry as she set high standards for
future automotive historians while deftly navigating the male province of auto writing in the
1960s and 1970s. Gaining recognition in this era required trade-offs. This article argues that
Kimes succeeded partly by masking her female identity, working longer hours than male
colleagues, and carving out a freelance niche in the auto publishing world.
 Lorenz, Larry. “‘With Bowed Heads and Brows Abashed:’ The Press of New
Orleans under General Benjamin Butler.” 72-82.
When Major General Benjamin F. Butler took command of Union forces in New Orleans on
May 1, 1862, he imposed censorship of the press and put telegraph communications under
military control. He was quick to suppress newspapers that he found offensive, although he
allowed most to publish again when editors made suitable front-page apologies. He seized
two newspapers, however, selling one at an auction and turning the other into an organ for
himself, and imprisoned two editors. This article examines the content of the occupation
press; the reactions to it of local readers and some northern newspaper correspondents; and
the tensions between the commanding general of the outnumbered occupation force and the
editors, who were unable to provide their readers with news and comment on all of the
important issues of the day.
 Roessner, Lori Amber. “Remembering ‘The Georgia Peach:’ Popular Press, Public
Myth, and the Shifting Legacy of an (Anti) Hero.” 83-95.
Often hailed as the greatest player of the Dead-Ball Era, Ty Cobb was the focus of extensive
media coverage throughout the twentieth century. This article explores the intersection of
popular culture and collective memory by examining the press’ participation in the shifting
legacy of one of baseball’s legendary (anti-) heroes. One question guided the narrative: how
did the Sporting News and the Atlanta Constitution represent him throughout the century?
Overall, more than 325 articles were analyzed from Sporting News, a prominent national
periodical, and the Atlanta Constitution, a prominent newspaper in Cobb’s home state, in
four twentieth-century eras. The study not only explored the transformation of his legacy in
print but grappled with print as a site of public memory, the mechanisms through which
public memory is invoked, and the interaction of national and local memory.
 Thornton, Brian. “The Murder of Emmett Till: Myth, Memory, and National
Magazine Response.” 96-104.
The 1955 killing of fourteen-year-old African-American Emmett Till in Mississippi continues
to haunt historians, academicians, and students of pop culture with at least four books
recently retelling the story of his murder. Much of today’s retrospective discussion of the
case is based on two underlying assumptions: his murder received extensive national
coverage in 1955, and most Americans were disgusted by the murder and the acquittal of the
two confessed killers. This article questions both assumptions by examining the response to
the Till murder in ten national magazines and concludes that their coverage was more like a
firefly illuminating a small patch of ground brilliantly but only for a second. In the brief
afterglow, one could wonder if there was any light at all or just a trick of the mind.
 Chakars, Janis. “Work Life in the ‘Singing Revolution’: The Experience of
Journalism in Latvia during the Struggle for Independence from the Soviet Union.”
105-115.
While journalists were significant players in Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of glasnost
(openness), their experience has been underexplored, particularly in non-Russian regions.
This study explores Latvia in 1988-91, when a mass movement pushed for independence, and
examines the revolutionary nature of the movement and the nationalistic and democratic
characteristics of journalism. Thus, it offers a new approach to the study of media and the
demise of the Soviet Union beyond the “transition studies” paradigm that has guided most
research. It also moves the focus of inquiry away from Moscow and examines key marchers
in what Gorbachev called the “parade of sovereignties” that contributed to the Soviet
collapse. Most studies have focused on Russian-language, Moscow-based media, despite the
significance of others in this period.
Volume 36, No. 3, Fall 2010

Popp, Richard K. “Domesticating Vacations: Gender, Travel, and Consumption in
Post-War Magazines.” 126-137.
This article examines how post-World War II magazine narratives made tourist travel part of
a larger discourse about gender, sex, and consumerism in American society. The study finds
that while magazines often depicted travel as a carnivalesque activity disruptive of everyday
domestic norms, they also circulated narratives that reconciled those fantasies with dominant
conventions of femininity and masculinity. By exploring the meanings attached to vacation
travel during this period, scholars can better understand how magazines, as engines of
consumer desire, mediated between transgressive and structured aspects of American
culture. And one can see how popular journalism depicted the consumerism and leisure that
characterized a unique, American standard of living in ways that affirmed gendered
structures of inequality.
 Cronin, Mary M. “Patriotic Ladies and Gallant Heroines: Images of Confederate
Women in Southern Newspapers, 1861-65. 138-149.
The Civil War forced many southern women into the public sphere of war materiel production,
factory labor, and hospital work, jobs that previously had been part of the male sphere. This
article examines how Confederate newspaper editors framed such work for women and argues
that the majority of southern editors not only recognized the necessity of women’s moral,
patriotic, and physical contributions to the war but frequently encouraged and applauded such
actions. In an era of separate gender spheres, southern editors promoted women’s war work as
part of the existing southern and Confederate values of self-sufficiency, hard work, paternal
devotion, and sacrifice for the new nation. Examining such press representations is important
because Confederate editors played crucial roles in shaping public opinion during the war and in
temporarily reconstructing gender roles during wartime.
 Coward, John M. “Making Images on the Indian Frontier: The Adventures of
Special Artist Theodore Davis.” 150-159.
This study examines the pictorial journalism of Theodore Davis, a Harper’s Weekly illustrator
who traveled west in late 1865. After becoming prominent as a battlefield artist during the Civil
War, he provided first-hand reports and illustrations of Indian-white violence in the West. The
article argues that his images of a stagecoach attack in western Kansas, his vivid depiction of
soldiers’ arrow-pierced bodies on the plains, and his fictional renderings of George Custer’s
infamous attack on Black Kettle’s winter camp on the Washita River in 1868 were significant
sources of Indian imagery in the post-bellum period. His pictorial journalism in Harper’s Weekly
and Harper’s New Monthly Magazine influenced popular ideas about Indians and Indian warfare
for the remainder of the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century.
 Koerber, Duncan. “Political Operatives and Administrative Workers: The
Newspaper Agents of Mackenzie’s Gazette, 1838-40.” 160-168.
This article sheds light on the agent, an overlooked participant in newspaper circulation
networks in the early 1800s. Based on archival letters from the newspaper agents of
Mackenzie’s Gazette, which was published in New York state by Upper Canadian rebel
leader William Lyon Mackenzie, this study shows that agents played key roles in circulation,
collection, and feedback. The relationship between editor and agent also was highly
political. The Gazette began as a platform to educate Americans about the rebel cause in
Upper Canada, attracting agents from both the Whig and Democratic parties, but Mackenzie
lost the support of agents as he attacked their parties. This study shows how the agent-editor
relationship worked and characterizes the agents’ role as administrative, sparked by
personal initiative, interactive, and allegiance to a cause.
 Baker, Matthew. “Selling a State to the Nation: Boosterism and Utah’s First
National Park.” 169-177.
After gaining statehood in 1896, Utah struggled to overcome perceptions of its unAmericanness. Mormons (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) made
up the majority of the population and held most political offices, and the practice of
polygamy and the threat of theocracy from the dominant religion fueled perceptions that
Utah was an outsider in the Union. The national park movement provided a means for the
state to promote its landscape as a contribution to the country and to prove its worth to
America. Journalism associated with the designation of Zion National Park (1919) shows
how Utah’s reporters used landscape to fuel a booster press in a struggle to bridge the
chasm that separated the state from the rest of the country. Much like the nation used the
early national parks as a means of establishing national identity, Utah’s press used the parks
to establish the state’s Americanness.
Volume 36, No. 4, Winter 2011

Porwancher, Andrew. “Objectivity’s Prophet: Adolph S. Ochs and the New York
Times, 1896-1935.” 186-195.
Historians of American journalism have shown considerable interest in the ideal of
objectivity. Although scholars disagree on the precise meaning of it and the timing of its rise,
the standard historiographical assumption is that objectivity emerged as a dominant
professional ethic at some point between the 1890s and the 1920s. This article argues
against the notion of objectivity as a guiding ideal that dictated institutional norms in this
era. Instead, this study contends that objectivity was a contemporaneous legitimation of
journalistic practices, a set of ideal interests used to camouflage or even further the press’
material interests: increased revenue, advertising, and circulation as well as protection from
legal sanctions. Such practice did not inhere tacitly within the machinery of journalism—it
was conscious, deliberate, and explicit.
 Simpson, Edgar. “Pressing the Press: W.E. Chilton III’s Investigation of Newspaper
Owners.” 196-206.
During twenty-five years as owner/publisher of West Virginia’s largest newspaper, the
Charleston Gazette, W.E. Chilton III developed a journalism philosophy that he called
“sustained outrage.” Newspapers too often failed, he argued to the Southern Newspaper
Publishers Association in 1983, to examine “basic injustices and fundamental idiocies.” This
philosophy was underscored by a deep belief that newspapers were dying at their own hands
by pursuing profit rather than robust democratic debate. Thus, in 1980 and 1986, he ordered
his reporters to launch two in-depth investigations into his fellow West Virginia newspaper
owners and publishers. This study explores these unusual investigations within the context of
historical industry criticism and ongoing concerns over the fate of First Amendment values
without a vigorous press.
 Kates, James. “Liberty Hyde Bailey, Agricultural Journalism, and the Making of
the Moral Landscape.” 207-217.
Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954) was a prominent horticulturist, professor, rural reformer,
and author. As an agricultural writer, who poured out his sentiments and his science in more
than seventy books and countless articles for professional journals and consumer magazines,
he championed the American farmer in the early twentieth century while many publications
shifted their focus to suburban living and rural vacation homes for city dwellers. His hopes
of fostering an autonomous, prosperous rural society would be frustrated by economic
upheaval in the farm sector after 1920. But his writings, particularly about nature
appreciation and amateur gardening, helped set the stage for the emergence of the U.S.
environmental movement after World War II. Thus, as an editor of magazines and books—his
relationship with the Macmillan Company alone spanned half a century—he was a major
force in agricultural publishing and in the emergence of popular titles celebrating the allure
of nature.
 Sheehy, Michael. “Reporting on Party Spirit: The Western Spy’s Coverage of the
March to Ohio Statehood.” 218-227.
The Western Spy, a weekly newspaper published by Joseph Carpenter, first appeared in
Cincinnati in 1799, four years before Ohio became a state. This article examines the Spy’s
coverage of Northwest Territory politics and the statehood movement from May 1799
through the Ohio General Assembly’s first meeting in March 1803. The study found: the
paper’s political coverage largely consisted of the publication of raw data without an
editorial narrative; the isolation of the Northwest Territory caused delays in the reporting of
news, which influenced the Spy’s news-gathering, sourcing, and publication schedule; and
the paper’s reliance on official documents for news often caused it to overlook underlying
stories. But most importantly, the Spy exercised the power of the press in an impartial
manner, making Carpenter a journalistic pioneer.
 Darling, Juanita. “The Eagle and the Sun: Shaping Press Philosophy in Early
Mexico, 1823-27.” 228-237.
Two newspapers, El Sol and the Águila Mejicana, became the dominant media forces in
Mexico in the years immediately following independence from Spain. Although they were
notorious rivals, their discourse and their practices showed similar attitudes about the role
of the press. Both were forums for public expression, watchdogs over government,
commentators on political developments, and correctors of misinformation. They also
demonstrated a commitment to building a new nation. Published by competing factions of the
Free Masons, neither valued independence from political factions, and they showed varying
levels of support for laws regulating press freedom and punishing so-called abuses of press
freedom. The standards that they set for the role of the press may provide insight into modern
Mexican media and the Spanish-language media in the U.S.
 Sullivan, Christopher C. “‘Always Plenty’: Editor-Writer Bill Emerson’s Speeches
as a Memoir of a Rare Life and Times.” 238-244.
This is the eleventh in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass
communication historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections
that they would like to see appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome
volunteers to write such articles.
Volume 37, No. 1, Spring 2011

