DNA Exam Review Sheet
Name_______________
Prd.____Date________
Part 1. Vocabulary
1. Nucleotide
2. Base Pairing
3. Replication
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. messenger RNA
7. transfer RNA
8. Codon
9. Anticodon
10. Transformation
Part 2. DNA Structure
Draw and label all the following parts of a nucleotide: Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Nitrogen
Base: See pg. 296
What is the difference between Purine and Pyrimidine nitrogen bases? (see pg. 296-297)
Draw a diagram of the double helix shape of a DNA molecule: See pg. 298
What are some differences between DNA and RNA? Fill in the following chart:
DNA
RNA
Made in the nucleus, but
Leaves nucleus and
Goes to Ribosome
Stays in Nucleus
Double-stranded double
Helix shape
Single-stranded
Has nitrogen bases: G, A, T, C
Has nitrogen bases: G, A, U, C
Has the sugar Deoxyribose
Has the sugar Ribose
What are some differences between messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA):
mRNA
Made in nucleus, but leaves
Nucleus and goes to
Ribosome
Floats around freely in the
Cytoplasm of the cell
Picks up amino acids in the
Cell and brings them
To the ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA
tRNA
Carries the genetic code from
The DNA to the
Ribosome
Single-stranded shape
Twisted shape with one end
To attach amino acids
And another end (the
Terminal end) with 3 bases
Contains the Codon
Contains the Anticodon
Part 3: DNA Replication
DNA is responsible for 2 important things in the cell: DNA Replication which
provides new cells with their own copy of DNA, and the production of Proteins
(Protein Synthesis).
Study the following diagram and be able to answer questions about the process. (See Pg.
301)
In the space below, write the
steps involved in DNA
replication:
In DNA Replication, what is the role of these enzymes:
DNA Helicases
DNA Polymerases
Fill in the following sequence of DNA to replace its missing sides:
C–
G–
T–
A–
C–
C–
T–
A–
G–
G–
C–
A–
C–
A–
T–
G–
C–
A–
Why does DNA replicate? Be specific
Part 4: Protein Synthesis
1. What are proteins and why are they important in cells?
2. What are amino acids?
3. What determines the differences between proteins of a cow and a human?
4. Protein Synthesis in a cell begins with a process call Transcription: the making of
a messenger RNA molecule. What does the word Transcription mean?
Study the following diagram of the process of Transcription:
In the space to the side of this diagram, list the steps involved in Transcription (making a
strand of mRNA):
1. What is happening in the diagram labeled “B”?
2. What is happening in the diagram labeled “C”?
3. In the diagram labeled “D”, where is the mRNA strand going?
4. What is happening in the diagram labeled “E”?
Fill in the following mRNA strand if it is attached to the right side of this DNA molecule:
DNA:
-T
-A
-G
-G
-C
-A
-C
-A
-T
-G
-C
-A
The second step in the making of a protein is called Translation. Here the code provided
by the messenger RNA is “translated” into the code of a protein.
Study the diagram on pages 308 and 309: Write an explanation and draw each of the
steps involved below: Label each of the following CLEARLY in your diagram: mRNA,
tRNA, Ribosome, amino acids, Peptide bonds, Codon, and Anticodon
Fill in the missing tRNA anticodons for this mRNA strand:
mRNA:
AUGUUAGCCAUACCG-
Using the chart on page 307, answer the following questions. What would the sequence
of amino acids be for the following mRNA sequence:
AUG
UAU
CGA
GGG
AAU
GCG
A. Acid:
AUG is called an “initiator” or “start” codon. It also brings one amino acid, which is
always the first amino acid of any protein. What amino acid is it?
What are the 3 codes for the “Stop” codon?
What amino acid do these bring to the protein chain?
What are the two main functions of a DNA molecule?
1.
2.
These scientists each performed experiments related to our study of DNA and its’
function in a cell. Describe each experiment and how it was significant to our
understanding of DNA:
Dr. Frederick Griffith:
Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod:
Hershey and Chase (Waring Blender Experiment):
Rosalind Franklin:
James Watson and Francis Crick:
DNA Fingerprinting & Genetic Engineering
Define the following terms:
Restriction Enzyme:
DNA Ligase:
Recombinant DNA:
Recognition Site:
Gel Electrophoresis:
Explain how Gel Electrophoresis enables researchers to determine how many fragments
of DNA there is in a sample of DNA as well as how long each fragment is:
The following diagram represents an electrophoresis gel. Indicate on the following
diagram where the DNA fragments will migrate. You must indicate DNA pieces of the
following lengths: 100 bp, 250 bp, 525 bp, 750 bp, and 950 bp. Be sure and indicate the
well where the DNA is loaded and the positive electrode location. Note: the 100 bp
fragment is shown for you already.
Use the following data for your analysis:
100 bp will travel 10 cm
200 bp will travel 9 cm
300 bp will travel 8 cm
400 bp will travel 7 cm
500 bp will travel 6 cm
600 bp will travel 5 cm
700 bp will travel 4 cm
800 bp will travel 3 cm
900 bp will travel 2 cm
1000 bp will travel 1 cm