AP Human Geography LEOCT/AP Exam Study Guide
Geography Basics
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14.
15.
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20.
Cartography*
Scale*
Projection
Space*
Location
Site
Situation
GIS, GPS, remote sensing*
Mathematical location*
Latitude/Parallel*
Longitude/Meridian*
Equator, Prime Meridian*
Greenwich Mean Time*
Telling time from Longitude*
International date line*
Formal/Uniform region, examples*
Functional/Nodal region, examples*
Vernacular/Perceptual region, examples*
Relocation Diffusion & examples*
Expansion Diffusion-Hierarchical, Contagious,
Stimulus & examples of each*
21. Environmental determinism vs. Possibilism*
Population & Migration
22. Ecumene vs. Non-ecumene*
23. Density-arithmetic, agricultural, physiological
24. Hearth*
25. Diffusion-hierarchical, contagious, relocation
26. Crude birth and death rate*
27. Natural increase rate and NIR equation*
28. Doubling time
29. Total fertility rate*
30. Infant mortality rate*
31. Life expectancy*
32. Demographic transition model-stages 1-4*
33. Agricultural vs. Medical revolution
34. Population pyramids*
35. Dependency ratio*
36. Thomas Malthus and theory*
37. Mobility vs. Migration
38. Push-Pull Factors (cultural, economic, and
environmental) & examples*
39. Refugees
40. Intervening obstacles and opportunities &
examples*
41. Quotas
42. Net migration
43. Brain drain
44. Chain migration*
45. Undocumented immigrants
46. Center of population
47. Migration patterns: Rural–›Urban,
Urban–›Suburban, Urban–›Rural
Culture
48. Habit vs. Custom
49. Folk culture, examples*
50. Popular culture, examples (describe housing,
clothing, food-snacks and alcohol, etc.)*
51. Taboo
52. Hog production-why is it different in the Middle
East & North Africa?*
53. Globalization vs. Local diversity*
54. Glocalization*
55. Westernization vs. Traditional culture*
56. Dialect
57. Isogloss
58. Language family, branch, group*
59. Indo-European language family & examples*
60. Sino-Tibetan language family & examples*
61. Romance languages*
62. Extinct, reviving, endangered, isolated
languages
63. Lingua franca*
64. Pidgin language*
65. Ebonics, Franglais, Spanglish
66. Universalizing vs. Ethnic religions & examples*
67. Main ideas of the 5 main religions*
68. Hearths & diffusion of 5 main religions*
69. Holy places*
70. Toponyms
71. Hierarchical vs. Autonomous religion
72. Ethnicity vs. Race*
73. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896*
74. Separate but equal doctrine*
75. Jim Crow laws*
76. Brown v. BOE 1954*
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
De facto vs. De jure segregation
White flight, block busting
Apartheid in South Africa
Nationality
Nation-state*
Self-determination*
Multi-ethnic vs. Multi-national state &
examples*
84. Centripetal vs. Centrifugal forces & examples*
85. Ethnic cleansing, examples of, genocide*
86. Balkanized*
87. Balkanization*
Political Geography
88. State*
89. Stateless nation*
90. Sovereignty
91. Boundary
92. 5 basic state shapes, pros/cons, & examples*
93. Landlocked states & examples*
94. Physical boundaries & examples
95. Geometric boundaries & examples
96. Cultural boundaries & examples
97. Subsequent boundaries
98. Antecedent boundaries
99. Superimposed boundaries
100.
Relic boundaries
101.
Unitary vs. Federal states & examples,
devolution
102.
Gerrymandering*
103.
Frontiers/ “buffer” states
104.
Law of the sea/UNCLOS, EEZ
105. Heartland vs. Rimland theory*
106. Enclave vs. Exclave
107. International vs. Supranational organizations:
UN, EU, NAFTA, NATO, Warsaw Pact, OPEC, CIS*
108. Containment*
109. Domino theory*
110. Terrorism-Taliban, Al-Qaeda
Development/Economic Geography
111.
Human Development Index, four factors
that determine it*
112.
Types of jobs/Types of productionprimary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary,
quinary*
113.
Gender-Related Development Index*
114.
Gender Empowerment Measure
115.
Maquiladoras*
116.
Industrial Revolution*
117.
Cottage industry vs. Fordism
118.
Transnational corporation*
119.
Outsourcing*
120.
Bulk gaining industries & examples*
121.
Bulk reducing industries & examples*
122.
Rostow’s 5 stages of development*
123.
Core-periphery model*
124.
Agglomeration
125.
Ancillary activities
126.
Deglomeration
127.
Ecotourism
128.
Rust belt, Sun belt, etc.
129.
1st-5th world countries & examples*
130.
The “Asian Tigers”*
Agriculture
131.
Transhumance*
132.
Extensive agriculture
133.
Intensive cultivation
134.
Hunting and gathering
135.
Subsistence agriculture*
136.
Commercial agriculture*
137.
Capital vs. Labor intensive agriculture
138.
Slash and burn agriculture*
139.
Shifting cultivation, swidden*
140.
Agribusiness
141.
Pastoral nomadism*
142.
Green Revolution*
143.
GMOs
144.
Crop Rotation
145.
Ranching
146.
Horticulture
147.
Truck farming
148.
Plantation
149.
Von Thünen’s model*
150.
Sustainable agriculture
151.
Horizontal vs. Vertical integration*
152.
Weber’s least cost theory*
Urban/Industrial Geography
153.
Central place theory*
154.
Market area/ hinterland
155.
Range
156.
Threshold
157.
Rank-size rule
158.
Central business district*
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Concentric zone model*
Sector model*
Multiple nuclei model*
Gentrification*
Megalopolis
Megacities
Resource node
Transport node
Clustered rural settlements
Dispersed rural settlements
Circular settlements
Linear settlements
Primate city*
Edge city*
Colonial city
Fall-line cities
Gateway cities
Entrepôt
Redlining
Squatters/Squatter settlements
Sprawl, Urban vs. Suburban sprawl*
Greenbelts