Parcell, Lisa M. “Early American Newswriting Style: Who, What, When, Where,
Why, and How.” 2-11.
Between 1690 and the end of the American Revolution, colonial newspaper printers
developed a fairly standardized writing style in trying to provide readers useful, informative,
and entertaining news in as little space as possible. A long history of newsletters, government
publications, English newspapers, apprenticeships, and news clipping, as well as shortages
of supplies and a fear of censorship, helped shape this style. Printers recognized that readers
wanted to know at minimum the basic information—who, what, when, where, why, and
how—of a news story, and when space permitted, a few longer pieces, usually written in
chronological order, included more details, background information, and dramatic
introductory sentences. Overall, however, writers based their newswriting on fundamental
storytelling.
 Fee, Jr., Frank E. “To No One More Indebted: Frederick Douglass and Julia
Griffiths, 1849-63.” 12-26.
This research examines the role of Julia Griffiths, a white Englishwoman who worked closely
with former slave-turned-newspaper-editor Frederick Douglass in the 1840s and the 1850s.
Although historians have generally identified her as a secondary figure in the abolitionist
movement, closer examination, particularly by media historians, is justified by the complexity
of the relationship between the two of them and the nature of her influence on both the
American and the British abolition movements. In 1849-50, Griffiths rescued Douglass’
faltering North Star, and her fund-raising for him and his paper throughout the decade
before the Civil War energized and empowered antislavery women on both sides of the
Atlantic. Overall, she made significant contributions to the thought and actions of women
envisioning a new place for themselves on two continents.
 Edmondson, Aimee. “In Sullivan’s Shadows: The Use and Abuse of Libel Law
Arising from the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-89.” 27-38.
This article examines the use of libel in the shadow of the landmark New York Times v.
Sullivan case in 1964. By exploring lesser-known cases, scholars can better understand the
impact that libel had on the fight for civil rights in the South. Legal historians agree Sullivan
stopped what would have been an onslaught of libel suits for civil rights coverage, but
research has been scarce on similar, lesser-known suits and their impact on delaying
coverage of the movement. The Supreme Court’s decision opened the doors for the press to
cover demonstrations and activities in the South, but this study shows that Sullivan was only
one such libel case that offered consequences for coverage of the movement. Sullivan-like
cases took much longer to move through the courts than scholars have realized and played
an integral role in shaping coverage of the issue.
 Bates, Stephen. “Public Intellectuals on Time’s Covers.” 39-50.
Richard A. Posner, Russell Jacoby, and many other authors have charted what they view as
the decline of the public intellectual, and this article assesses whether such a decline is
reflected on the cover of Time magazine. Examining the covers between the magazine’s
launch in 1923 and 2010, this study finds that public intellectuals have indeed appeared with
less frequency, especially since the 1960s, and as of the end of 2010, no living public
intellectual had appeared on the cover for more than a decade. The paucity of public
intellectuals in recent years may reflect their loss of prominence and influence in American
society, as Posner and others have posited. But alternative explanations also are plausible,
including changes in the magazine’s editorial leadership, the rise of covers featuring
celebrities and other soft news, and the increase in covers that focus on an issue or topic
rather than an individual.
 Maio, Andrew R. “A Step Past Revisionism: The Evolution of Quebec’s Print
Media and Post Revisionism.” 51-59.
Since the 1970s, Quebec historians have taken a revisionist approach to the province’s
historical writing, but a transition occurred in the 1990s and post-revisionism became the
vanguard. Quebec’s print media industry had been ignored by revisionists because it did not
support their thesis. This study uses post-revisionism to demonstrate the limits of the
revisionist approach by analyzing how the print media were modernized in Quebec. It begins
by chronicling Quebec’s and Canada’s media historiography, and then the Canadian media
industry and early twentieth-century Quebec history is addressed. Finally, reformers and
publications that laid the foundation for the modern print media industry in Quebec are
examined. As it shows, post-revisionism gave a chance for a less restrictive history of the
print media industry to emerge.
Volume 37, No. 2, Summer 2011

Mangun, Kimberley. “Should She, or Shouldn’t She, Pursue a Career in
Journalism?: True Womanhood and the Debate About Women in the Newsroom,
1887-1930. 66-79.
This qualitative study uses textual analysis and the lens of true womanhood to analyze
twenty-eight articles by or about female journalists that appeared in U.S. magazines from
1887 to 1930. The research argues that the nineteenth-century characteristics that defined
true womanhood—purity, piety, domesticity, and submissiveness—were reimagined in order
to encourage—or discourage—white women from pursuing a career in journalism.
Discussions were framed in terms of three narratives—didactic, cautionary, and
celebratory—and this may have affected the way that women viewed their career and
relationships with male and female colleagues The ensuing discourse worked to protect the
male-dominated newsroom and contain aspiring female journalists by preventing their
advancement beyond society reporting and the women’s pages.
 Nord, David Paul. “Plain and Certain Facts”: Four Episodes of Public Affairs
Reporting in Eighteenth-Century Boston. 80-90.
Was there serious, systematic news reporting in eighteenth-century America? Not in
newspapers. Journalism historians have often noted that colonial papers carried a lot of
local news, but reporting was haphazard. News found its own way into the print shop and
into the paper; even the best newspapermen rarely reached out to gather it. But some writers
did. This article is about four episodes of public affairs reporting in Boston in the 1730s and
the 1740s that involved painstaking efforts to collect, verify, and publish up-to-date, factual
information about occurrences of public importance. While the writers were from different
professions, they were all print entrepreneurs and major players in the city’s public life. They
understood their civic duty to include reporting and publishing information on current public
affairs, and they pioneered methods for doing that.
 Bedingfield, Sid John H. McCray. Accommodationism, and the Framing of the
Civil Rights Struggle in South Carolina, 1940-48. 91-101.
John H. McCray was a political activist who served as editor of South Carolina’s leading
black newspaper in 1940-54. After years of dormancy, the civil rights movement sprang to
life in the state in the 1940s. This study analyzed the available editions of the newspaper
from 1940 to 1948 as well as the personal papers of McCray and his chief colleagues. The
findings suggest the newspaper employed what William Gamson has identified as a
“collective action frame” to spur black political engagement by framing the civil rights
struggle to emphasize African-American agency and self-assertion during a time when
strategies of accommodation and negotiation remained dominant in the deep South. Thus,
McCray and his colleagues redefined the meaning of full citizenship for black Carolinians
and linked it directly to political confrontation.
 Wickham, Kathleen Woodruff. Murder in Mississippi: The Unresolved Case of
Agence French-Presse’s Paul Guihard. 102-112.
Agence French-Presse reporter Paul Guihard is the only journalist known to have been
killed during the civil rights era. He was shot in the back from about one foot away on
September 30, 1962, on the campus of the University of Mississippi while covering the
integration of the university, which resulted in riots. His assailant was never identified, and
his story was lost in the greater development of the day, the enrollment of James Meredith as
the first black student at the university. This article tells his story from his early childhood in
France and England through his death. It is based on primary research material, including
newly released FBI and U.S. Marshals Service documents at the National Archives, archival
material at the University of Mississippi, and interviews with Guihard’s brother, Alain.
 Beard, Fred, and Nye, Chad. “A History of the Media Industry’s Self-Regulation of
Comparative Advertising. 113-121.
The unique problems for the media industry posed by the increasingly widespread use of
comparative advertising throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first have not
been examined prior to the research in this article. Sources consisted of articles published in
the advertising trade literature, including, for the early twentieth century, the industry’s
foremost journal, Printers’ Ink. Findings reveal comparative advertising was rarely viewed
as anything other than a serious problem for publishers and broadcasters and also show that
disparagement and the validity of comparative claims have been the principal problems
driving media advertising self-regulation policies. The article concludes with
recommendations for future historical research on the challenges that comparative
advertising has created for other entities and institutions involved in the regulation of
advertising.
Volume 37, No. 3, Fall 2011

Burrowes, Carl Patrick. Caught in the Crosswinds of the Atlantic: John Brown
Russwurm (1799-1851) Freedom’s Journal, and African Colonization. 130-141.
This article reassesses the career at Freedom’s Journal of John B. Russwurm, co-founder of
America’s first black newspaper in New York City. Rather than being a convert to
emigrationism, he counted among his long-term associates several who were actively
engaged in promoting the colonization of blacks outside the United States, mainly in
Freetown (West Africa) and Haiti. In contrast to the established literature, in which
colonizationism is presented as antithetical to a civil rights commitment, he justified his
decision to emigrate to Liberia precisely on the basis of a desire for civil liberties and
citizenship. Perhaps his most original and lasting contribution was facilitating the
emergence of a sense among African-Americans of a historical and spiritual connection to
ancient Egypt.
 Mendelson, Andrew L. and Kitch, Carolyn. “Creating a Photographic Record of
World War I: “Real History”and Recuperative Memory in Stereography. 142-150.
This article considers how World War I was explained and memorialized in American
stereography after its conclusion. Stereographs were side-by-side photographs of the same
scene, which when seen through a set of lenses called a stereoscope, created a threedimension viewing effect. The Keystone stereograph set of 300 cards, which was used in this
study and was issued in 1923, provided reassuring memory in keepsake form. This study
helps elucidate the role of the media in the construction of collective memory and national
identity during a pivotal time in both the rise of the mass media and America’s sense of its
moral and political place in the world. The stereographs also show how images and text
could be packaged together as “history” to tell a positive and recuperative story about what
many saw as an inexplicable series of events.
 Carroll, Brian. “This is IT!”: The PR Campaign by Wendell Smith and Jackie
Robinson. 151-162.
This article reveals and examines Jackie Robinson’s little-known role as a columnist for the
Pittsburgh Courier during his groundbreaking first season with the Brooklyn Dodgers in
1947. The twenty-five weekly columns are placed into historical context by comparing their
characterizations of the events of that season against later, fuller, and in some ways more
accurate accounts from Robinson and others. This study seeks to hold up the picture or
gallery of pictures that he wanted his readers to see, pictures that framed the events of that
season. Identifying what Robinson and Smith selected and emphasized, and what they left
out, points to alternate texts and alternate meanings. Importantly, the absences and
omissions could say much about what Robinson signified in presenting that first season in an
unrelentingly positive light.
 Hrach, Thomas J. “An Incitement to Riot: Television’s Role in the Civil Disorders
in the Summer of 1967. 163-171.
In the summer of 1967, America’s cities exploded with riots in black neighborhoods, and
many blamed televised news coverage for spreading the violence. The Kerner Commission
investigated that issue and determined there was no direct connection between television and
rioting. Yet there was data that was never revealed as part of the report that could have been
used to come to a different conclusion. The commission hired a research firm, Simulmatics
Inc., to do a content analysis of news media coverage of the riots, but data from the analysis
was mentioned only briefly in the report. The data lends credence to the criticism that there
was a connection between television and the riots. This article examines how the data fits
into criticism of television violence in the 1960s and concludes there was a more direct
connection than the commission reported.
 Hume, Janice. “Building an American Story: How Early American Historians Used
Press Sources to Remember the Revolution. 172-179.
This study examined histories of the American Revolution published through 1899 to see how
they used newspapers and magazines as sources. The purpose was to determine how the
press helped build America’s first real “story” as an independent nation, distinct from native
and colonial origins. These histories used press sources in myriad ways. Some included
snippets of Revolution-era newspaper content, and others reprinted reminiscences, coverage
of anniversaries and monument dedications, and obituaries. And some of the longer and
more colorful accounts came verbatim from newspaper articles published decades after the
war. Press stories, included in these more permanent histories, helped ensure that the iconic
narratives endured in American collective memory.
Volume 37, No. 4, Winter 2012

Smith Jr., Glenn D. “You Can Do Anything” The Agendas of Carolyn Bennett
Patterson, National Geographic’s First Woman Senior Editor.” 190-206.
This article examines the career of Carolyn Bennett Patterson (1921-2003), National
Geographic’s first woman senior editor. Motivated by her “You Can Do Anything” ideology,
she set out to accomplish intersecting personal and professional agendas during her tenure
at the magazine, which lasted almost four decades. Her personal agenda involved her goal
of becoming a travel journalist for the magazine, while her professional agenda included her
groundbreaking work as editor of the Geographic legends, the captions that accompany the
magazine’s illustrations. In documenting her efforts in fulfilling her personal and
professional goals, this research reveals that her experiences were indicative of the
successes and struggles of other women journalists and editors in the second half of the
twentieth century.
 Burt, Elizabeth V. “From ‘True Woman’ to ‘New Woman’: An Analysis of the
Lydia Pinkham “Animated Ads” of 1890.” 207-217.
This article analyzes five illustrated advertisements designed by the Lydia E. Pinkham
Medicine Company in 1890. Dubbed “animated ads” by the company’s director, they were
an innovation among newspapers advertisements of the period in both design and execution.
Each depicts a social tableaux in which women play a role in a specific social setting. A
close reading of them reveals that they all made statements about woman’s place in late
Victorian society, which was a time when the traditional “True Woman” was being
challenged by the emerging paradigm of the “New Woman.” These advertisements reveal
aspects of both models and suggest to modern readers how women in 1890 reading these
advertisements could negotiate the transition between the two alternative views.
 Benbow, Mark. Wilson’s Cartoonist Charles R. Macauley and the 1912 Election.
218-227.
Charles R. Macauley was the New York World’s main editorial cartoonist from 1904 to
1914. This article examines his role in Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 presidential campaign,
including not only drawing laudatory editorial cartoons of him for the newspaper but openly
providing cartoons for the campaign and writing a campaign film, The Old Way and the
New, that was designed to appeal to working and middle-class voters and encourage them to
give money. This was well before the American Society of Newspaper Editors adopted the
first national code of ethics for papers in 1923, and the World had no problem with what he
was doing. Yet Macauley was fired in early 1914 for collecting campaign funds for a
mayoral candidate in New York City because the publisher claimed he was helping to run a
“secret campaign fund,” which the paper opposed.
 Sowell, Mike. Is She or Isn’t He? Exploring the Gender Identity Controversy
Over the First Female Byline in a National Sports Publication. 228-237.
This article focuses on a byline. In 1890, “Ella Black” appeared as a regular baseball writer,
covering the Pittsburgh club in the Players’ League for the national sports publication Sporting
Life. The magazine billed her as a “novelty:” a woman covering baseball with a feminine touch.
The authenticity of her identity became a source of debate by Sporting Life writers with some
claiming her articles were penned by a man writing under a pseudonym. More than 120 years
later, nothing more is known about Black than what appeared in Sporting Life that season,
leaving in doubt who was behind the byline. This article is an attempt to settle that question and
determine whether she was indeed a pioneer for women in sports journalism or just a cheap
publicity stunt by Sporting Life.
 Sheehey, Michael. Woodstock: How the Media Missed the Historic Angle of the
Breaking Story, 238-246.
The Woodstock Music and Art Fair in August 1969 was an iconic moment of the 1960s for a
generation of young people. However, coverage of the breaking story by major newspapers
and magazines did not emphasize the event’s cultural significance, focusing instead on
crowd size and related logistical problems and public safety issues. This study of breaking
coverage by six daily newspapers and three magazines examines how prominently the story
was displayed, the sources who were quoted, and to what extent the cultural angle was
reported. A key finding was that each publication relied mostly on official sources and
consulted few young festival attendees for their perspective. The breaking coverage thus
focused on the negative aspects of the massive assembly, overlooking the cultural perspective
that has come to characterize the event in history.
Volume 38, No. 1, Spring 2012

Arceneaux, Noah. In Search of Alien Aerials: The World War I Campaign Against
Amateur Radio. 2-12.
Historians agree that World War I was a crucial period in the development of radio, though
one aspect has not been examined in detail: the wartime ban on amateur radio. Drawing
upon documents from the Department of Commerce in the National Archives, this article
explores the methods used to enforce the ban, the techniques for punishing violators, and the
internal logic that motivated such strict regulation. The evidence suggests that the
government exaggerated the potential threat from German spies to justify the suppression of
a new technology. This study also provides insight into post-war developments of radio,
including the birth of broadcasting; illustrates the difficulties that regulators face when
trying to control a new media technology; and suggests techniques that might make sense
today will no doubt seem crude and misguided in years to come.
 Collins, Ross F. This Is Your Propaganda, Kids: Building a War Myth for World
War I Children. 13-22.
This article examines war propaganda as reflected during World War I in three prominent
United States children’s magazines: American Boy, St. Nicholas, and The Rally. War themes
in these primary sources were evaluated, using a framework (the Myth of the War
Experience) developed by George Mossé. For children, a militarized approach to daily life
could teach them valuable skills and virtues, and propaganda presented war as not an event
to fear or dread but as one to welcome and even covet. This study concluded that American
children’s publication editors generally employed the myths as outlined by Mossé but with
some differences. Missing from this propaganda were traits that did not help to build the
Myth. These included values of independent thought and action, toleration, and pacifism.
 Wharton-Michael. Patty The Johnstown Flood of 1889: The Johnstown Tribune’s
Commonsense Coverage vs. Common-Practice Sensationalism. 23-33.
The Johnstown Flood of 1889 devastated a community, tested the newly founded Red Cross,
halted the operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and crippled one of the nation’s leading
iron manufacturing companies. This article reviews the first year of the weekly Johnstown
Tribune’s coverage of the flood and how that enabled a community to unite, survive, and
prosper once again. The paper served as the primary medium to mobilize the community’s
informational resources, focusing on meeting the local community’s informational needs
rather than providing extensive sensationalized coverage. Five main themes emerged in the
Tribune’s first year of coverage after the flood: accounts of the flood; identifying the bodies
of the victims; requesting help from the nation; informing the local community; and
identifying the cause of the flood.
 Lampkin Stephens, Donna. The Conscience of the Arkansas Gazette: J.N. Heiskell
Faces the Storm of Little Rock. 34-42.
J.N. Heiskell, owner and editor of Little Rock’s Arkansas Gazette in 1957, was a firm
believer in segregation, but when he realized that the practice was nearing its end in
American life, his belief in law and order as a necessity for any civilized society led him to
support an editorial stance that seemed to contradict him. This led the Gazette to become the
first newspaper to win two Pulitzer Prizes for coverage of the same event. He believed a
paper should be the conscience of its community, requiring it to do things it might not like
but that it knew were right, if not popular, and while his position seemed to be contradictory
for a man of his time and place, it emerged fairly naturally over a lifetime of experience. He
was committed to fairness and justice, and those values culminated in the Gazette’s stand
during the Central High School integration crisis.
 Hulden, Vilja. Employer Organizations’ Influence on the Progressive-Era Press. 4354
One of the major issues of public debate in the early twentieth century was “the labor
question:” what rights did workers versus employers have and what forms of production and
ownership were fair? This article examines the attempts of organized employers to shape this
debate by influencing press coverage in the early twentieth century. It focuses on the two
main business organizations of the period, the National Association of Manufacturers and
the National Civic Federation. They ostensibly advocated different approaches to industrial
relations, but this study argues their public disagreements ultimately had the effect of
constricting the boundaries of discussion about labor in not only small newspapers but even
the sophisticated press—respected daily newspapers and prominent magazines.
Volume 38, No. 2, Summer 2012
 Washburn, Patrick S. Goodbye. 62.
 Canada, Mark, Stories of Today: Rebecca Harding Davis’ Investigative Fiction. 6373.
Long before her son, Richard Harding Davis, became a star reporter, Rebecca Harding
Davis worked for the Wheeling Intelligencer in her home state of Virginia. Throughout a
writing career that spanned five decades and produced hundreds of stories, novels, and
articles, she retained an interest in journalism. Beginning with an 1861 story, “Life in the
Iron-Mills,” she used fiction to report on current events. Later works, such as Put Out of the
Way, an exposé of the system for institutionalizing the supposedly insane, and John Andross,
a study of the effects of the Whiskey Ring on an individual, constituted a distinctive literary
form: investigative fiction. Her work in this genre anticipated the major achievements of
several other American writers, including Stephen Crane, Upton Sinclair, Truman Capote,
and Tom Wolfe.
 Mellen, Roger P. The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act: An Expansion of
Civic Discourse. 74-85.
The Stamp Act, which was imposed on the American colonies by the British government in
1765, was an essential preface to the American Revolution. Historians have observed that it
brought about an important transition for colonial printers, politicizing them and turning
them into influential purveyors of propaganda. The act had a critical impact on print culture
in Virginia, which was the largest of the colonies and one that was crucial to the formation of
a new nation. This study helps to clarify an historical debate regarding the colonial printers’
supposed unanimous opposition to the tax. Focusing on the print-related cultural shifts of
this period, it concludes that a newly critical Virginia press and an accompanying
broadening civic discourse led to a new regard for freedom of the press.
 Cronin, Mary M, and William E. Huntzicker. Popular Chinese Images and “The
Coming Man” of 1870: Racial Representations of Chinese. 86-99.
In 1870, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper gave its readers a tour of San Francisco’s
Chinatown as it appeared to travel writer Thomas W. Knox and illustrator Joseph Becker,
who spent the end of 1869 and the first few weeks of 1870 there. “The Coming Man” series
appeared weekly from May 7 through July 30, 1870, with the exception of a July 9 article
and illustrations that covered “a large body of Mongolians in a shoe-factory” in
Massachusetts hired as contract workers to replace employees who had “quarreled” with the
owner over wages. The San Francisco series was surprisingly free of the stereotypes that
permeated other coverage, including articles in other issues of Leslie’s. The series appeared
as Californians debated legislation to discriminate against Chinese, to restrict Chineseowned businesses, and ultimately to exclude Chinese immigration.

Hutchison, Philip J. When Elm Street Became Treeless: Journalistic Coverage of
Dutch Elm Disease, 1939-80. 100-9.
This study examines how newspaper and magazine journalists addressed Dutch Elm Disease
from its outset in the 1930s until the blight effectively eliminated the spectacular elm tree
from most Americans’ lives. This orientation illustrates how journalists addressed this major,
continuing environmental issue across five decades, a period in which mainstream news
organizations slowly integrated science reporting into their operations. The study finds that
the press effectively tracked the spread of the disease but was less successful at
synchronizing the diverse issues that the blight represented. Most notably, news coverage
lacked aesthetic perspective, relied too heavily on government sources, and was slow to
interpret and integrate relevant issues such as importation policies, biodiversity, and
pesticide usage.
 Maurantonio, Nicole. Standing By: Police Paralysis, Race, and the 1964
Philadelphia Riot . 110-21.
Although considerable scholarship has explored the riots of the 1960s as the culmination of
tensions simmering throughout the tumultuous decade, this article examines Philadelphia’s
1964 riot and the ways that local newspapers attempted to frame the violence. By urging
Philadelphians to view the riot as the outcome of an ineffectual police department, which
was ill-equipped to confront black “hoodlums,” journalists privileged frames of police
paralysis and marginalization. The circulation of these two frames alone, however, cannot
explain the eventual demise of the city’s Police Advisory Board. This study argues that the
imagery of police standing idly by while the streets of Philadelphia dissolved into chaos
proved invaluable ammunition for opponents of the Board, who found in the news coverage
further evidence of postwar liberalism’s failure to protect the populace.
Volume 38, No. 3, Fall 2012

Hunt, Paula D. Editing Desire, Working Girl Wisdom, and Cupcakeable Goodness:
Helen Gurley Brown and the Triumph of Cosmopolitan, 130-41.
In 1965, Helen Gurley Brown (1922-2012) assumed the top editing job at Cosmopolitan and
transformed it from a failing title into one of magazine publishing’s greatest successes. During
an era of increasing publication specialization, Cosmopolitan was one of the few magazines to
target and celebrate women’s growing economic and social independence. Much of the
scholarship on and critical appraisals of Brown and Cosmopolitan have focused on sexual
politics and issues of taste. This paper takes an institutional approach by examining Brown’s
professional practices and how they contributed to Cosmopolitan’s growth, profitability, and
popularity: know your reader and always keep her in mind, prioritize good writing, and
accommodate corporate and advertiser interests. In addition, it acknowledges Brown’s role as a
visionary editor and businesswoman, as well as Cosmopolitan’s importance in magazine history.
 Glende, Philip M., Trouble on the Right, Trouble on the Left: The Early History of
the American Newspaper Guild, 142-55.
The early years of the American Newspaper Guild were filled with intense internal conflict as
well as determined resistance from publishers. Starting in 1933, Guild members engaged in a
vigorous debate about whether the organization should be a professional society or a trade
union wielding the threat of a strike. Faced with publisher opposition and frustrated by
government labor-management mechanisms, the Guild affiliated with the American Federation
of Labor in 1936 and a year later joined the more militant Congress of Industrial Organizations,
launching a campaign to organize commercial employees. Many journalists who opposed the
Guild were alienated by leftist leadership in national offices during the late 1930s and in
prominent local offices until the late 1940s. This article uses archival records and contemporary
accounts to examine the growth of the Guild, a pioneering white-collar union that faced
numerous obstacles.
 Furrow, Ashley D. A Struggle for Identity: The Rise and Fall of Sports Illustrated
Women, 156-65.
The success of the United States’ female athletes in the 1996 Olympics spawned immense public
enthusiasm for women’s sports in America. Along with nearly two decades of surging female
athletic participation due to the effects of Title IX, a generation of young women had grown up
as athletes — and a new magazine, Sports Illustrated Women (SIW), formed to compete in and
capitalize on that new market. Although not the first women’s sports magazine, SIW was the first
women’s sports title to be published by a major publishing company, Time Inc. By conducting
interviews with some of the magazine’s prominent editors, writers, and business managers and
by analyzing the magazine’s content, this study details the rise and fall of SIW and highlights
reasons it and similar women’s sports magazines have failed in recent years.
 Pribanic-Smith, Erika. Rhetoric of Fear: South Carolina Newspapers and the State
and National Politics of 1830. 166-77.
South Carolinians declared protective tariffs Congress passed in 1824 and 1828 unconstitutional
and unfair for placing undue burden on the South while benefiting the North. A political faction
formed that saw the rights of the state as paramount and sought to protect them, to the point of
rebelling against the federal government through nullification of its laws. In response, two
additional groups arose: one that aimed to preserve the Union above all and one that upheld the
state’s rights and Union equally, urging a moderate course. Each of these three groups had
newspapers to advance its views. This article studies those newspapers during the seminal year
of 1830, which encompassed four key events in state and national politics that heightened the
nullification debate and realigned the state’s political parties. It concludes that rhetoric from all
sides preyed on readers’ fear.
 Roessner, Amber. “The Great Wrong”: “Jennie June’s” Stance on Women’s Rights.
178-88.
Throughout her career, Jane Cunningham Croly (1829-1901), better known as “Jennie June,”
wrote extensively about women’s rights in mainstream newspapers and magazines. This article
revalues her work, considering the complexity of her journalistic stances on women’s rights.
Avoiding modern value statements that place cultural texts in hierarchal binaries of “liberal” or
“conservative,” it considers the motivation behind Croly’s deployment of essentialist sex/gender
logics. This study involved the historical analysis of more than sixty articles written by Croly
about women’s rights from 1855 until 1898, as well as additional primary sources that provided
insight into her personal and professional lives.
Volume 38, No. 4, Winter 2013

Lamme, Margot Opdycke, and Lisa Mullikin Parcell. Promoting Hershey: The
Chocolate Bar, The Chocolate Town, The Chocolate King. 198-208.
Before the Hershey’s Milk Chocolate Bar debuted in 1900 at five cents, chocolate bars had been
a luxury known only to those Americans who could afford imported “eating chocolate” from
Europe. By 1906 Hershey’s chocolate bars were so popular, Milton Hershey proclaimed that
Hershey dominated the market and redirected his promotional efforts away from consumer
advertising. Raised in the Mennonite faith, Hershey identified with Mennonite principles that, in
part, taught their followers to help others and to abhor self-promotion and obvious signs of
commercial wealth. Thus, he focused on promotional strategies that conveyed deeper and more
complex ideas to employees, consumers, and visitors about the value of quality, community,
harmony, purity, and social compassion, which, in turn, reflected back upon the company, the
brand, the town, and the man.
 Gerl, Ellen J., and Craig L. Davis. Selling Detroit on Women: Woman’s Day and
Auto Advertising, 1964-82. 209-220.
From 1964 to 1982, automotive journalist Julie Candler’s monthly column in Woman’s Day
helped readers navigate the male sphere of driving with useful tips from purchasing to
maintaining a car. The popular women’s magazine published the “Woman at the Wheel” column
to attract auto advertising, but it never did. This paper examines the representation of the
woman car driver and themes present in the “Woman at the Wheel” column and reasons for its
failure to attract auto ads. Textual analysis, interviews, and archival research show that Detroit
automakers’ gendered bias of the female car buyer kept them from advertising in women’s
periodicals such as Woman’s Day.
 Landers, James. Hearst’s Magazine, 1912-1914: Muckraking Sensationalist. 221232.
Journalism historians specify 1903 to 1912 as an era of muckraking when national magazines
crusaded for economic, political, and social reforms. The era began when McClure’s devoted its
entire January 1903 issue to exposé articles. Soon, several other monthly periodicals informed
readers about numerous examples of bribery, price fixing of consumer products by corporations,
and other corrupt practices. For a variety of reasons, magazines had ended their muckraking
efforts by the time Hearst’s Magazine began its exposé serials during 1912. Hearst’s standards
of muckraking differed considerably from those of other magazines, however, featuring a lack of
documentary evidence, melodramatic storytelling, and outright fabrication of information. Also,
publisher William Randolph Hearst used some exposé articles to attack his political enemies.
Hearst’s continued these serials until 1914.
 Melillo, Wendy. “A Keg of Dynamite and You’re Sitting On It”: An Analysis of the
Ad Council’s Atomic Energy Campaign. 233-242.
In 1946, the scientists who worked on the federal government’s Manhattan Project requested
that the organization then known as the War Advertising Council prepare a public service
advertising campaign to educate Americans about the need to establish an international
authority to control atomic energy. An analysis of this campaign, which failed because the
fractious scientists couldn’t agree on the best way to achieve the campaign’s aim, has
implications for current concerns. Like the atomic physicists who could not agree on the best
approach to achieving international control of atomic energy, today’s scientists lack a cohesive
voice in the debates about climate change and intelligent design. It is not enough to assume, as
the scientists do, that all people will act rationally if given enough information.
 Babington, Stuart. “I’m Going to Introduce Them Again and Again”: Morris
Udall’s Attempts to Protect Independent Newspapers, 1975-1982. 243-252.
From 1975 to 1981, Congressman Morris K. Udall of Arizona led a legislative fight to save the
independent, family-owned newspaper at a time when there was still an opportunity, however
small, to confront the industry trend of group ownership. Though initially unsuccessful in his
attempts to garner support, Udall finally drew an attentive audience when he focused his efforts
on a tax structure that he believed was responsible for an all-too-common scenario: Newspaper
groups’ demand for additional properties was driving up the real market value of newspapers,
therefore increasing the state and federal estate tax burden for owners wishing to leave their
properties to their heirs. This research explores the debate that accompanied the nation’s
strongest attempt to preserve the independent, family-owned newspaper.
Volume 39, No. 1 Spring 2013

Carey, Michael Clay. Community Journalism in a Secret City: The Oak Ridge
Journal, 1943-48. 2-14.
In 1943 the federal government approved publication of the Oak Ridge Journal, a weekly sent to
residents at one of three secret towns created to develop the Manhattan Project. This in-depth
review of the Journal’s content reveals that early issues focused mainly on government
propaganda aimed at workers, but over time the publication grew to look and read more like a
traditional community newspaper. Even as it evolved, government censorship was still evident.
This study suggests that, despite propaganda and censorship, the Oak Ridge Journal helped
develop a sense of community among the residents of Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
 Watts, Liz. AP’s First Female Reporters. 15-28.
As of 1926, the Associated Press had not hired women to work as reporters. With the
appointment of Kent Cooper as general manager, the first woman reporter was hired in that
year, followed by the hiring of seven more women who worked at either the AP’s New York or
Washington, D.C., bureaus between 1928 and 1931. These women reporters provided American
readers with numerous stories of women’s activities, their style of dress, and other social news.
They covered women athletes, women active in politics, and wives of officials, but they did not
cover the most important assignments because that territory was claimed by their male
counterparts. For the first time, AP assigned women to cover the wives of the presidential
candidates, women at the political conventions, and women in the presidential inaugurations.
 Pressman, Matthew. Black and White and Red All Over?: Reassessing Newspapers’
Role in the Red Scare of 1919. 29-39.
Most historians writing about America’s 1919 Red Scare have claimed that the press, by
exaggerating and sensationalizing the threat from radical leftists, helped foment a national
hysteria. This article, focusing primarily on New York City’s top three morning newspapers,
argues that the press in 1919 did not irresponsibly stoke public fear. While most papers
supported the government’s crackdown on suspected radicals and took management’s side in
labor disputes, the overall sense they conveyed was that the radicals were ineffectual and the
authorities firmly in control. Some newspapers, moreover, such as the New York American (the
flagship of William Randolph Hearst’s powerful chain), covered strikes fairly and downplayed
the unrest roiling the country. Examining the circumstances and pressures under which each
newspaper operated, this article explores what shaped their coverage and argues that their
greatest impact was not on the public, but on politicians.
 DeBrosse, Jim. “Four Dead in Ohio”: How the Media Ignored the Threat of Deadly
Force at Kent State University May 4, 1970. 40-49.
When Ohio National Guardsmen opened fire on protestors at Kent State University on May 4,
1970, killing four students and injuring nine others, many students, if not most, thought the shots
were blanks until the wounded and dying began to fall around them. Why the use of live
ammunition surprised both students and faculty members has been largely unexplored in media
history research, even though state officials warned repeatedly in a press conference the day
before the shootings that they would use “any means necessary” to maintain order on campus.
Based on oral histories, archived audio files, extensive interviews with eyewitnesses and
assigned reporters, and an examination of the news media available to the Kent State community
at the time, this paper argues that the guard-dog theory of the press and Chomsky’s propaganda
model help explain the failure by the local media to warn victims of the imminent threat of
deadly force.
 Murray, Michael D. In the Storm of the Eye: A Conversation with Dan Rather. 5857.
Volume 39, No. 2 Summer 2013

Cronin, Mary. “The North Is to Us Like the Grave”: Albert D. Richardson’s and
Junius Browne’s Confederate Prison Letters. 66-81.
In May 1863, New York Tribune correspondents Albert D. Richardson and Junius Browne,
along with Richard Colburn of the New York World, were captured as they attempted to run the
Confederate batteries near Vicksburg, Mississippi, on a Union military flotilla. While Colburn
was paroled almost immediately, Richardson and Browne were not. The two Tribune
correspondents were held for almost twenty months in a series of seven Confederate prisons. The
men’s letters to family members and colleagues illustrate and illuminate the human toll that
resulted from the imprisonment of civilian non-combatants as authorities on both sides of the
conflict regularly suspended prisoner exchanges. The letters also demonstrate that the social
construction of the reporter began in earnest during the U.S. Civil War years.
 Fuhlhage, Michael. “The Most Solemn and Impressive Duty”: New York Tribune
ReporterAlbert Deane Richardson’s Post-Captivity Campaign to Relieve Suffering
Prisoners during the Civil War. 82-93.
New York Tribune correspondent Albert Deane Richardson followed his December 1864 escape
from a Confederate prison in Salisbury, North Carolina, with a campaign to relieve the suffering
Civil War POWs he left behind. Through testimony to Congress, articles in newspapers and
magazines, and lectures on the lyceum circuit, Richardson marshaled public outrage to pressure
the U.S. government to resume prisoner exchanges or use the threat of retaliation to force the
Confederates to treat their prisoners humanely. Richardson’s letters reveal he carefully
coordinated his testimony and publication of evidence about abuses at Salisbury. Analysis of his
public communication reveals he tapped the power of a storytelling genre whose history
stretched from the Civil War back to the nation’s origins: the captivity narrative.
 Mizuno, Takeya. An Enemy’s Talk of “Justice”: Japanese Radio Propaganda
against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II. 94-103.
This article examines how a Japanese short-wave radio propaganda network, as known as
“Radio Tokyo,” commented on mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during the first year
after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. As the Army began to execute mass incarceration, so did
Radio Tokyo begin its serial propaganda attacks. Japanese propagandists branded the policy as
evidence of American hypocrisy revealing the actual hollow nature of the nation’s “democratic”
ideals. They used a variety of methods such as referring to famed political figures and issues in
American history, citing neutral sources, and borrowing dissenting opinions from major
American mass media. Radio Tokyo utilized fictitious programs, too. Japanese broadcasters
proclaimed the moral superiority of Japan and even threatened to mistreat American captives,
which certainly affected the minds and deeds of government officials in charge of mass
incarceration. These findings demonstrate that mass incarceration was not only a serious
violation of basic human rights, but also a problematic measure in terms of international
propaganda warfare.
 Gallon, Kim, “How Much Can You Read about Interracial Love and Sex without
Getting Sore?”: Readers’ Debate over Interracial Relationships in the Baltimore
Afro-American. 104-114.
Interracial marriage and relationships were illegal in much of the United States in the early
twentieth century. The black press devoted a great deal of attention to this topic, often
connecting it to African Americans’ encounters with racism and their struggle for civil rights.
Part of this coverage in the national black weekly newspaper the Baltimore Afro-American
included short and serial fictional stories on interracial romance. These stories, however, were
often a contested medium among readers. Thus, a public debate occurred over the question of
interracial romance stories and their place in the Baltimore Afro-American over the course of
four months in 1934. This article examines this debate. Ultimately, interracial romance stories
brought readers into conversation with each other and the Baltimore Afro-American to create a
discourse that tied interracial romance to the African American battle for equality in the early
twentieth century.
 Mislan, Cristina. An “Obedient Servant”: Internationalizing and Capitalizing on
Blackness in Marcus Garvey’s Negro World. 115-125.
Throughout its history, the black press called for the liberation of communities of color
worldwide and strived to establish an image of blackness that was counter to notions
perpetuated in the mainstream media and society. In the early twentieth century, the Negro
World, the official organ of Marcus Garvey’s United Negro Improvement Association, played a
crucial role in fostering black internationalism as a movement that had political, economic, and
social implications for black communities worldwide. This article examines editorials published
in Garvey’s Negro World from 1924 through 1926 and argues that the newspaper called for the
destruction of white capitalism and Western colonialism while simultaneously embracing
Western ideals of advancement and applying those to communities of color around the world.
Such messages provide insight into how a black newspaper embraced both a radical and proWestern ideology (even while the newspaper’s editorials condemned Western colonialism) in
relation to the development of an early twentieth-century black internationalist movement. This
study, therefore, contrasts with previous literature on the Negro World that positions Garvey’s
newspaper as an anticolonial media tool. Furthermore, it illustrates how black journalism in the
early twentieth century promoted global solidarity among black people throughout the black
Atlantic world.
Volume 39, No. 3 Fall 2013

Roessner, Amber. “The ‘Ladies’ & The ‘Tramps’: The Negotiation of a ‘Woman’s
Place’ in the National Pastime in Sporting Life.” 134-44.
This study considers the negotiation of a woman’s place in the national pastime—and by
extension greater American culture—in the pages of Sporting Life (SL) and other media outlets
in the 1880s. Microfilm of a census of 348 SL issues from the publication’s inception in March
1883 to December 1889 was scanned for any references to women, ladies, or females in
baseball. Ninety-four articles were identified and examined through an interpretative textual
analysis. The manuscript illuminates four modes through which SL addressed women’s
participation in baseball—pronounced skepticism, selective incorporation, backlash, and
silence—and the overarching binary that emerged in the representation of female baseball
enthusiasts. The piece also considers how debates over gender were shrouded in discourses
about class and religion.
 Simpson, Edgar. “‘Predatory Interests’ and ‘The Common Man’: Scripps, Pinchot,
and the Nascent Environmental Movement, 1908 to 1910.” 145-55.
Gifford Pinchot was the chief promoter of a new plan to shepherd the United States’ natural
resources for future generations. But when his primary supporter, President Theodore Roosevelt,
left office, Pinchot found himself embroiled in a fight with the new Taft administration. Battles
included clandestine meetings on a rolling yacht off the coast of California, charges of treachery
from both sides, and a vitriolic U.S. Senate investigation. The result would decide not just
Pinchot’s future but also the fate of the nascent environmental movement. E.W. Scripps stepped
into the fray to shield Pinchot, putting his massive news empire—at the time the largest in the
nation with access to as many as 24 million readers—at Pinchot’s disposal, including the efforts
of his most prominent reporter, Gilson Gardner. This study, which used microfilm versions of
newspapers of the period, the E.W. Scripps Archive Collection, and existing scholarship,
addresses this episode where journalism intersected with American environmental history.
Further, this study examines Scripps’ willingness (at times insistence) on using his empire to
advance his personal agenda, years before World War I, the era most previous scholarship has
addressed.
 Dowling, David. “The Nineteenth-Century Weekly Press and the Tumultuous Career
of Journalist Leon Lewis.” 156-67.
The weekly press of the nineteenth century constituted a vigorous presence in journalism history
often overshadowed by the partisan and penny presses. Typically seen as an instrument of
progressive social change, the weekly press was also a commercial powerhouse that attracted
profit-seeking publishers and editors such as Robert Bonner and flashy sensationalist journalists
like Leon Lewis. Bonner’s New-York Ledger (1855-1898), which employed Lewis, was the best
selling American paper of the nineteenth century, second in the world only to the London
Journal. Lewis’s journalistic career—which met with fraud, extortion, and even attempted
murder—reflects the underworld of weekly press business strategy, practice, and ethics.
 Pribanic-Smith, Erika. “Partisan News and the Third-Party Candidate: Press
Coverage of James G. Birney’s 1844 Presidential Campaign.” 168-78.
By the 1844 presidential election, the United States was fully entrenched in a national two-party
system that pitted Whigs against Democrats. Meanwhile, American newspapers were
predominantly partisan organs that promoted their respective parties while attacking their
opponents. Some special interest publications advocated for causes such as abolition. James G.
Birney, a slaveholder turned abolitionist, entered the 1844 race as a third-party candidate. This
article studied coverage of his race in Democratic, Whig, and Liberty papers from New York,
Kentucky, Alabama, and Ohio to determine whether abolitionist newspapers acted as a party
press as well as how the two major parties’ newspapers treated the outsider. The two abolitionist
journals became partisan organs for the Liberty candidate, advocating Birney and his platform
while attacking the enemy. In the Democrat and Whig papers, coverage of the Liberty campaign
consisted of linking Birney to the opposing party through rampant accusations of coalitions and
forgeries.
Volume 39, No. 4, Winter 2014

Garza, Melita M. “Sword and Cross in San Antonio: Reviving the Spanish Conquest
in Depression-Era News Coverage.” 198-207.
Remembering and capitalizing on San Antonio’s Spanish colonial empire became a pastime and
a policy of the Alamo city and its dominant English-language newspaper during the Great
Depression. While Spanish nostalgia had antecedents in the late nineteenth century’s
conservation sensibilities, it reached an apogee in San Antonio during the years 1929 through
1934. This period coincided with the deepest recessionary period of the Depression decade, a
time when anti-immigrant sentiment and anti-Mexican sentiment flourished. This article
comparatively examines the way English- and Spanish-language daily newspaper coverage
constructed the reality of San Antonio’s Spanish-speaking founders at a time when their
descendants, Mexicans and Mexican Americans, were often reviled and subjected to
repatriation.
 Gamache, Ray. “Breaking Eggs for a Holodomor: Walter Duranty, the New York
Times, and the Denigration of Gareth Jones.” 208-18.
The purpose of this article is to delineate the circumstances and contexts within which the
denigration of Welsh journalist Gareth Jones occurred by offering a detailed chronology of the
events surrounding the publication of his first Russian famine article on March 31, 1933, also
the date of Walter Duranty’s famine-denying article that denigrated Jones by name. The article
also analyzes the sources that chronicle the reactions by Western news media, journalists who
were involved, and official responses by political leaders. Lastly, the article unpacks the
representations of stakeholders who historicize Jones and his coverage of the famine, illustrated
in two complementary campaigns: to commemorate Jones as a Hero of the Ukraine and to strip
Walter Duranty of his 1932 Pulitzer Prize.
 Lumsden, Linda J. “The New York Call: Challenges of Sustaining Socialist Identity
in the Daily Newspaper Market, 1908-1923.” 219-30.
As the East’s premiere socialist daily newspaper in English, The New York Call represented an
important if struggling slice of a rich print culture that spread the socialist creed and sustained
the faithful. This article uses the prism of The Call to consider functions of social movement
media that, in contrast to mainstream media, promote collective action instead of products. It
raises the question of whether the notion of a successful social-movement journal in the mass
media market is oxymoronic. Besides considering The Call’s contributions to the socialist
movement, it analyzes the challenges the socialist daily faced in the capitalist-driven mass media
market; examines the relationship between The Call and the mainstream press; and probes its
relationship to the socialist movement, which it not only reflected but also shaped. The article
concludes The Call provided a robust challenge to hegemony and played an important role as a
forum for socialist discourse and as a record of New York’s labor and socialist movements. Its
inability to thrive, however, reflects divisions among socialists and labor as well as financial
problems and governmental repression.
 Hutchison, Phillip J. “Usually White, but Not Always Great: A Journalistic
Archaeology of White Hopes, 190-2013,” 231-40.
The social presence of African American boxing champion Jack Johnson reflects one of the most
controversial social and media issues of the early twentieth century. Accordingly, the journalistic
taglines “white hope” and “great white hope” stand out among the most socially significant
legacies of the Johnson controversy. This study traces the genesis and use of these idioms from
1908 through today. Its findings illustrate how these historical phrases have become clouded
with misunderstanding, and contemporary usage often is inaccurate, incomplete, and misleading.
Most significant, white-hope phraseology predates the Johnson controversy by more than a
century. Moreover, the boxing moniker “Great White Hope” was not emphasized during
Johnson’s era; rather, it reflects 1960s phraseology that journalists interposed onto a historical
artifact. The study’s archaeological orientation offers historians a more complex understanding
of how, for more than a century, news and commercial interests have exploited these phrases to
advance troublesome agendas.
 Cooper, Caryl. “Selling Negro Women to Negro Women and to the World: Rebecca
Stiles Taylor and the Chicago Defender,” 241-49.
World War II forced many American women to leave the privacy of their homes to work in
factories and participate in volunteer activities that supported the war effort. Women’s wartime
experiences varied greatly. For black women, segregation and discrimination created additional
obstacles to full democratic rights that white women did not have to consider. Race-based
differences in the wartime experience may have contributed to differing perspectives about the
war. This study uses the historical-critical qualitative method to analyze the themes used in
Rebecca Stiles Taylor’s “Activities of Women’s National Organizations” and “Federated Clubs”
column published in the Chicago Defender from 1939-1945. This examination of Taylor’s
journalistic career and commentary will provide an opportunity to explore the sentiments and
concerns of African-American women and infuse the black female voice into an otherwise
masculine body of knowledge about the black press during World War II.
 Elmore, Cindy. “From Stars and Stripes Editor to FBI Informant: The Conflicting
Loyalties of Kenneth Pettus,” 250-57.
By the time Sgt. Kenneth Pettus became managing editor of the Tokyo edition of the Stars and
Stripes military newspaper in 1945, he had spent years involved in low-level Communist Party
activities in the United States. But it wasn’t until Pettus was accused of disloyalty and removed
from his post that the FBI began tracking him, in an effort that lasted for the next decade. After
initially denying his Communist activities, Pettus eventually became an FBI informant who
divulged the names of ninety-five others whom he revealed as Communists or Communist
sympathizers, including writer and activist Louis “Studs” Terkel. What the FBI really wanted,
however, was for Pettus to induce the cooperation of his brother Terry Pettus, a much more
prominent Communist activist who got his start leading a Newspaper Guild strike in Seattle.
While Ken Pettus named names, Terry Pettus refused, costing him seventy-three days in jail on
contempt charges.
Volume 40, No. 1, Spring 2014
 Fine, Richard. “The Ascendancy of Radio News in Wartime: Charles Collingwood and
John MacVane in French North Africa, 1942-43,” 2-14.
CBS’s Charles Collingwood and NBC’s John MacVane played crucial roles in reporting on the
political controversies that surfaced in the aftermath of the Torch landings in French North
Africa in 1942. Material circumstances combined with the skill of these journalists to enable the
broadcast networks to cover the confusing events in North Africa in a more timely and accurate
manner than did American newspapers. Collingwood and MacVane won for broadcast
journalists a place at the table, and Torch would be the last major campaign that was planned
with radio something less than a full partner in coverage of the war. Moreover, Collingwood and
MacVane fiercely resisted the political censorship imposed by the Allied military authorities
there. In this light the relationship of the media and the military in World War II looks
surprisingly more like that of later wars than most accounts would lead us to believe.
 Bernhardt, Mark. “Red, White, and Black: Opposing Arguments on Territorial
Expansion and Differing Portrayals of Mexicans in the New York Sun’s and New
York Herald ’s Coverage of the Mexican War,” 15-27.
When the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846, newspaper publishers weighed in
through editorials and war coverage on the debate over how much land the United States should
acquire. This study compares and analyzes how two newspaper publishers, Moses Yale Beach
and James Gordon Bennett Sr., expressed their political views through the pictures they
published of Mexicans. Both used racial stereotypes that highlighted either the Native American,
African, or European ancestry of the Mexican people, choosing which component to emphasize
in different illustrations in order to make specific points about Mexico and Mexicans. They both
imposed stereotypes about Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans on Mexicans to depict
Mexicans as an inferior race. Bennett used this perceived inferiority to make the case that
Mexico was an easy target from which the United States could, and should, acquire land. Beach
insinuated through his illustrations’ nuances that the United States would be better off limiting its
territorial ambitions to bring as few Mexicans within its borders as possible.
 Banning, Stephen A. “Not Quite Professional: Bohemian and Elitist Newspaper
Clubs in Nineteenth-Century Chicago,” 28-39.
When the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846, newspaper publishers weighed in
through editorials and war coverage on the debate over how much land the United States should
acquire. This study compares and analyzes how two newspaper publishers, Moses Yale Beach
and James Gordon Bennett Sr., expressed their political views through the pictures they
published of Mexicans. Both used racial stereotypes that highlighted either the Native American,
African, or European ancestry of the Mexican people, choosing which component to emphasize
in different illustrations in order to make specific points about Mexico and Mexicans. They both
imposed stereotypes about Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans on Mexicans to depict
Mexicans as an inferior race. Bennett used this perceived inferiority to make the case that
Mexico was an easy target from which the United States could, and should, acquire land. Beach
insinuated through his illustrations’ nuances that the United States would be better off limiting its
territorial ambitions to bring as few Mexicans within its borders as possible.
 Thornton, Brian. “The ‘Dangerous’ Chicago Defender: A Study of the Newspaper’s
Editorials and Letters to the Editor in 1968,” 40-50.
The Chicago Defender is one of the largest and most influential African American newspapers in
the U.S. Some called it radical and dangerous. That’s because as early as 1920 it demanded
racial equality, particularly in the South, in jobs, housing and transportation and preached black
empowerment and black self-reliance. The paper published incendiary editorials with messages
such as, “When the white fiends come to the door to kill you, shoot them down. When the white
mob comes, take at least one with you.” But did the Defender maintain this aggressive stance
some forty years later, in 1968, for instance, at a time when the civil rights movement was
spreading across the country? To gain a true sense of history one must study the lion in winter as
well as in spring. Thus this research examines what editorial positions the Defender took in 1968
and how readers responded through letters to the editor.

Koerber, Duncan. “Faction and Its Alternative: Representing Political Organizing in
the Print Public Sphere in Early Canada,” 51-58.
An unexamined symbol in Upper Canadian press and politics is the faction, despite factions being a
target of editors and writers in the first competitive newspaper environments after 1827. This article
shows how editors and writers constructed images of this political enemy. The author argues that in the
pages of the press, the symbol of faction seemed a foil for the kind of political work writers and editors
of all political stripes also symbolized regularly during elections from 1828 to 1841: a rational elective
politics organized around new visible political groupings.
 Cumming, Doug. “‘So Splendid It Hurts’: Rescued from the IRS, the Marshall Frady
Papers at Emory University Offer a Look at a Brilliant Southerner Practicing New
Journalism,” 59-63.
This is the twelfth in a series of articles on archival collections of interest to mass communication
historians. Readers of Journalism History are invited to suggest collections that they would like to see
appear in future articles, and the editors would welcome volunteers to write such articles.
Volume 40, No. 2, Summer 2014
 Mangun, Kimberley, and Lisa Parcell. “The Pet Milk Company ‘Happy Family’
Advertising Campaign,: A Groundbreaking Appeal to the Negro Market of the 1950s,” 7084.
During the 1950s, the Pet Milk Company conducted a groundbreaking advertising campaign that
used black spokespeople and unique ad copy to reach the so-called Negro market. The “happy
family” campaign, led by the black ad executive W. Leonard Evans Jr., applied the wellestablished, but then largely ignored, market research dating back to the 1920s that proved the
market potential and successful advertising methods for a distinct audience of black consumers.
This qualitative study is the first to analyze the ads, which appeared in the Birmingham
(Alabama) World, Washington (D.C.) Afro-American, Los Angeles Sentinel, and other black
periodicals. The “happy family” campaign regularly exposed black consumers to PET Milk and
promoted brand loyalty. It also reflected the growing civil rights movement and topics that
would have resonated with the Negro market, including black pride, racial uplift, and equality
with white individuals.
 Lamb, Chris, and Mark Long. “Drawing Fire: Editorial Cartoons in the War on
Terror,” 85-97.
An examination of editorial cartooning of the War on Terror reveals the pressures put on
cartoonists to conform to the Bush administration’s dogma. Many cartoonists defended the
president. Others held their fire, either in support of the administration or because they did not
want to offend their editor or readers, or, worse, face the wrath of the administration or its
supporters in the conservative news media. Some cartoonists, however, expressed their
opposition to the war with powerful images, believing that giving the president a free pass during
times of crisis undermines the democratic process, and democracy itself. Such cartoonists often
paid a price by having their work suppressed by their newspaper; or, in some cases, by being
forced to work under strict dictates or even being fired. Our purpose is to track the response to
cartoonists who challenged the Bush administration and its policies when such criticism is
needed most—when wartime corsets us in the ideological straitjackets of militarism and
nationalism.
 Grieves, Kevin. “’A New Age of Diplomacy’: International Satellite Television and
Town Meeting of the World,” 98-107.
After the launch of communication satellites in the early 1960s, Town Meeting of the World
became the first television program designed specifically for this technology, featuring world
leaders in live debates. The format drew on American journalistic ideals of an open exchange of
viewpoints. By the late 1960s, those viewpoints from overseas became increasingly critical of
the U.S., much to Americans’ consternation. Idealistic visions for new communication
technologies do not always mesh easily with national, commercial, or journalistic realities.
 Lovelace, Alexander G. “The Image of a General: The Wartime Relationship between
General George S. Patton Jr. and the American Media,” 108-20.
There is a great volume of literature on the life of General George S. Patton Jr. Yet there is no
comprehensive study of his relationship with the media. Long before the vital connection
between the media and the military became evident, Patton had discovered and forged a
symbiotic relationship with the press. He saw the usefulness of press attention for his soldiers,
while reporters discovered that Patton made good headlines. Patton, however, quickly found
himself trapped into the “blood and guts” stereotype by an increasingly hostile media. This
article demonstrates, for the first time, the important role the media played in Patton’s wartime
career, creating a distorted image that persists to this day.
 Wickham, Kathleen. “Dean of the Civil Rights Reporters: A Conversation with Claude
Sitton,” 121-25.
 Zhou, Zhi. “Two Eras in the History of Modern Chinese Journalism,” 126-27.
Volume 40, No. 3, Fall 2014
 Lawrence, Windy Y., Benjamin R. Bates, and Mark Cervenka, “Politics Drawn in
Black and White: Henry J. Lewis’s Visual Rhetoric in Late-1800s Black Editorial
Cartoons,” 138-47.
There was an explosion of Black American newspapers in the United States in the period after
the Civil War. These newspapers faced significant challenges of widespread illiteracy in the
Black population and a hostile rhetorical environment. This analysis examines the ways in which
the editorial cartooning of Henry J. Lewis allowed the Indianapolis Freeman to face these
obstacles. The use of illustration allowed the Freeman to address Black demands for equality
while avoiding dominant White attacks. Specifically, our analysis finds that Lewis argued for
three forms of equality in his drawings: biological equality among the races, social equality
through Victorian values, and political equality by adopting the norms of White political voice.
These strategies, when taken together, help to connect Reconstruction-era Black rhetoric to
Black rhetoric of the twentieth centuries. Implications for Black citizenship and the role of the
Black press in grounding civil rights debates are offered.
 Anderson, Fay, “Collective Silence: The Australian Press Reporting of Suffering
during the World Wars,” 148-57.
This article examines how Australian war correspondents reported on, and experienced,
psychological trauma in World War I and II. While the cultural representations of trauma, or
shell shock as it was referred to, came from the works of poets and novelists in Britain, the main
narrators in Australia were the journalists who were effectively silenced by the censors, the
military, and the press organizations. The military and the press culture espoused similar ideals
about empire, nationhood, masculine stoicism, and emotional detachment. Consequently, the
narrative and the lexicon did not allow any recognition of the soldiers’ or the correspondents’
psychological distress. This article considers the relationship between witnessing violence and
correspondents’ reporting and how the correspondents wrote about suffering when their own
press culture negated it.
 Yadlin-Segal, Aya, and Oren Meyers, “’Like Birds Returning to Their Nest’:
Immigration Narratives and Ideological Constructions in Early Israeli Children’s
Magazines,” 158-66.
This article explores the construction of national identity through the coverage of immigrants and
immigration in 1950s Israeli children’s magazines. The study’s interpretive-narrative analysis
employed two research trajectories focusing on the narrators of immigration stories and the main
plot structures featured in the magazines’ articles. The study’s main findings point at the sharp
contrast between the positive presentation of the phenomenon of Jewish immigration to Israel as
a fulfilment of a prophecy and the negative depiction of the immigrants themselves as primitive,
not ideologically committed and burdening the young country’s economy. Beyond the specific
historical context, the study provides conceptual and methodological insights into the fabula’s
role in the narrative process, as well as to the use of immigrants’ depictions as a social tool for
collective self-definition. By doing so, the article illuminates the reciprocal relationships between
culture and journalistic practices.
 Stewart, Mary Lynn, and Mary Shearman, “Gender and Grand Reporting in
Interwar France: Albert Londres and Andrée Viollis in Shanghai,” 167-76.
This comparison of the leading male and female reporters in interwar France complicates gender
distinctions in the careers and styles of grand reporters in France. Only eight interwar grand
reporters were women. Did these women offer a different perspective than their male colleagues?
Instead of answering this question by generalizing about disparate works by many male and a
few female reporters, we focus on two newspaper series and two books on Shanghai published
by Andrée Viollis (1870-1951) and Albert Londres (1884-1932) in the early 1930s. We apply to
their reporting styles the literary technique of diaxis, or scoring how often authors use the first
person to develop a sense of empathy in their readers or emotive phrases or grammatical
configurations to evoke feelings about the subject. Our intersectional analysis shows that gender
differences were closely associated with differences in their class and educational backgrounds,
and hence in their social capital. The differences exclusively linked to gender involved their
career paths, notably the interruptions of Viollis maternities, and their empathy toward their
subjects. Viollis expressed more compassion toward individuals and more interest in their
circumstances, which in turn resulted in a less racist approach to Shanghai.
 McCreery, Stephen, and Brian Creech, “The Journalistic Value of Emerging
Technologies: American Press Reaction to Newsreels during World War II,” 177-86.
This essay investigates World War II-era newsreels in order to understand how journalistic
discourses create the means for understanding emerging technologies within the practice of
journalism. The essay lays out a theoretical rationale influenced by Walter Benjamin for looking
at how emerging technologies are understood through public discourse. The analysis looks at
newsreels as a form of visual storytelling that presaged television news, and we argue that the
wartime press provided a milieu for understanding how newsreels, as a journalistic medium,
could be critiqued and understood as a storytelling form and how this form of critique played an
important part in characterizing their content as journalistically valid. By focusing on issues of
production and censorship alongside the aesthetic and technical aspects of the newsreels, the
press created the terms by which newsreels could be judged, evaluated, and eventually integrated
into the broader production of journalism. Our analysis shows that while issues of production
were important, newsreels gained their greatest legitimacy through the celebration and lionizing
of the cameramen as courageous newsgatherers, equal in stature to the soldiers they filmed.
 Lim, Young Joon, “Promoting the Image of the United Nations: Kofi Annan’s
Celebrity Ambassador Program and World Summit,” 187-96.
In 1997, the new secretary-general of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, announced that he would
reform the world’s largest organization to play a lead role in maintaining world peace and
promoting human rights. As a result, Annan placed communication at the center of the reform
process. In order for the UN to become an influential organization, Annan believed that the UN
first needed to receive global public support; he organized and orchestrated a handful of public
relations campaigns as part of the UN’s communication performances. This article examines two
public relations campaigns conducted by the United Nations under Annan between 1997 and
2006: the Goodwill Ambassador/Messenger of Peace program and the 2005 World Summit.
Annan aimed to improve the UN image with the public in general and to raise the organization’s
profile as an active problem solver on the world stage in particular with the two most significant
public relations campaigns in UN history.
Volume 40, No. 4, Winter 2015
 Berman, Bruce, and Mary M. Cronin, “The Photographer as Cultural Outsider:
Russell Lee’s 1949 ‘Spanish-Speaking People of Texas’ Project,” 202-16.
In 1949, former Farm Security Administration (FSA) photographer Russell Lee was hired to
provide photographic documentation for a two-year sociological study undertaken by two
University of Texas at Austin researchers that was titled “The Spanish-Speaking People of
Texas.” The nine hundred images Lee shot were never published, yet Lee saw them as his finest
body of work. A critical-historical examination of these images reveals that Lee worked in the
same survey style he had employed during his FSA years. His images indeed demonstrate the
lack of social justice and civil rights accorded to Mexican Americans in the late 1940s in Texas,
while also displaying his subjects’ aspirational nature. Time constraints, a broad shooting script,
and the photographer’s own lack of a deep understanding of the individuals he photographed
worked against Lee, however, since his coverage displays little depth and the richness of
Mexican American life is lacking in his images.
 Ryan, Kathleen M., “Military Life: Coordinating WWII Magazine Publicity by the
U.S. Naval Women’s Reserve,” 217-28.
During World War II, U.S. media outlets cooperated with the government’s Office of War
Information to incorporate positive war messages into publications, advertisements, books, and
films. Public relations officers with the U.S. Naval Women’s Reserve (WAVES) took their
mission seriously. They developed a media booklet outlining key dates for stepped publicity
efforts to coordinate with anticipated needs for increased recruits. The booklet also offered
suggestions for story themes or approaches. This study explores how the Navy’s desire for
increased on-message publicity was manifest in specific mass market publications (general news
and fashion magazines). It finds that the publications indeed did follow the Navy’s desire for
publicity, but that the content and approach of the articles varied depending upon the perceived
audience.
 Coatney, Karyn, “From Burma Battles to ‘the Bright Lights of Brisbane’: How an
Australian Prime Minister Won, Lost, and Recaptured American Journalists’
Support, 1941 to 1945,” 229-39.
At the height of the Pacific war, Australian Prime Minister John Curtin elevated American
journalists’ roles in his governance to elicit U.S. enthusiasm for his country’s defense. This study
reveals new insights into how another Allied nation’s leader expanded American press
interactions to influence the White House during World War II. As a former journalist, Curtin
extended his candid press talks and the fledgling Australian radio and newsreel media to involve
U.S. reporters in his campaign for an escalated offensive from America’s Southwest Pacific
headquarters in Brisbane, Australia. Yet he lost key American press support for preventing some
of his country’s troops from fighting in the Allies’ battles in Burma. Through a rare analysis of
secret diaries, confidential briefings, and unscreened newsreels, this article shows how Curtin
developed remarkably uncensored American journalistic reports to reclaim positive news
coverage of the U.S.-led advance from Australia to help win the war.
 Olson, Candi S. Carter, “‘We Tell the Stories of the People’: Toki Schalk Johnson
and Hazel Garland Integrating White Space while Representing Black Voices,” 24051.
This piece explores how racial integration within the professional sphere broadened
opportunities for black women reporters in Pittsburgh and influenced white women’s perceptions
of their black colleagues during the 1960s and 1970s. Through archival research and an
examination of Johnson’s and Garland’s published writing, this article explores the lives and
work of the Women’s Press Club of Pittsburgh’s first two black members, Toki Schalk Johnson
and Hazel Garland. The black members of the WPCP saw themselves as leaders and their own
writing shows that they considered their work at integrating the city’s segregated organizations,
such as the WPCP, as a way to create lasting change for their successors. Johnson’s and
Garland’s published work shows women who were not afraid to both upbraid and encourage the
black community while challenging racial inequality in white-dominated spaces, including the
WPCP and the women’s liberation movement.
 Cecil, Matthew, “Coming on like Gang Busters: J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI and the
Battle to Control Radio Portrayals of the Bureau, 1936-1958,” 252-61.
From 1935 to 1958, J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI battled with producers of radio shows such as
Gang Busters and The FBI in Peace and War, objecting to portrayals of the Bureau. FBI officials
believed that those and certain other programs undermined the Bureau’s authority and legitimacy
through story lines emphasizing sensational violence and the thrill of the chase rather than staid
logic and scientific detection. Eventually the FBI created and promoted its own radio crime
drama in an effort to control its public image, valorize its authority and justify its ongoing
cultural and jurisdictional growth. The details of the FBI’s efforts to control its image, as
revealed by its own meticulously maintained files, offer a cautionary tale of how a government
agency, particularly a law enforcement agency, carries an outsized ability to influence news and
entertainment portrayals of its work.
Volume 41, No. 1, Spring 2015
 Mellen, Roger P., “John Wilkes and the Constitutional Right to a Free Press in the
United States,” 2-10.
John Wilkes was a radical British politician who was extremely popular with many American
revolutionaries and provided a powerful example of why liberty of the press was so critical.
Wilkes was arrested, thrown out of Parliament, put into prison, and accused of treason and
seditious libel. His legal travails, his publications, and his every movement were covered with
great interest by the colonial newspapers. While a blasphemous and pornographic publication
eventually tarnished his reputation, he was nonetheless an important force behind many
American constitutional protections. This article explores a connection not previously
developed—how John Wilkes was a key inspiration for the first-ever constitutional protection for
a free press. The conclusion here is that Wilkes should be remembered for his crucial influence
upon the American ideal of press freedom; his battle against seditious libel charges was a notable
precedent for attitudes against control of the media on this side of the Atlantic.
 Alwood, Edward, “The Role of Public Relations in the Gay Rights Movement, 19501969,” 11-20.
This study examines public relations strategies of the gay and lesbian rights movement during
the 1950s and 1960s when most homosexuals remained deeply closeted to avoid the social
stigma associated with the same-sex lifestyle. The analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of
public relations strategies and focuses on activists who spearheaded these efforts to gain
recognition for this social minority. As this study shows, public relations played a vital role in
the early stages of the gay rights movement. It concludes that though gay and lesbian activists of
the 1950s and 1960 had no formal training in PR, they made a concerted effort to influence
public opinion using fundamental public relations strategies more than a decade before the
Stonewall riots that marked the beginning of the modern Gay Liberation Movement.
 Hrach, Thomas J., “‘Beyond the Bounds of Tolerance’: Commercial Appeal
Editorials and the 1969 Memphis Garbage Strike,” 21-30.
In February 1968, the Memphis city garbage workers went on strike, an event that precipitated
Martin Luther King’s coming to the city and his subsequent assassination on April 4 of that
year. The city’s morning newspaper, The Commercial Appeal, on its editorial pages denounced
the strike and derided King. The newspaper berated union officials, insulted the workers, and
emboldened the intransigent mayor. This article is a review of the editorial page copy from the
newspaper during the two months of the strike along with other materials that reveal the
attitudes of Editor Frank Ahlgren. It shows that the hard-line approach during the first few
weeks of the strike came from a fundamental misunderstanding of the black community and an
overwhelming dislike for unions. Also, it examines whether the newspaper editorial page has
some culpability in King’s death.
 Rodgers, Ronald R., “‘A Strange Absence of News’: The Titanic, the Times,
Checkbook Journalism, and the Inquiry into the Public’s Right to Know,” 31-38.
This study explores the controversy around allegations that the Titanic’s surviving wireless
operator and the operator aboard the rescue ship held back news detailing the disaster so they
could sell their stories to The New York Times. Those allegations and a Senate inquiry into news
suppression as part of the Titanic investigation raised some of the first questions about the ethics
and/or the propriety of the then-accepted practice of journalists paying for news—an early
sounding defining the responsibility of the press to society that still has resonance a century later.
Informing that debate in both the nation’s press and in the halls of Congress were an
uncongealed journalistic news ethic in the face of rising notions of the public interest during a
progressive era that saw the press as one more monied power in need of reform.
 Gorbach, Julien, “The Journalist and the Gangster: A Devil’s Bargain, Chicago
Style,” 39-50.
Ben Hecht grew to personify the mix of cynicism, sentimentality and mischief of the Chicago
newspaper reporter, a historical type that he immortalized in his stage comedy, The Front Page.
Treating Hecht as an “ideal type,” this study looks at the antics and chicanery of Chicago crime
reporters, and the extraordinary bonds that Chicago journalists forged with the city’s gangsters. It
argues that the temptation of the Mephistophelean bargain, the proposition that rules are made to
be broken, explains both Hecht’s Romanticist style, emblematic of Chicago journalism, and the
fascination with criminals and gangsters that Hecht shared with his fellow newspapermen.
 Sweeney, Michael S., “Editor’s Note on Submissions of Books and
Manuscripts for Review,” 51.
Volume 41, No. 2, Summer 2015
 Seyb, Ronald P., “What Walter Saw: Walter Lippmann, The New York World, and
Scientific Advocacy as an Alternative to the News-Opinion Dichotomy,” 58-72.
The sale of The New York World in 1931 to the Scripps-Howard chain marked the end of what
many viewed as a “newspaperman’s newspaper,” one that, particularly after the arrival of Walter
Lippmann in 1921, had become a literate defender of liberal values for many New Yorkers. But
while the death of The World is often attributed to poor business practices, an equally significant
contributor to its decline was the changing demands of a readership that had in the interwar
period lost its taste for liberal homilies. Lippmann responded to these new reader demands by
seeking to inculcate at The World a scientific approach to advocacy that would, by probing what
Lippmann called the “twilight zone of news” where important causal forces and normative
considerations resided, bridge the news-opinion dichotomy in a way that would allow the paper
to honor its crusading past while satisfying the demands of its readership for a more fact-based
journalism.
 Cabosky, Joseph, “‘For Your Consideration’: A Critical Analysis of LBGT-Themed
Film Award Campaign Advertisements: 1990-2005,” 73-84.
Massive campaigns are annually launched by Hollywood studios to persuade film awards bodies
to vote for their films, with success resulting in publicity, prestige, and potentially millions more
in product revenues. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the media were supposedly progressing
in their portrayal of LGBT storylines. As the Academy Awards body is composed of mostly
older, white men who are, or were, the major players in the film industry, critically and
historically analyzing the print advertisement campaigns that targeted these persons gives us
telling indications of these culture creators’ views toward LGBT content. This study found that,
over sixteen years, film award campaign ads continually avoided queer imagery while promoting
heteronormative themes, even in queer films. This counters a notion of progress during this era
within this elite group while complementing psychological, political, and mass communication
research analyzing how normative voters respond to queer content in advertisements.
 Reel, Guy, “Dudes, ‘Unnatural Crimes,’ and a ‘Curious Couple’: The National
Police Gazette’s Oblique Coverage of Alternative Gender Roles in the Late
Nineteenth Century,” 85-92.
The National Police Gazette, a popular New York City tabloid that reached its heyday in the late
nineteenth century, was known for its challenging and changing assumptions about masculinities
in its coverage of sports, professional pursuits, and even dress. This study examined two issues a
year selected randomly over a twenty-one-year period, 1879-1899, to determine if the Gazette
ever offered coverage of or hints at homosexual or bisexual lifestyles. It also examined the way
the tabloid covered trials involving Oscar Wilde, during which he was accused of sodomy. Little
has been written about “mainstream” nineteenth-century newspapers’ coverage of gay or
sexually alternative lifestyles, probably because very little of such coverage was offered. This
examination found that occasionally the Gazette hinted at multiple meanings of cross-dressing
(usually women dressing as men) or the effeminate characteristics of “dudes,” but it rarely
covered gay or alternative lifestyles in any direct way.
 Ferrucci, Patrick, and Earnest Perry, “Double Dribble: The Stereotypical Narrative
of Magic and Bird,” 93-102.
Earvin “Magic” Johnson and Larry Bird’s fabled rivalry began in the 1979 NCAA basketball
championship, a contest that still stands as the highest-rated basketball game of all time. This
rivalry featured East versus West, traditional versus modern and, more implicitly, black versus
white. Johnson and Bird are now largely considered extremely similar players who, together,
brought the National Basketball Association an increased and sustainable popularity during the
1980s. But while both Johnson and Bird are considered similar players now, it wasn’t always this
way. This study examines news media coverage of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird from the
Boston Globe and Los Angeles Times. Researchers analyzed texts to assess whether journalists
employed common stereotypes when describing the two athletes. The newspapers examined
created an image of Johnson and Bird as classic stereotypical characters that represented what it
was like to be black and white in America during this period.
 Lyons, J. Michael, “From Alabama to Tahrir Square: ‘Martin Luther King and the
Montgomery Story,’” 103-111.
The history of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s provides ample opportunity to
understand how groups use mass media to build and sustain social movements. This article
examines an understudied but important piece of movement literature, the “Martin Luther King
and the Montgomery Story” comic, which simultaneously provided an “origin story” for the
modern movement and a step-by-step guide to nonviolent action. Young activists such as
Congressman John Lewis, a college student when “The Montgomery Story” was published in
1957, called the comic the “Bible of the movement.” The comic would later surface in South
Africa, in Latin America translated into Spanish and, after a translation into Arabic, on Tahrir
Square in Egypt in 2011. Through letters and archival documents, the article explores the
creation and distribution of the comic and its usefulness as a compact and simplified “movement
narrative” that was adapted to use in other social movements.